Download or read book Plasticity of monocytes macrophages phenotypic changes during disease progression written by Ruoxi Yuan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-07 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophage is a key component of innate immunity that exhibit extensive plasticity and heterogeneity. They are present in virtually every organ of the body and can be replenished by circulating monocytes following insults. Originally macrophages were divided into two major phenotypes: pro-inflammatory M1, which is initiated by TNF-α, INF-γ, and bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and anti-inflammatory M2, which is activated through stimulation of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. However, segregation into two distinct phenotypes is a marked simplification of the in vivo reality and it is now widely accepted that macrophage phenotype is plastic and determined by highly complex microenvironments, and therefore likely more accurately considered as a spectrum of possible forms of activation. Numerous studies have documented flexibility in their programming, with macrophages switching from one functional phenotype to another in response to the variable microenvironmental signals of the local milieu. Various macrophage populations exist that play distinct and non-redundant roles in fibrosis, tissue repair, and regeneration. For instance, in a general wound healing process, embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are rapidly replaced by monocytes after the initial injury. These monocyte-derived macrophages play an active role in the early initiation of acute inflammation. As early as 24–72 h upon tissue injury, macrophage function changes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype that promotes cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Upon resolution of inflammation, steady-state self-maintenance of macrophages is also recovered. The wound microenvironment has a predominant role in the behavior and functionality of cells. Both mouse and human diabetic wound preferably induce persistent proinflammatory macrophage polarization that contributes to chronic, non-healing wounds. Contrastingly, prolonged activation of M2 macrophages can also lead to excessive wound healing and ultimately fibrosis. In the context of cancer, anti-inflammatory macrophages have been associated with tumor progression and immunosuppression, thereby negatively affecting the prognosis of patients. On the other hand, studies also showed that the phenotypical changes of macrophages are also accompanied by changes in glycolysis and mitochondrial-related genes as well. Classically activated, proinflammatory M1 macrophages depend to a large extent on glycolysis and produce lactate as the tricarboxylic acid cycle is blocked at two steps. Alternatively, activated M2 macrophages prefer β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP. However, the number and diversity of signals and the magnitude of the response required to switch macrophages into a pro or anti-inflammatory state remain unclear. A number of techniques have been developed over the years to identify and visualize cell populations, uncover regulatory relationships between genes, and track the trajectories of distinct cell lineages in development. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Understanding and being able to controllable promote the desired macrophage phenotypes could have a significant impact on a wide range of diseases.
Download or read book Tissue Repair and Fibrosis written by Alexis Desmouliere and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions by numerous experts
Download or read book M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork in the Road to Health and Disease written by Charles Dudley Mills and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-03-23 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages have unique and diverse functions necessary for survival. And, in humans (and other species), they are the most abundant leukocytes in tissues. The Innate functions of macrophages that are best known are their unusual ability to either “Kill” or “Repair”. Since killing is a destructive process and repair is a constructive process, it was stupefying how one cell could exhibit these 2 polar – opposite functions. However, in the late 1980’s, it was shown that macrophages have a unique ability to enzymatically metabolize Arginine to Nitric Oxide (NO, a gaseous non – specific killer molecule) or to Ornithine (a precursor of polyamines and collagen for repair). The dual Arginine metabolic capacity of macrophages provided a functional explanation for their ability to kill or repair. Macrophages predominantly producing NO are called M1 and those producing Ornithine are called M2. M1 and M2 – dominant responses occur in lower vertebrates, and in T cell deficient vertebrates being directly driven by Damage and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP and PAMP). Thus, M1 and M2 are Innate responses that protect the host without Adaptive Immunity. In turn, M1/M2 is supplanting previous models in which T cells were necessary to “activate” or “alternatively activate” macrophages (the Th1/Th2 paradigm). M1 and M2 macrophages were named such because of the additional key findings that these macrophages stimulate Th1 and Th2 – like responses, respectively. So, in addition to their unique ability to kill or repair, macrophages also govern Adaptive Immunity. All of the foregoing would be less important if M1 or M2 – dominant responses were not observed in disease. But, they are. The best example to date is the predominance of M2 macrophages in human tumors where they act like wound repair macrophages and actively promote growth. More generally, humans have become M2 – dominant because sanitation, antibiotics and vaccines have lessened M1 responses. And, M2 dominance seems the cause of ever - increasing allergies in developed countries. Obesity represents a new and different circumstance. Surfeit energy (e.g., lipoproteins) causes monocytes to become M1 dominant in the vessel walls causing plaques. Because M1 or M2 dominant responses are clearly causative in many modern diseases, there is great potential in developing the means to selectively stimulate (or inhibit) either M1 or M2 responses to kill or repair, or to stimulate Th1 or Th2 responses, depending on the circumstance. The contributions here are meant to describe diseases of M1 or M2 dominance, and promising new methodologies to modulate the fungible metabolic machinery of macrophages for better health.
Download or read book Human Monocytes written by Marek Zembala and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monocytes represent one of the major types of white blood cells in man which prevent infection by ingesting and killing invading pathogens and by releasing factors which stimulate and regulate lymphocytes. Monocytes "purify" the blood, removing immune complexes, mediating inflammatory responses, and initiating tissue repair. Human Monocytes represents an up-to-date, definitive account of this important cell. It covers the cells biochemical, immunological, and inflammatory functionsand its role in many diseases, including asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and AIDS.
Download or read book Cardioimmunology Inflammation and Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease written by Mohamed Boutjdir and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monocyte Heterogeneity and Function written by Pierre Guermonprez and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The M2 Macrophage written by Tamás Röszer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-03 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages are core components of the innate immune system. Once activated, they may have either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that include pathogen killing, safe disposal of apoptotic cells or tissue renewal. The activation state of macrophages is conceptualized by the so-called M1/M2 model of polarization. M2 macrophages are not simply antagonists of M1 macrophages; rather, they represent a network of tissue resident macrophages with roles in tissue development and organ homeostasis. M2 macrophages govern functions at the interfaces of immunity, tissue development and turnover, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Dysfunction in M2 macrophages can ruin the healthy interplay between the immune system and metabolic processes, and lead to diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, M2 macrophages are essential for healthy tissue development and immunological self-tolerance. Worryingly, these functions of M2 macrophages can also be disrupted, resulting in tumor growth and autoimmunity. This book comprehensively discusses the biology of M2 macrophages, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and highlights key questions that remain unanswered.
Download or read book The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health written by Kitty Verhoeckx and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-29 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Infogest” (Improving Health Properties of Food by Sharing our Knowledge on the Digestive Process) is an EU COST action/network in the domain of Food and Agriculture that will last for 4 years from April 4, 2011. Infogest aims at building an open international network of institutes undertaking multidisciplinary basic research on food digestion gathering scientists from different origins (food scientists, gut physiologists, nutritionists...). The network gathers 70 partners from academia, corresponding to a total of 29 countries. The three main scientific goals are: Identify the beneficial food components released in the gut during digestion; Support the effect of beneficial food components on human health; Promote harmonization of currently used digestion models Infogest meetings highlighted the need for a publication that would provide researchers with an insight into the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of respective in vitro and ex vivo assays to evaluate the effects of foods and food bioactives on health. Such assays are particularly important in situations where a large number of foods/bioactives need to be screened rapidly and in a cost effective manner in order to ultimately identify lead foods/bioactives that can be the subject of in vivo assays. The book is an asset to researchers wishing to study the health benefits of their foods and food bioactives of interest and highlights which in vitro/ex vivo assays are of greatest relevance to their goals, what sort of outputs/data can be generated and, as noted above, highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the various assays. It is also an important resource for undergraduate students in the ‘food and health’ arena.
Download or read book Fibrosis in Disease written by Monte S. Willis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-10 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fibroproliferative diseases are a broad spectrum of entities from organ-specific involvement (e.g., pulmonary, heart, liver, and kidney fibrosis) to multi-system diseases such as systemic sclerosis and sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease. These diseases also encompass pathophysiologies not readily recognizably related, such as macular degeneration and cancer metastasis. Fibroproliferative diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and can affect all tissues and organ systems. Remarkable progress in elucidating the pathogenesis of these common diseases with fibrotic components, including the critical roles of myofibroblasts and the molecular mechanisms driving the transcriptional activation involved in the induction of fibrosis. As the importance of these processes is realized in the long-term recovery and treatment of diseases, effective anti-fibrotic therapies targeting the underlying ongoing disease processes are lacking. The complexity of discovering and applying therapies to fibroproliferative disease may be due to the diversity of the systems the pathogenesis of disease itself involves. By nature, fibroproliferative diseases are interdisciplinary, involving multiple cell types (organ-specific epithelial cells), immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Bone marrow, cytokines, and organ-specific pathologies further speckle both the clinical and scientific disciplines in such a way that communication is often limited to the clinical or scientific tribes we live in, despite the greatest access to information known to man available today. Therefore, the primary focus of this text is to bring together authors from a diversity of both clinical, scientific, and therapeutic backgrounds for readers to more fully appreciate that fantastic platform that is available to build upon to lessen the isolation of the clinical and scientific disciplines. With advances in the discovery of pre-clinical therapeutic targets (at least 20+ to date) involving TGF-beta (and other cytokines), transcription factors, and downstream kinases, it’s important to both recognize the broader impact and potential opportunities that exist even today. This book will serve as a state-of-the-art resource for physicians and translational medical researchers alike who are interested in the rapidly evolving field of fibroproliferative diseases. The book will provide new insight into the fundamental mechanisms of classic fibrotic pathophysiologic processes like myocardial infarction, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic kidney disease, wound healing, and systemic sclerosis. It will also highlight the many new areas of therapeutic investigation currently underway. Lastly, we will touch upon newly emerging fields investigating the role of fibrosis in macular degeneration and cancer metastasis. The chapters will be written by established experts in their fields, including clinicians (cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, pathologists, and general practitioners) and translational biomedical researchers in a wide range of disciplines. However, the material will certainly have a broader audience including medical residents, fellows, and general practitioners as well as M.D. or Ph.D. post-doctoral research fellows. While comprehensive, we'll attempt to present the material in a manner that simplifies the complex pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie common fibroproliferative diseases while making it appealing to a broad audience.
Download or read book Ilya Mechnikov written by Semyon Zalkind and published by The Minerva Group, Inc.. This book was released on 2001-09 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A biography of Nobel laureate Ilya Mechnikov (1845 - 1916), a Russian biologist and a founder of the science of immunity. Mechnikov is one of those famous Russian scientists who, like Mendeleyev, Butlerov, Sechenov, Pavlov, the Kovalevsky brothers, and Timiryazev, are the pride of Russian science. He was a Darwinian scientist who had theories of cellular immunity, applications of phagocytic theory and the biological doctrine of inflammation.Mechnikov was born in Kharkiv Oblast (now Ukraine) on May 15, 1845. He was educated at the University of Kharkiv and, in Germany, at the Universities of Giessen, Gottingen, and Munich. Mechnikov lectured in zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Odessa from 1870 to 1882. In he 1904 became a subdirector of the Pasteur Institute in Paris.He began his career with studies of the process of intracellular digestion in invertebrates. Later he established the destructive effect of certain white blood cells, which he called phagocytes, on harmful materials in the bloodstream. In 1884 Mechnikov announced a theory of phagocytosis, which formed a basis for the theory of immunity. He also advocated consumption of lactic acid bacteria for the prevention and remedy of intestinal putrefaction.For his research on immunity he shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with the German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich.
Download or read book Obesity written by Debasis Bagchi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-03-07 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The obesity epidemic has spawned an unlimited array of quick-fix, rapid weight loss plans and unproven pharmaceuticals. Dangerous side effects and rebound weight gain has made the cure seem worse than the syndrome itself and left people uncertain where to turn. The only way to safely deal with the global obesity problem is to develop strategic therapeutic interventions using safe, natural supplements supported by credible research. With contributions from pioneers and esteemed leaders in their respective fields Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention is a comprehensive resource covering a broad range of topics associated with obesity. Divided into eight sections, the text covers epidemiology and pathophysiology, correlating obesity with environmental estrogens, disordered eating, inflammatory responses, and endocrine disruption. Contributions also address neurobiology and neurotransmitters, leptin, ghrelin (the hunger hormone) and molecular genetics. The book devotes several chapters to obesity and its related degenerative diseases, drug development and adipose-targeted drugs, and the safety of obesity drugs. An expansive portion of the book considers natural, nutritional, and physical approaches to weight management. Taking an evidence based approach, it explores exercise, diet (including vegetarian and Atkin’s diets), gender differences, and caloric restriction, along with research on a wide range of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and natural supplements such as hydroxycitric acid, marine lipids, tea, chitosan, calcium, polyphenolic compounds, trivalent chromium, ephedra, and glucomannan. Special sections on the intricacies of childhood obesity and the benefits of bariatric surgery round out the array of information. With unparalleled depth of coverage, Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention provides medical professionals, nutritionists, and researchers with an unprecedented reference for managing obesity.
Download or read book Cardiac Regeneration written by Masaki Ieda and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Volume of the series Cardiac and Vascular Biology offers a comprehensive and exciting, state-of-the-art work on the current options and potentials of cardiac regeneration and repair. Several techniques and approaches have been developed for heart failure repair: direct injection of cells, programming of scar tissue into functional myocardium, and tissue-engineered heart muscle support. The book introduces the rationale for these different approaches in cell-based heart regeneration and discusses the most important considerations for clinical translation. Expert authors discuss when, why, and how heart muscle can be salvaged. The book represents a valuable resource for stem cell researchers, cardiologists, bioengineers, and biomedical scientists studying cardiac function and regeneration.
Download or read book Heterogeneity of Mononuclear Phagocytes written by Othmar Förster and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stellate Cells in Health and Disease written by Chandrashekhar Gandhi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-04-10 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stellate Cells in Health and Disease is a comprehensive reference providing the most up-to-date knowledge and perspectives on the function of stellate cells affecting the liver and other organs. The text presents comprehensive coverage of their already established role in hepatic fibrosis along with the newer emerging evidence for stellate cell participation in the liver cell (hepatocyte) survival and regeneration, hepatic immunobiology, transplant tolerance, and liver cancer. Chapters describe both animal and human research and the relevance of findings from animal research to human pathophysiology, and also contain sections on future directions which will be of special interest to basic and clinical researchers working on liver fibrosis, hepatic biology, and pathobiology. - Presents coverage of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis with stellate cells as a target for therapy. - Shows stellate cells as a major participant in hepatic immunobiology, including transplantation immunology. - Key illustrations show the phenotypical changes in stellate cells in situ and tissue culture, their interactions with other cell types, signaling pathways and demonstrate the functions and roles of stellate cell in pathological processes.
Download or read book Macrophage Plasticity in Sterile and Pathogen Induced Inflammation written by Ioannis Kourtzelis and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Myeloid Derived Cells in the Progression of Liver Disease written by Hannelie Korf and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-22 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monocytes and Macrophages in Development Regeneration and Disease written by Malgorzata Kloc and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
