Download or read book Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts for Upstream of Wet FGD Systems written by Gary M. Blythe and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document summarizes progress on Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-04NT41992, ''Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts for Upstream of Wet FGD Systems'', during the time-period January 1 through March 31, 2006. The objective of this project is to demonstrate at pilot scale the use of solid honeycomb catalysts to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in flue gas from coal combustion, and the use of a wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system downstream to remove the oxidized mercury at high efficiency. The project is being co-funded by the U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory, EPRI, Great River Energy (GRE), TXU Generation Company LP, the Southern Company, and Duke Energy. URS Group is the prime contractor. The mercury control process under development uses honeycomb catalysts to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in the flue gas from coal-fired power plants that have wet lime or limestone FGD systems. Oxidized mercury is removed in the wet FGD absorbers and leaves with the byproducts from the FGD system. The current project is testing previously identified catalyst materials at pilot scale and in a commercial form to provide engineering data for future full-scale designs. The pilot-scale tests will continue for approximately 14 months or longer at each of two sites to provide longer-term catalyst life data. Pilot-scale wet FGD tests are being conducted periodically at each site to confirm the ability to scrub the catalytically oxidized mercury at high efficiency. This is the ninth reporting period for the subject Cooperative Agreement. During this period, project efforts primarily consisted of operating the catalyst pilot units at the TXU Generation Company LP's Monticello Steam Electric Station and at Georgia Power's Plant Yates. Two catalyst activity measurement trips were made to Plant Yates during the quarter. This Technical Progress Report presents catalyst activity results from the oxidation catalyst pilot unit at Plant Yates and discusses the status of the pilot unit at Monticello.

Download or read book PILOT TESTING OF MERCURY OXIDATION CATALYSTS FOR UPSTREAM OF WET FGD SYSTEMS written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document summarizes progress on Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT41185, ''Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts for Upstream of Wet FGD Systems, '' during the time period January 1, 2003 through March 31, 2003. The objective of this project is to demonstrate at pilot scale the use of solid honeycomb catalysts to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in the flue gas from coal combustion. The project is being funded by the U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-01NT41185. EPRI, Great River Energy (GRE), and City Public Service (CPS) of San Antonio are project cofunders. URS Group is the prime contractor. The mercury control process under development uses catalyst materials applied to honeycomb substrates to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in the flue gas from coal-fired power plants that have wet lime or limestone flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Oxidized mercury is removed in the wet FGD absorbers and co-precipitates with the byproducts from the FGD system. The current project is testing previously identified, effective catalyst materials at a larger, pilot scale and in a commercial form, to provide engineering data for future full-scale designs. The pilot-scale tests will continue for up to 14 months at each of two sites to provide longer-term catalyst life data. This is the sixth full reporting period for the subject Cooperative Agreement. During this period, project efforts included continued operation of the pilot unit with three catalysts, conducting catalyst activity measurements, and procuring the fourth catalyst, all for the GRE Coal Creek pilot unit site. Laboratory efforts were also conducted to support catalyst selection for the second pilot unit site, at CPS' Spruce Plant. This technical progress report provides an update on these efforts.

Download or read book Full Scale Testing of a Mercury Oxidation Catalyst Upstream of a Wet FGD System written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents and discusses results from Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-06NT42778, 'Full-scale Testing of a Mercury Oxidation Catalyst Upstream of a Wet FGD System, ' which was conducted over the time-period July 24, 2006 through June 30, 2010. The objective of the project was to demonstrate at full scale the use of solid honeycomb catalysts to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury in pulverized-coal-fired flue gas. Oxidized mercury is removed downstream in wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) absorbers and collected with the byproducts from the FGD system. The project was co-funded by EPRI, the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA), who also provided the host site, Great River Energy, Johnson Matthey, Southern Company, Salt River Project (SRP), the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), NRG Energy, Ontario Power and Westar. URS Group was the prime contractor and also provided cofunding. The scope of this project included installing and testing a gold-based catalyst upstream of one full-scale wet FGD absorber module (about 200-MW scale) at LCRA's Fayette Power Project (FPP) Unit 3, which fires Powder River Basin coal. Installation of the catalyst involved modifying the ductwork upstream of one of three wet FGD absorbers on Unit 3, Absorber C. The FGD system uses limestone reagent, operates with forced sulfite oxidation, and normally runs with two FGD modules in service and one spare. The full-scale catalyst test was planned for 24 months to provide catalyst life data. Over the test period, data were collected on catalyst pressure drop, elemental mercury oxidation across the catalyst module, and mercury capture by the downstream wet FGD absorber. The demonstration period began on May 6, 2008 with plans for the catalyst to remain in service until May 5, 2010. However, because of continual increases in pressure drop across the catalyst and concerns that further increases would adversely affect Unit 3 operations, LCRA decided to end the demonstration early, during a planned unit outage. On October 2, 2009, Unit 3 was taken out of service for a fall outage and the catalyst upstream of Absorber C was removed. This ended the demonstration after approximately 17 months of the planned 24 months of operation. This report discusses reasons for the pressure drop increase and potential measures to mitigate such problems in any future application of this technology. Mercury oxidation and capture measurements were made on Unit 3 four times during the 17-month demonstration. Measurements were performed across the catalyst and Absorber C and 'baseline' measurements were performed across Absorber A or B, which did not have a catalyst upstream. Results are presented in the report from all four sets of measurements during the demonstration period. These results include elemental mercury oxidation across the catalyst, mercury capture across Absorber C downstream of the catalyst, baseline mercury capture across Absorber A or B, and mercury re-emissions across both absorbers in service. Also presented in the report are estimates of the average mercury control performance of the oxidation catalyst technology over the 17-month demonstration period and the resulting mercury control costs.

Download or read book Mercury Control written by Evan J. Granite and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essential handbook and ready reference offers a detailed overview of the existing and currently researched technologies available for the control of mercury in coal-derived gas streams and that are viable for meeting the strict standards set by environmental protection agencies. Written by an internationally acclaimed author team from government agencies, academia and industry, it details US, EU, Asia-Pacific and other international perspectives, regulations and guidelines.

Download or read book Control of mercury emissions from coalfired electric utility boilers interim report including errata dated 32102 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Environmental Catalysis Over Gold based Materials written by George Avgouropoulos and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2013 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the major developments in hydrogen-related catalytic and electrocatalytic reactions over gold-based materials over the last decade, including many of the advances made by academic and industrial researchers. Gold-based catalysts with potentially exciting new applications in hydrogen technology (e.g. purification of hydrogen, anode/cathode electrodes) are being investigated at a much higher rate than even before. A variety of techniques to synthesize, characterize and evaluate these materials is being employed. The book will be of interest to all those working in catalysis/green chemistry, in particular, to advanced level researchers in catalysis using gold-based materials. It is hoped that specialists in one reaction will read with interest the chapters on the neighbouring expertise. The book is also meant for PhD-students and advanced students interested in this area.

Download or read book Coal Gasification and Its Applications written by David A. Bell and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2010-12-08 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skyrocketing energy costs have spurred renewed interest in coal gasification. Currently available information on this subject needs to be updated, however, and focused on specific coals and end products. For example, carbon capture and sequestration, previously given little attention, now has a prominent role in coal conversion processes.This book approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, with topics chosen to aid the process engineer who is interested in a complete, coal-to-products system. It provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes.The first topic describes the nature and availability of coal. Next, the fundamentals of gasification are described, followed by a description of gasification technologies and gas cleaning processes. The conversion of syngas to electricity, fuels and chemicals is then discussed. Finally, process economics are covered. Emphasis is given to the selection of gasification technology based on the type of coal fed to the gasifier and desired end product: E.g., lower temperature gasifiers produce substantial quantities of methane, which is undesirable in an ammonia synthesis feed. This book also reviews gasification kinetics which is informed by recent papers and process design studies by the US Department of Energy and other groups, and also largely ignored by other gasification books.• Approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, providing a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes • Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes • Emphasizes the importance of the coal types fed to the gasifier and desired end products • Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books - Provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of the coal conversion processes - Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes - Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books

Download or read book Multipollutant emission control technology options for coalfired power plants prepared by E Stratos Tavoulareas and Wojciech Jozewicz written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book EM written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gold written by Christopher Corti and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold is used in a wide range of industrial and medical applications and accounts for over 10 percent of the annual demand for metal, worth billions of dollars annually. While much has been written about the mystique and trade of gold, very little has been written about the science and technology in which it is involved. Edited by two respected auth

Download or read book Enhanced Control of Mercury by Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy and EPRI co-funded this project to improve the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. The project has investigated catalytic oxidation of vapor-phase elemental mercury to a form that is more effectively captured in wet FGD systems. If successfully developed, the process could be applicable to over 90,000 MW of utility generating capacity with existing FGD systems, and to future FGD installations. Field tests were conducted to determine whether candidate catalyst materials remain active towards mercury oxidation after extended flue gas exposure. Catalyst life will have a large impact on the cost effectiveness of this potential process. A mobile catalyst test unit was used to test the activity of four different catalyst materials for a period of up to six months each at three utility sites. Catalyst testing was completed at the first site, which fires Texas lignite, in December 1998; at the second test site, which fires a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal, in November 1999; and at the third site, which fires a medium- to high-sulfur bituminous coal, in January 2001. Results of testing at each of the three sites were reported in previous technical notes. At Site 1, catalysts were tested only as powders dispersed in sand bed reactors. At Sites 2 and 3, catalysts were tested in two forms, including powders dispersed in sand and in commercially available forms such as extruded pellets and coated honeycomb structures. This final report summarizes and presents results from all three sites, for the various catalyst forms tested. Field testing was supported by laboratory tests to screen catalysts for activity at specific flue gas compositions, to investigate catalyst deactivation mechanisms and methods for regenerating spent catalysts. Laboratory results are also summarized and discussed in this report.

Download or read book Enhanced Control of Mercury by Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy and EPRI co-funded this project to improve the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. The project has investigated catalytic oxidation of vapor-phase elemental mercury to a form that is more effectively captured in wet FGD systems. If successfully developed, the process could be applicable to over 90,000 MW of utility generating capacity with existing FGD systems, and to future FGD installations. Field tests were conducted to determine whether candidate catalyst materials remain active towards mercury oxidation after extended flue gas exposure. Catalyst life will have a large impact on the cost effectiveness of this potential process. A mobile catalyst test unit was used to test the activity of four different catalyst materials for a period of up to six months each at three utility sites. Catalyst testing was completed at the first site, which fires Texas lignite, in December 1998; at the second test site, which fires a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal, in November 1999; and at the third site, which fires a medium- to high-sulfur bituminous coal, in January 2001. Results of testing at each of the three sites were reported in previous technical notes. At Site 1, catalysts were tested only as powders dispersed in sand bed reactors. At Sites 2 and 3, catalysts were tested in two forms, including powders dispersed in sand and in commercially available forms such as extruded pellets and coated honeycomb structures. This final report summarizes and presents results from all three sites, for the various catalyst forms tested. Field testing was supported by laboratory tests to screen catalysts for activity at specific flue gas compositions, to investigate catalyst deactivation mechanisms and methods for regenerating spent catalysts. Laboratory results are also summarized and discussed in this report.

Download or read book Controlling SO2 emissionsa review of technologies written by Ravi K. Srivastava and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book FULL SCALE TESTING OF ENHANCED MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR WET FGD SYSTEMS written by D. K. McDonald and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wet flue gas desulfurization (wet FGD) systems are currently installed on about 25% of the coal-fired utility generating capacity in the U.S., representing about 15% of the number of coal-fired units. Depending on the effect of operating parameters such as mercury content of the coal, form of mercury (elemental or oxidized) in the flue gas, scrubber spray tower configuration, liquid-to-gas ratio, and slurry chemistry, FGD systems can provide cost-effective, near-term mercury emissions control options with a proven history of commercial operation. For boilers already equipped with FGD systems, the incremental cost of any vapor phase mercury removal achieved is minimal. To be widely accepted and implemented, technical approaches that improve mercury removal performance for wet FGD systems should also have low incremental costs and have little or no impact on operation and SO{sub 2} removal performance. The ultimate goal of the Full-scale Testing of Enhanced Mercury Control for Wet FGD Systems Program was to commercialize methods for the control of mercury in coal-fired electric utility systems equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (wet FGD). The program was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory, the Ohio Coal Development Office within the Ohio Department of Development, and Babcock & Wilcox. Host sites and associated support were provided by Michigan South Central Power Agency (MSCPA) and Cinergy. Field-testing was completed at two commercial coal-fired utilities with wet FGD systems: (1) MSCPA's 55 MW{sub e} Endicott Station and (2) Cinergy's 1300 MW{sub e} Zimmer Station. Testing was conducted at these two locations because of the large differences in size and wet scrubber chemistry. Endicott employs a limestone, forced oxidation (LSFO) wet FGD system, whereas Zimmer uses Thiosorbic{reg_sign} Lime (magnesium enhanced lime) and ex situ oxidation. Both locations burn Ohio bituminous coal.

Download or read book Enhanced Control of Mercury by Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems Site 2 Results written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy and EPRI are co-funding this project to improve the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. The project is investigating catalytic oxidation of vapor-phase elemental mercury to a form that is more effectively captured in wet FGD systems. If successfully developed, the process could be applicable to over 90,000 MW of utility generating capacity with existing FGD systems, and to future FGD installations. Field tests are being conducted to determine whether candidate catalyst materials remain active towards mercury oxidation after extended flue gas exposure. Catalyst life will have a large impact on the cost effectiveness of this potential process. A mobile catalyst test unit is being used to test the activity of four different catalysts for a period of up to six months at each of three utility sites. Catalyst testing at the first site, which fires Texas lignite, was completed in December 1998. Testing at the second test site, which fires a Powder River Basin subbituminous coal, was completed in the fall of 1999, and testing at the third site, which fires a high-sulfur bituminous coal, will begin in 2000. This technical note reports results from Site 2; results from Site 1 were reported in a previous technical note. At Site 2, catalysts were tested in several forms, including powders dispersed in sand bed reactors and in commercial forms such as extruded beads and coated honeycomb structures. This technical note presents results from Site 2 for both the sand bed reactors and commercial catalyst forms. Field testing is being supported by laboratory tests to screen catalysts for activity at specific flue gas compositions, to investigate catalyst deactivation mechanisms and to investigate methods for regenerating spent catalysts. Laboratory results related to the Site 2 field effort are also included and discussed in this technical note. Preliminary economics, based on Site 2 results, are also presented for a catalyst-based mercury removal process for a plant with an existing FGD system.

Download or read book Mercury Oxidation Across the Selective Catalytic Reduction SCR Unit written by Ana Suarez Negreira and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants represent 32% of the total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States (60 tons in 2012, 2000 tons worldwide). In recent years, public concern has increased due to the long-term irreversible effects of mercury on the environment and human health. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed in December 2011 the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS); which require U.S. natural gas and coal-fired power plants to install air pollution control devices to prevent 91% of the Hg present in flue gas from being released. Currently, there are several air pollution control devices designed to reduce Hg emissions in power plants and whose working principles depend on the nature of the mercury species. Mercury is present in the flue gas in three forms: elemental (Hg0), oxidized (Hg+2) and particulate (HgP). Oxidized Hg is highly soluble in aqueous solutions, as compared to the insoluble and nonreactive Hg0, thus allowing for the removal of the former by conventional air pollution control devices. As a matter of fact, the promotion of Hg0 oxidation along the path of the flue gas from the boiler to the stack is currently the best approach to remove it by using current emission control technologies. The catalytic oxidation of mercury can be obtained through specific Hg oxidation catalysts such as noble metals or as a co-benefit of existing control technologies such as the Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) unit for NOx reduction. The latter option would be particularly attractive due to the associated low economic investment, since 40% of electricity from coal sources is produced in power plants that are already equipped with SCR units. However, little is known about the fate of mercury across the SCR unit, since most of the research work has been devoted to their applicability for NOx reduction. Understanding which are the key factors controlling the oxidation of mercury and developing a detailed mechanism of Hg oxidation across the SCR unit is a primary objective of this dissertation. One of the main achievements of this work has been the integration of an atomic-scale model with bench-scale experiments to identify key factors in Hg oxidation as a co-benefit of the SCR unit. Widely employed materials in commercial SCR catalysts include titania-supported vanadium and tungsten oxides, i.e., V2O5-WO3-TiO2, which were therefore investigated in this study. Theoretical models were used to assess the role of each component, namely, the support (TiO2), the active phase (V2O5) and the promoters (WO3), on the activity of this catalyst towards Hg oxidation. These include both density functional theory and ab-initio thermodynamic calculations; the latter are applied to investigate the effects of temperature and flue gas composition (which is coal dependent) on the reactivity of the catalyst under realistic operating conditions. Active phase, support and structural promoter were incorporated progressively into the analysis, thereby modeling the SCR catalyst with an increased level of complexity. The DFT results show that the active phase, V2O5, alone is not reactive under flue gas conditions and that the presence of the support leads to an increase of its reactivity toward Hg oxidation, presumably due to the higher dispersion of the vanadia phase on the TiO2 surface. Particular focus was given to the interaction of water with the supported system, due the significant concentration of water vapor present in the flue gas (≈ 10%). It is shown that water interacts with the surface in either a molecular or dissociative fashion, depending on the water coverage, which is in turn temperature-dependent. Interestingly, a stabilization effect is observed at low water coverages, as the latter tends to dissociate on the surface, thus yielding a reconstructed surface with attached hydroxyl groups. Moreover, a dehydration process is observed that takes place with increasing temperature and that leads to a water-free surface above 390 K. The analysis of the reactivity of the supported vanadium oxide catalyst was completed by a study of the adsorption energies of gas species that likely play a role in Hg oxidation (i.e., Hg, HgCl, HCl and H2O). Hereby, it was observed that surfaces with high water coverage show higher reactivity towards HgCl (the gas specie with the highest adsorption energy) followed by HCl. The adsorption energies of Hg suggested a negligible interaction with the vanadia dimer. Ab initio thermodynamic calculations were carried out to take into account the effect of temperature and entropy loss on the adsorption energies of these species; based on these results, a mechanism to explain Hg oxidation to HgCl2 was proposed, which involves the adsorption of HCl and HgCl, following a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. As a final step in the theoretical analysis, the incorporation of WO3 into the model shows that these ternary systems (V2O5-WO3-TiO2) are even more reactive than the binary systems (V2O5-TiO2). First, the effect of the surface coverage was studied by comparing the reactivity of the low- and high-loading binary systems. This analysis indicated enhanced reactivity of the SCR catalyst toward HgCl, HCl and Hg, with increasing loadings of the active phase. The effect of the surface composition on the reactivity of the catalyst was estimated by comparing the reactivity of the binary monolayer systems (i.e., 100% V2O5-TiO2 or 100%WO3-TiO2) against ternary systems (V2O5-WO3-TiO2 with different V2O5/WO3 ratios). This study showed a higher reactivity of the ternary system, with the 75%V2O5-25%WO3-TiO2 system representing the optimal catalyst composition toward Hg oxidation. The theoretical studies were complemented by Hg oxidation experiments carried out in a lab-scale packed-bed reactor with the purpose of benchmarking some of the predictions of the computational work. The effects of flue gas composition, catalyst formulation, temperature and space velocity on the Hg oxidation efficiency of different SCR catalysts were examined under typical flue gas conditions. The effect of the catalyst composition on the activity toward Hg oxidation was analyzed by testing four different SCR catalysts: 4%V2O5-10%WO3-TiO2, 1%V2O5-10%WO3-TiO2, 1%V2O5-TiO2 and 10%WO3-TiO2). It was shown that the binary systems have a lower activity compared to the ternary systems, thus supporting the predictions from first-principles calculations described above. Through the kinetic analysis, parameters such as reaction orders and the apparent activation energy were derived. By using the power law equation, it was found that O2 is zeroth-order and Hg is first-order in terms of the Hg oxidation rate. For the case of HCl, the reaction order could not be estimated using such a simple equation, and a more complex equation is necessary to capture the complexities of the heterogeneous reaction pathway. The activation energy takes a value of about 40 kJ/mol and is in reasonable agreement with data from the literature. It is worth pointing out that the intrinsic difficulty of measuring very low Hg concentration (≈ 5 ppb) results in large uncertainties associated with relevant parameters such as oxidation efficiencies and reaction rates.

Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2006 Department of Energy Environmental management and commercial waste management written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: