Download or read book 5G System Design written by Patrick Marsch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-28 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research and standardization progress towards the 5th generation (5G) of mobile communications technology and beyond. It covers a wide range of topics from 5G use cases and their requirements, to spectrum, 5G end-to-end (E2E) system architecture including core network (CN), transport network (TN) and radio access network (RAN) architecture, network slicing, security and network management. It further dives into the detailed functional design and the evaluation of different 5G concepts, and provides details on planned trials and pre-commercial deployments across the globe. While the book naturally captures the latest agreements in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) Release 15, it goes significantly beyond this by describing the likely developments towards the final 5G system that will ultimately utilize a wide range of spectrum bands, address all envisioned 5G use cases, and meet or exceed the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) requirements for the year 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020). 5G System Design: Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research is based on the knowledge and consensus from 158 leading researchers and standardization experts from 54 companies or institutes around the globe, representing key mobile network operators, network vendors, academic institutions and regional bodies for 5G. Different from earlier books on 5G, it does not focus on single 5G technology components, but describes the full 5G system design from E2E architecture to detailed functional design, including details on 5G performance, implementation and roll-out.

Download or read book Massive MIMO in 5G Networks Selected Applications written by Long Zhao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SpringerBrief focuses mainly on the basic theory and applications of massive MIMO in 5G networks. The significance of massive MIMO for 5G or future communications is first briefly discussed. Then, the basic theory of massive MIMO technology is comprehensively analyzed, i.e., a variety of 5G scenarios and their improvements are described when massive MIMO is taken into account. Art physical-layer techniques and various networking techniques for interference mitigation and resource scheduling are introduced as well. This SpringerBrief also examines the selected applications of massive MIMO in 5G networks, i.e., massive MIMO-aided millimeter communications and energy transfer. The physical-layer design, multiple access control (MAC) mechanism and networking techniques are discussed for millimeter-wave communications aided by massive MIMO technology. Then, massive MIMO is covered for hybrid information and energy transfer. A downlink precoder and a uplink pilot scheme is proposed for single cell networks, and both non-cooperative and cooperative energy transfer in multi-cell are presented. Communication researchers in the area of MIMO technology, as well as researchers and practitioners working in millimeter communications and energy transfer seeking new research topics, and topic areas with communication system design, centralized and distributed algorithms, will find this brief useful as a reference. Advanced-level students studying communication engineering will also find this book useful as a secondary text.

Download or read book Massive MIMO Meets Small Cell written by Howard H. Yang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief explores the utilization of large antenna arrays in massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) for both interference suppression, where it can improve cell-edge user rates, and for wireless backhaul in small cell networks, where macro base stations can forward data to small access points in an energy efficient way. Massive MIMO is deemed as a critical technology for next generation wireless technology. By deploying an antenna array that has active elements in excess of the number of users, massive MIMO not only provides tremendous diversity gain but also powers new aspects for network design to improve performance. This brief investigates a better utilization of the excessive spatial dimensions to improve network performance. It combines random matrix theory and stochastic geometry to develop an analytical framework that accounts for all the key features of a network, including number of antenna array, base station density, inter-cell interference, random base station deployment, and network traffic load. The authors explore the impact from different network parameters through numerical analysis.Researchers in wireless network design will find this to be an exceptional resource, as will advanced-level students or professionals working in networking and information systems design.

Download or read book Information Systems and Management Science written by Lalit Garg and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-04 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book introduces concepts, principles, methods and procedures that will be valuable to students and scholars in thinking about existing organization systems, proposing new systems and working with management professionals in implementing new information systems. This book of Information Systems and Management Science (proceedings of ISMS 2020) is intended to be used as a reference by students and researchers who collect scientific and technical contributions with respect to models, tools, technologies and applications in the field of information systems and management science. This textbook shows how to exploit information systems in a technology-rich management field.

Download or read book Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Communications Signal Processing and Systems written by Qilian Liang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-22 with total page 979 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems, which provides a venue to disseminate the latest developments and to discuss the interactions and links between these multidisciplinary fields. Spanning topics ranging from Communications, Signal Processing and Systems, this book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, researchers and engineers from academia and industry as well as government employees (such as NSF, DOD, DOE, etc).

Download or read book Cognitive Interference Management in Heterogeneous Networks written by Dania Marabissi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-24 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief investigates the role of interference management in Heterogeneous Networks (Het Nets), focusing on cognitive approaches and the use of beamforming. Key concepts of Het Nets are introduced and different deployment strategies are examined, such as sharing the same frequency band of the macro cells or using new high frequency bands. Particular attention is devoted to co-channel deployment and to the problem of interference management, addressing various strategies that can be adopted to handle the interference between the cells. In addition, the brief explores cognitive small cells which are able to avoid or limit interference by using suitable beamforming and resource allocation schemes. The suggested solutions are supported by numerical results in terms of performance evaluations and comparisons.

Download or read book Exploring Alternative Massive MIMO Designs written by Daniel Verenzuela and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-01-15 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) provides the means for reaching global connectivity that can help humanity progress and prosper. This comes with high demands on data traffic and number of connected devices which are rapidly growing and need to be met by technological development. Massive MIMO, where MIMO stands for multiple-input multiple-output, is a fundamental component of the 5G wireless communication standard for its ability to provide high spectral and energy efficiency, SE and EE, respectively. The key feature of this technology is the use of a large number of antennas at the base stations (BSs) to spatially multiplex several user equipments (UEs). In the development of new technologies like Massive MIMO, many design alternatives need to be evaluated and compared in order to find the best operating point with a preferable tradeoff between low cost and complexity. In this thesis, two alternative designs for signal processing and hardware in Massive MIMO are studied and compared with the baseline operation in terms of SE, EE, and power consumption. The first design is called superimposed pilot (SP) transmission and is based on superimposing pilot and data symbols to eliminate the need to reserve dedicated time-frequency resources for pilots. This allows more data to be transmitted and supports longer pilot sequences that, in turn, reduce pilot contamination. The second design is mixed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and it aims at balancing the SE performance and the power consumption cost by allowing different ADC bit resolutions across the BS antennas. The results show that the Massive MIMO baseline, when properly optimized, is the preferred choice in standard deployments and propagation conditions. However, the SP alternative design can increase the SE compared to the baseline by using the Massive-MIMO iterative channel estimation and decoding (MICED) algorithm proposed in this dissertation. In particular, the SE gains are found in cases with high mobility, high carrier frequencies, or high number of spatially multiplexed UEs. For the mixed-ADCs alternative design, improvements in the SE and EE compared to the Massive MIMO baseline can be achieved in cases with distributed BS antennas where interference suppression techniques are used. El desarrollo en tecnologías de información y comunicación (en inglés, ICT) provee los medios para alcanzar la conectividad global que puede ayudar a la humanidad a progresar y prosperar. Esto implica que el avance tecnológico debe satisfacer la alta demanda de tráfico de data y número de equipos conectados que se encuentra en rápido crecimiento. La tecnología de múltiple-entrada múltiple-salida masiva, en inglés Massive MIMO, se considera una pieza fundamental de la quinta generación de comunicaciones inalámbricas (5G) debido a su capacidad de proveer una alta eficiencia espectral y energética (en inglés, SE y EE, respectivamente). Esta tecnología está caracterizada fundamentalmente por el uso de un alto número de antenas en la estación base (en inglés, BS) para multiplexar a varios usuarios en el espacio. En el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías como Massive MIMO, muchas alternativas de diseño necesitan ser evaluadas y comparadas para encontrar el mejor punto de operación con un balance conveniente entre complejidad y bajo costo. En esta tesis, dos alternativas de diseño para el procesamiento de señales y el hardware de Massive MIMO son estudiadas y comparadas con la operación del diseño base en términos de eficiencia espectral, eficiencia energética y consumo de potencia. El primer diseño se denomina transmisión de pilotos superpuestos (en inglés, SP) y está basado en la superposición de señales piloto y de datos para eliminar la necesidad de asignar recursos dedicados a señales pilotos. Además, la transmisión de pilotos superpuestos permite reducir la interferencia que surge a raíz de reusar las señales pilotos en distintas celdas, este efecto se denomina contaminación de pilotos (en inglés pilot contamination). El segundo diseño se denomina conversores analógico-adigital (en inglés, ADC) mixtos (en inglés, mixed-ADCs) y se basa en permitir distintas resoluciones de bit en los conversores analógico-a-digital de las antenas en la estación base. Este diseño permite que la resolución de los conversores analógico-a-digital se adapte a las condiciones de propagación de las señales para balancear los beneficios en eficiencia espectral con el costo de potencia consumida. Los resultados muestran que el diseño base de Massive MIMO, cuando esta optimizado de manera apropiada, es la opción preferida en despliegues y condiciones de propagación estándares. Sin embargo, la transmisión de pilotos superpuestos puede incrementar la eficiencia espectral en comparación al diseño base cuando se combina con el método iterativo para la estimación de canal y decodificación en Massive MIMO propuesto en esta tesis (en inglés, MICED). En particular, las ganancias en eficiencia espectral son obtenidas en escenarios con alta movilidad de usuarios, alta frecuencia portadora, o alto número de usuarios multiplexados en el espacio. Con respecto al diseño alternativo de conversores analógico-a-digital mixtos, la eficiencia espectral y energética pueden ser incrementadas en comparación al diseño base cuando las antenas de la estación base están distribuidas en el espacio y técnicas para suprimir interferencia entre usuarios son usadas. Die Entwicklung der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (ICT) bietet die Möglichkeit eine globale Konnektivität zu erreichen, die Fortschritt und Wohlstand fördern kann. Dies bedeutet zugleich, dass der steigende Datenverkehr und die wachsende Anzahl verbundener Geräte eines entsprechenden technologischen Fortschritts bedarf. Massive MIMO, wobei MIMO für multiple-input multiple-output steht, ist eine fundamentale Komponente des drahtlosen 5G Kommunikationsstandards, da sie eine hohe spektrale Effizienz (SE) und Energieeffizienz bietet (EE). Die Hauptkomponente dieser Technologie ist die Nutzung einer großen Anzahl an Antennen auf Seiten der Basisstationen (BSs) um mehrere Nutzer zu bedienen, die ihre Signale zur selben Zeit auf derselben Frequenz senden während sie in der räumlichen Domäne getrennt sind (spatial multiplexing). In der Entwicklung neuer Technologien wie Massive MIMO müssen viele Designalternativen evaluiert und verglichen werden um den optimalen Betriebspunkt im Sinne eines sinnvollen Gleichgewichts zwischen Kosteneffizienz und Komplexität zu finden. In dieser Doktorarbeit werden zwei alternative Designs für Signalverarbeitung und Hardware in Massive MIMO Systemen untersucht und in Bezug auf spektrale Effizienz, Energieeffizienz und Stromverbrauch mit dem Massive MIMO Basisdesign verglichen. Das erste Design heißt überlagerte Pilotton Übertragung (superimposed pilot, SP) und basiert auf der Überlagerung von Pilotton und Datensignal, damit nicht mehr die Notwendigkeit besteht bestimmte Ressourcen für Pilottöne zu reservieren. Dies ermöglicht die Übertragung größerer Datenmengen und reduziert die Interferenz, die aus der wiederholten Nutzung der Pilottöne in verschiedenen Zellen resultiert (pilot contamination). Das zweite Design nennt sich gemischte analog zu digital Konverter (mixed analog-to-digital converters, ADCs) und erlaubt es einen Kompromiss zwischen hoher spektraler Effizienz und niedrigem Stromverbrauch zu finden. Dies geschieht indem die Bit Auflösung an jeder BS Antenne an die Ausbreitungsbedingungen der Signale angepasst wird. Die Resultate zeigen, dass das Massive MIMO Basisdesign, wenn es richtig optimiert ist, bei Standardeinsätzen und unter normalen Ausbreitungsbedingungen, die bevorzugte Wahl ist. Das alternative SP Design kann jedoch die spektrale Effizienz im Vergleich zum Basisdesign durch die Nutzung des in dieser Dissertation vorgeschlagenen Massive MIMO iterativen Kanalschätzungs- und Dekodierungsalgorithmus (MICED) erhöhen. Die verbesserte spektrale Effizienz findet sich insbesondere in Fällen hoher Nutzermobilität, hoher Frequenzen oder hoher Anzahl an gleichzeitig bedienter Nutzer. Das gemischte analog zu digital Konverter Design ermöglicht in Fällen verteilter Basisstationen bei denen Interferenz unterdrückende Techniken genutzt werden eine verbesserte spektrale Effizienz und Energieeffizienz. Utvecklingen av informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) gör det möjligt för människor från hela världen att kopplas samman och utbyta kunskaper. Ju mer vi vet och förstår om varandra, desto större är chansen att mänskligheten kan uppnå globala utvecklingsmål och välstånd. IKT-utvecklingen är associerad med höga krav på datatakter och antal uppkopplade enheter. Dessa krav ökar ständigt och måste mötas med teknologisk utveckling. Massiv MIMO, där MIMO står för multiple-input multiple-output, är flerantennteknik och en grundsten i nästa generations trådlösa kommunikationssystem. Huvudanledningen till detta är att tekniken kan förbättra spektraleffektiviteten (SE), vilket är ett mått på hur väl vi kan kommunicera data över begränsade radiofrekvensresurser. Tekniken förbättrar även energieffektiviteten (EE), vilket är ett mått på hur effektivt tekniken använder energi till att kommunicera data. Massiv MIMO bygger på användandet av ett stort antal av antenner på basstationerna för att kommunicera med ett flertal användare samtidigt och på samma frekvensresurser. Detta möjliggörs genom ”rumslig multiplexing” vilket betyder att signaler från användare på olika platser kan separeras på basstationen i den rumsliga domänen. Denna separering kräver att basstationen först mäter egenskaperna hos signaler som kommer från de olika användarnas positioner. När en ny teknik, såsom Massiv MIMO, utvecklas är det viktigt att olika alternativa designer utvärderas och jämförs för att identifiera den bästa varianten. Detta kan exempelvis vara den variant som uppnår en viss balans mellan hög kommunikationsprestanda och låg kostnad. I denna avhandling utvärderas två alternativa sätt att designa signalbehandlingen och hårdvaran i Massiv MIMO. Dessa jämförs med konventionell Massiv MIMO i termer av SE, EE och effektförbrukning. Den första alternativa designen kallas överlagrade piloter och bygger på att kända pilotsignaler och okända datasignaler skickas samtidigt från användarna, istället för efter varandra. Pilotsignalerna används för att mäta upp de trådlösa kanalerna som signalerna färdas över medan datasignalerna innehåller den information som ska kommuniceras. Genom att överlagra pilotsignalerna så behövs inga dedikerade radioresurser för piloter och därmed finns det mer resurser för datasändning. Dessutom minskar överlagrandet de störningar som kommer från andra användare som använder samma pilot, vilket kallas pilotkontaminering. Den andra alternativa designen kallas mixade analog-till-digital (AD) omvandlare. En AD-omvandlare är en krets som behövs på varje antenn för att omvandla analoga radiosignaler till digitala signaler som kan processas i en dator. Bitupplösningen i AD-omvandlaren avgör hur många nivåer som kan användas för att representera den analoga signalen. Ju högre bitupplösning desto fler nivåer och därmed en mer noggrann representation, men detta leder även till högre beräkningskomplexitet och effektförbrukning. Mixade AD-omvandlare försöker balansera mellan hög prestanda och låg komplexitet genom att optimera bitupplösningen på varje antenn i ett Massiv MIMO system. Avhandlingens resultat visar att det går att öka SE i Massiv MIMO genom att använda överlagrade piloter, ifall den föreslagna algoritmen MICED (Massive-MIMO iterative channel estimation and decoding) används. Förbättringarna är särskilt stora när användarna har hög mobilitet, när en hög bärfrekvens används eller när antalet rumsligt multiplexade användare är högt. När det gäller mixade AD-omvandlare så kan små förbättringar i SE uppnås, jämfört med konventionell Massiv MIMO, när bitupplösningen i AD-omvandlarna optimeras under förutsättning att signalstyrkan varierar mellan basstationens antenner. Sammanfattningsvis så kan de alternativa designerna av Massiv MIMO som studerats i avhandlingen ge små prestandaförbättringar jämfört med konventionella metoder. Men trots detta så kan de konventionella metoderna uppnå en bra avvägning mellan hög prestanda och låg komplexitet ifall de optimeras väl.

Download or read book Networks of the Future written by Mahmoud Elkhodr and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive introduction to the latest research in networking Explores implementation issues and research challenges Focuses on applications and enabling technologies Covers wireless technologies, Big Data, IoT, and other emerging research areas Features contributions from worldwide experts

Download or read book Massive MIMO Systems written by Kazuki Maruta and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO), which transmits multiple data streams via multiple antenna elements, is one of the most attractive technologies in the wireless communication field. Its extension, called ‘massive MIMO’ or ‘large-scale MIMO’, in which base station has over one hundred of the antenna elements, is now seen as a promising candidate to realize 5G and beyond, as well as 6G mobile communications. It has been the first decade since its fundamental concept emerged. This Special Issue consists of 19 papers and each of them focuses on a popular topic related to massive MIMO systems, e.g. analog/digital hybrid signal processing, antenna fabrication, and machine learning incorporation. These achievements could boost its realization and deepen the academic and industrial knowledge of this field.

Download or read book Driving the Development Management and Sustainability of Cognitive Cities written by Ahuja, Kiran and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technological advancements of today not only affect individual’s personal lives. They also affect the way urban communities regard the improvement of their resident’s lives. Research involving these autonomic reactions to the growing needs of the people is desperately needed to transform the cities of today into the cities of the future. Driving the Development, Management, and Sustainability of Cognitive Cities is a pivotal reference source that explores and improves the understanding of the strategic role of sustainable cognitive cities in residents’ routine life styles. Such benefits to residents and businesses include having access to world-class training while sitting at home, having their wellbeing observed consistently, and having their medical issues identified before occurrence. This book is ideally designed for administrators, policymakers, industrialists, and researchers seeking current research on developing and managing cognitive cities.

Download or read book Women in Telecommunications written by Maria Sabrina Greco and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-06 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a breadth of innovative and impactful research in the field of telecommunications led by women investigators. Topics covered include satellite communications, cognitive radars, remote sensing sensor networks, quantum Internet, and cyberspace. These topics touch on many of the challenges facing the world today and these solutions by women researchers are valuable for their technical excellence and their non-traditional perspective. As an important part of the Women in Engineering and Science book series, the work highlights the contribution of women leaders in telecommunications, inspiring women and men, girls and boys to enter and apply themselves to secure our future in.

Download or read book Massive MIMO written by Hien Quoc Ngo and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2015-01-16 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last ten years have seen a massive growth in the number of connected wireless devices. Billions of devices are connected and managed by wireless networks. At the same time, each device needs a high throughput to support applications such as voice, real-time video, movies, and games. Demands for wireless throughput and the number of wireless devices will always increase. In addition, there is a growing concern about energy consumption of wireless communication systems. Thus, future wireless systems have to satisfy three main requirements: i) having a high throughput; ii) simultaneously serving many users; and iii) having less energy consumption. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, where a base station (BS) equipped with very large number of antennas (collocated or distributed) serves many users in the same time-frequency resource, can meet the above requirements, and hence, it is a promising candidate technology for next generations of wireless systems. With massive antenna arrays at the BS, for most propagation environments, the channels become favorable, i.e., the channel vectors between the users and the BS are (nearly) pairwisely orthogonal, and hence, linear processing is nearly optimal. A huge throughput and energy efficiency can be achieved due to the multiplexing gain and the array gain. In particular, with a simple power control scheme, Massive MIMO can offer uniformly good service for all users. In this dissertation, we focus on the performance of Massive MIMO. The dissertation consists of two main parts: fundamentals and system designs of Massive MIMO. In the first part, we focus on fundamental limits of the system performance under practical constraints such as low complexity processing, limited length of each coherence interval, intercell interference, and finite-dimensional channels. We first study the potential for power savings of the Massive MIMO uplink with maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing, and minimum mean-square error receivers, under perfect and imperfect channels. The energy and spectral efficiency tradeoff is investigated. Secondly, we consider a physical channel model where the angular domain is divided into a finite number of distinct directions. A lower bound on the capacity is derived, and the effect of pilot contamination in this finite-dimensional channel model is analyzed. Finally, some aspects of favorable propagation in Massive MIMO under Rayleigh fading and line-of-sight (LoS) channels are investigated. We show that both Rayleigh fading and LoS environments offer favorable propagation. In the second part, based on the fundamental analysis in the first part, we propose some system designs for Massive MIMO. The acquisition of channel state information (CSI) is very importantin Massive MIMO. Typically, the channels are estimated at the BS through uplink training. Owing to the limited length of the coherence interval, the system performance is limited by pilot contamination. To reduce the pilot contamination effect, we propose an eigenvalue-decomposition-based scheme to estimate the channel directly from the received data. The proposed scheme results in better performance compared with the conventional training schemes due to the reduced pilot contamination. Another important issue of CSI acquisition in Massive MIMO is how to acquire CSI at the users. To address this issue, we propose two channel estimation schemes at the users: i) a downlink "beamforming training" scheme, and ii) a method for blind estimation of the effective downlink channel gains. In both schemes, the channel estimation overhead is independent of the number of BS antennas. We also derive the optimal pilot and data powers as well as the training duration allocation to maximize the sum spectral efficiency of the Massive MIMO uplink with MRC receivers, for a given total energy budget spent in a coherence interval. Finally, applications of Massive MIMO in relay channels are proposed and analyzed. Specifically, we consider multipair relaying systems where many sources simultaneously communicate with many destinations in the same time-frequency resource with the help of a massive MIMO relay. A massive MIMO relay is equipped with many collocated or distributed antennas. We consider different duplexing modes (full-duplex and half-duplex) and different relaying protocols (amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward, two-way relaying, and one-way relaying) at the relay. The potential benefits of massive MIMO technology in these relaying systems are explored in terms of spectral efficiency and power efficiency.

Download or read book Cell Free Massive MIMO written by Giovanni Interdonato and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-09-09 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fifth generation of mobile communication systems (5G) is nowadays a reality. 5G networks are been deployed all over the world, and the first 5G-capable devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, wearable, etc.) are already commercially available. 5G systems provide unprecedented levels of connectivity and quality of service (QoS) to cope with the incessant growth in the number of connected devices and the huge increase in data-rate demand. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology plays a key role in 5G systems. The underlying principle of this technology is the use of a large number of co-located antennas at the base station, which coherently transmit/receive signals to/from multiple users. This signal co-processing at multiple antennas leads to manifold benefits: array gain, spatial diversity and spatial user multiplexing. These elements enable to meet the QoS requirements established for the 5G systems. The major bottleneck of massive MIMO systems as well as of any cellular network is the inter-cell interference, which affects significantly the cell-edge users, whose performance is already degraded by the path attenuation. To overcome these limitations and provide uniformly excellent service to all the users we need a more radical approach: we need to challenge the cellular paradigm. In this regard, cell-free massive MIMO constitutes the paradigm shift. In the cell-free paradigm, it is not the base station surrounded by the users, but rather it is each user being surrounded by smaller, simpler, serving base stations referred to as access points (APs). In such a system, each user experiences being in the cell-center, and it does not experience any cell boundaries. Hence, the terminology cell-free. As a result, users are not affected by inter-cell interference, and the path attenuation is significantly reduced due to the presence of many APs in their proximity. This leads to impressive performance. Although appealing from the performance viewpoint, the designing and implementation of such a distributed massive MIMO system is a challenging task, and it is the object of this thesis. More specifically, in this thesis we study: Paper A) The large potential of this promising technology in realistic indoor/outdoor scenarios while also addressing practical deployment issues, such as clock synchronization among APs, and cost-efficient implementations. We provide an extensive description of a cell-free massive MIMO system, emphasizing strengths and weaknesses, and pointing out differences and similarities with existing distributed multiple antenna systems, such as Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP). Paper B) How to preserve the scalability of the system, by proposing a solution related to data processing, network topology and power control. We consider a realistic scenario where multiple central processing units serve disjoint subsets of APs, and compare the spectral efficiency provided by the proposed scalable framework with the canonical cell-free massive MIMO and CoMP. Paper C) How to improve the spectral efficiency (SE) in the downlink (DL), by devising two distributed precoding schemes, referred to as local partial zero-forcing (ZF) and local protective partial ZF, that provide an adaptable trade-off between interference cancelation and boosting of the desired signal, with no additional front-haul overhead, and that are implementable by APs with very few antennas. We derive closed-form expressions for the achievable SE under the assumption of independent Rayleigh fading channel, channel estimation error and pilot contamination. These closed-form expressions are then used to devise optimal max-min fairness power control. Paper D) How to further improve the SE by letting the user estimate the DL channel from DL pilots, instead of relying solely on the knowledge of the channel statistics. We derive an approximate closed-form expression of the DL SE for conjugate beamforming (CB), and assuming independent Rayleigh fading. This expression accounts for beamformed DL pilots, estimation errors and pilot contamination at both the AP and the user side. We devise a sequential convex approximation algorithm to globally solve the max-min fairness power control optimization problem, and a greedy algorithm for uplink (UL) and DL pilot assignment. The latter consists in jointly selecting the UL and DL pilot pair, for each user, that maximizes the smallest SE in the network. Paper E) A precoding scheme that is more suitable when only the channel statistics are available at the users, referred to as enhanced normalized CB. It consists in normalizing the precoding vector by its squared norm in order to reduce the fluctuations of the effective channel seen at the user, and thereby to boost the channel hardening. The performance achieved by this scheme is compared with the CB scheme with DL training (described in Paper D). Paper F) A maximum-likelihood-based method to estimate the channel statistics in the UL, along with an accompanying pilot transmission scheme, that is particularly useful in line-of-sight operation and in scenarios with resource constraints. Pilots are structurally phase-rotated over different coherence blocks to create an effective statistical distribution of the received pilot signal that can be efficiently exploited by the AP when performing the proposed estimation method. The overall conclusion is that cell-free massive MIMO is not a utopia, and a practical, distributed, scalable, high-performance system can be implemented. Today it represents a hot research topic, but tomorrow it might represent a key enabler for beyond-5G technology, as massive MIMO has been for 5G. La quinta generazione dei sistemi radiomobili cellulari (5G) è oggi una realtà. Le reti 5G si stanno diffondendo in tutto il mondo e i dispositivi 5G (ad esempio smartphones, tablets, indossabili, ecc.) sono già disponibili sul mercato. I sistemi 5G garantiscono livelli di connettività e di qualità di servizio senza precedenti, per fronteggiare l’incessante crescita del numero di dispositivi connessi alla rete e della domanda di dati ad alta velocità. La tecnologia Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) riveste un ruolo fondamentale nei sistemi 5G. Il principio alla base di questa tecnologia è l’impiego di un elevato numero di antenne collocate nella base station (stazione radio base) le quali trasmettono/ricevono segnali, in maniere coerente, a/da più terminali utente. Questo co-processamento del segnale da parte di più antenne apporta molteplici benefici: guadagno di array, diversità spaziale e multiplazione degli utenti nel dominio spaziale. Questi elementi consentono di raggiungere i requisiti di servizio stabiliti per i sistemi 5G. Tuttavia, il limite principale dei sistemi massive MIMO, così come di ogni rete cellulare, è rappresentato dalla interferenza inter-cella (ovvero l’interferenza tra aree di copertura gestite da diverse base stations), la quale riduce in modo significativo le performance degli utenti a bordo cella, già degradate dalle attenuazioni del segnale dovute alla considerevole distanza dalla base station. Per superare queste limitazioni e fornire una qualità del servizio uniformemente eccellente a tutti gli utenti, è necessario un approccio più radicale e guardare oltre il classico paradigma cellulare che caratterizza le attuali architetture di rete. A tal proposito, cell-free massive MIMO (massive MIMO senza celle) costituisce un cambio di paradigma: ogni utente è circondato e servito contemporaneamente da numerose, semplici e di dimensioni ridotte base stations, denominate access points (punti di accesso alla rete). Gli access points cooperano per servire tutti gli utenti nella loro area di copertura congiunta, eliminando l’interferenza inter-cella e il concetto stesso di cella. Non risentendo più dell’effetto “bordo-cella”, gli utenti possono usufruire di qualità di servizio e velocità dati eccellenti. Sebbene attraente dal punto di vista delle performance, l’implementazione di un tale sistema distribuito è una operazione impegnativa ed è oggetto di questa tesi. Piu specificatamente, questa tesi di dottorato tratta: Articolo A) L’enorme potenziale di questa promettente tecnologia in scenari realistici sia indoor che outdoor, proponendo anche delle soluzioni di implementazione flessibili ed a basso costo. Articolo B) Come preservare la scalabilità del sistema, proponendo soluzioni distribuite riguardanti il processamento e la condivisione dei dati, l’architettura di rete e l’allocazione di potenza, ovvero come ottimizzare i livelli di potenza trasmessa dagli access points per ridurre l’interferenza tra utenti e migliorare le performance. Articolo C) Come migliorare l’efficienza spettrale in downlink (da access point verso utente) proponendo due schemi di pre-codifica dei dati di trasmissione, denominati local partial zero-forcing (ZF) e local protective partial ZF, che forniscono un perfetto compromesso tra cancellazione dell’interferenza tra utenti ed amplificazione del segnale desiderato. Articolo D) Come migliorare l’efficienza spettrale in downlink permettendo al terminale utente di stimare le informazioni sulle condizioni istantanee del canale da sequenze pilota, piuttosto che basarsi su informazioni statistiche ed a lungo termine, come convenzionalmente previsto. Articolo E) In alternativa alla soluzione precedente, uno schema di pre-codifica che è più adatto al caso in cui gli utenti hanno a disposizione esclusivamente informazioni statistiche sul canale per poter effettuare la decodifica dei dati. Articolo F) Un metodo per permettere agli access points di stimare, in maniera rapida, le condizioni di canale su base statistica, favorito da uno schema di trasmissione delle sequenze pilota basato su rotazione di fase. Realizzare un sistema cell-free massive MIMO pratico, distribuito, scalabile e performante non è una utopia. Oggi questo concept rappresenta un argomento di ricerca interessante, attraente e stimolante ma in futuro potrebbe costituire un fattore chiave per le tecnologie post-5G, proprio come massive MIMO lo è stato per il 5G. Den femte generationens mobilkommunikationssystem (5G) är numera en verklighet. 5G-nätverk är utplacerade på ett flertal platser världen över och de första 5G-kapabla terminalerna (såsom smarta telefoner, surfplattor, kroppsburna apparater, etc.) är redan kommersiellt tillgängliga. 5G-systemen kan tillhandahålla tidigare oöverträffade nivåer av uppkoppling och servicekvalitet och är designade för en fortsatt oavbruten tillväxt i antalet uppkopplade apparater och ökande datataktskrav. Massiv MIMO-teknologi (eng: multiple-input multiple-output) spelar en nyckelroll i dagens 5G-system. Principen bakom denna teknik är användningen av ett stort antal samlokaliserade antenner vid basstationen, där alla antennerna sänder och tar emot signaler faskoherent till och från flera användare. Gemensam signalbehandling av många antennsignaler ger ett flertal fördelar, såsom hög riktverkan via lobformning, vilket leder till högre datatakter samt möjliggör att flera användare utnyttjar samma radioresurser via rumslig användarmultiplexering. Eftersom en signal kan gå genom flera olika, möjligen oberoende kanaler, så utsätts den för flera olika förändringar samtidigt. Denna mångfald ökar kvaliteten på signalen vid mottagaren och förbättrar radiolänkens robusthet och tillförlitlighet. Detta gör det möjligt att uppfylla de höga kraven på servicekvalitet som fastställts för 5G-systemen. Den största begränsningen för massiva MIMO-system såväl som för alla cellulära mobilnätverk, är störningar från andra celler som påverkar användare på cellkanten väsentligt, vars prestanda redan begränsas av sträckdämpningen på radiokanalen. För att övervinna dessa begränsningar och för att kunna tillhandahålla samma utmärkta servicekvalitet till alla användare behöver vi ett mer radikalt angreppssätt: vi måste utmana cellparadigmet. I detta avseende utgör cellfri massiv-MIMO teknik ett paradigmskifte. I cellfri massive-MIMO är utgångspunkten inte att basstationen är omgiven av användare som den betjänar, utan snarare att varje användare omges av basstationer som de betjänas av. Dessa basstationer, ofta mindre och enklare, kallas accesspunkter (AP). I ett sådant system upplever varje användare att den befinner sig i centrum av systemet och ingen användare upplever några cellgränser. Därav terminologin cellfri. Som ett resultat av detta påverkas inte användarna av inter-cellstörningar och sträckdämpningen reduceras kraftigt på grund av närvaron av många accesspunkter i varje användares närhet. Detta leder till imponerande prestanda. Även om det är tilltalande ur ett prestandaperspektiv så är utformningen och implementeringen av ett sådant distribuerat massivt MIMO-system en utmanande uppgift, och det är syftet med denna avhandling att studera detta. Mer specifikt studerar vi i denna avhandling: A) den mycket stora potentialen med denna teknik i realistiska inomhus- såväl som utomhusscenarier, samt hur man hanterar praktiska implementeringsproblem, såsom klocksynkronisering bland accesspunkter och kostnadseffektiva implementeringar; B) hur man ska uppnå skalbarhet i systemet genom att föreslå lösningar relaterade till databehandling, nätverkstopologi och effektkontroll; C) hur man ökar datahastigheten i nedlänken med hjälp av två nyutvecklade distribuerade överföringsmetoder som tillhandahåller en avvägning mellan störningsundertryckning och förstärkning av önskade signaler, utan att öka mängden intern signalering till de distribuerade accesspunkterna, och som kan implementeras i accesspunkter med mycket få antenner; D) hur man kan förbättra prestandan ytterligare genom att låta användaren estimera nedlänkskanalen med hjälp av nedlänkspiloter, istället för att bara förlita sig på kunskap om kanalstatistik; E) en överföringsmetod för nedlänk som är mer lämpligt när endast kanalstatistiken är tillgänglig för användarna. Prestandan som uppnås genom detta schema jämförs med en utökad variant av den nedlänk-pilotbaserade metoden (beskrivet i föregående punkt); F) en metod för att uppskatta kanalstatistiken i upplänken, samt en åtföljande pilotsändningsmetod, som är särskilt användbart vid direktvägsutbredning (line-of-sight) och i scenarier med resursbegränsningar. Den övergripande slutsatsen är att cellfri massiv MIMO inte är en utopi, och att ett distribuerat, skalbart, samt högpresterande system kan implementeras praktiskt. Idag representerar detta ett hett forskningsämne, men snart kan det visa sig vara en viktig möjliggörare för teknik bortom dagens system, på samma sätt som centraliserad massiv MIMO har varit för de nya 5G-systemen.

Download or read book 6G Key Technologies written by Wei Jiang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-12-01 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible and integrated roadmap to the technologies enabling 6G development In 6G Key Technologies: A Comprehensive Guide, two internationally well-recognized experts deliver a thoroughly original and comprehensive exploration of the technologies enabling and contributing to the development of 6G. The book presents the vision of 6G by reviewing the evolution of communications technologies toward 6G and examining the factors driving that development, as well as their drivers, requirements, use cases, key performance indicators, and more. Readers will discover: Thorough introductions to the standardization and technology evolution toward 6G, as well as the vision behind the development of 6G in terms of architectures, algorithms, protocols, and applications. In-depth explorations of full-spectrum wireless technologies in 6G, including enhanced millimeter wave technologies, terahertz-based communications and networking, visible-light and optical wireless communications. Fulsome discussions of smart radio networks and new air interface technologies for 6G including intelligent reflecting surface, cellular massive MIMO, cell-free massive MIMO, adaptive and non-orthogonal multiple access technologies. Perfect for professional engineers, researchers, manufacturers, network operators, and software developers, 6G Key Technologies: A Comprehensive Guide will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate students studying in wireless communications, artificial intelligence, signal processing, microwave technology, information theory, antenna and propagation, system-on-chip implementation, and computer networks.

Download or read book Fundamentals of 6G Communications and Networking written by Xingqin Lin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-12 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book begins with a historical overview of the evolution of mobile technologies and addresses two key questions: why do we need 6G? and what will 6G be? The remaining chapters of this book are organized into three parts: Part I covers the foundation of an end-to-end 6G system by presenting 6G vision, driving forces, key performance indicators, and societal requirements on digital inclusion, sustainability, and intelligence. Part II presents key radio technology components for the 6G communications to deliver extreme performance, including new radio access technologies at high frequencies, joint communications and sensing, AI-driven air interface, among others. Part III describes key enablers for intelligent 6G networking, including network disaggregation, edge computing, data-driven management and orchestration, network security and trustworthiness, among others. This book is relevant to researchers, professionals, and academics working in 5G/6G and beyond.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Massive MIMO written by Thomas L. Marzetta and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-17 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by pioneers of the concept, this is the first complete guide to the physical and engineering principles of Massive MIMO. Assuming only a basic background in communications and statistical signal processing, it will guide readers through key topics in multi-cell systems such as propagation modeling, multiplexing and de-multiplexing, channel estimation, power control, and performance evaluation. The authors' unique capacity-bounding approach will enable readers to carry out effective system performance analyses and develop advanced Massive MIMO techniques and algorithms. Numerous case studies, as well as problem sets and solutions accompanying the book online, will help readers put knowledge into practice and acquire the skill set needed to design and analyze complex wireless communication systems. Whether you are a graduate student, researcher, or industry professional working in the field of wireless communications, this will be an indispensable guide for years to come.

Download or read book MIMO Communications written by Ahmed Kishk and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication technology has become a critical enabler for high-speed wireless communication systems. This edited volume, MIMO Communications – Fundamental Theory, Propagation Channels, and Antenna Systems, is a comprehensive resource for researchers, graduate students, and practicing engineers in wireless communication. The volume is divided into four parts that cover the foundations of wireless communications, antenna techniques, channel modeling, autonomous driving and radars. Experts in the field have authored chapters covering various topics, including capacity analysis of MIMO channels, antenna array design and beamforming techniques, channel modeling and estimation, and the applications of autonomous driving and radars. This book provides a detailed and accessible introduction to the latest research and practical applications in MIMO communication technology. It is an essential resource for anyone interested in learning about MIMO communication technology or looking to deepen their understanding of existing systems.