Download or read book Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues. The committee focuses on four major areas: Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides? Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure? Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age? Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life? This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry.
Download or read book Pesticide Dose written by Stephen Duke and published by ACS Symposium. This book was released on 2018-06-04 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticide dose is a parameter that is central to pesticide efficacy, effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, evolution of pesticide resistance, and non-intended pesticide effects such as hormesis (the stimulatory effect of a sub-toxic dose of a toxin). This book details and documents the reasons why only a tiny fraction of applied pesticides reach their desired molecular targets in the pests for which they are intended. This is followed by a discussion of the relationship of dose to efficacy levels and the practical implications of this. Pesticide movement to non-target organisms by drift and other processes has become a topic of great interest and is thoroughly covered. The book ends with a review of the effects of herbicides on non-target terrestrial plants with large differences in sensitivities to low herbicides doses. This volume gives the reader an appreciation for the complexity of pesticide dose effects.
Download or read book Intentional Human Dosing Studies for EPA Regulatory Purposes written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-04 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EPA commissioned The National Academies to provide advice on the vexing question of whether and, if so, under what circumstances EPA should accept and consider intentional human dosing studies conducted by companies or other sources outside the agency (so-called third parties) to gather evidence relating to the risks of a chemical or the conditions under which exposure to it could be judged safe. This report recommends that such studies be conducted and used for regulatory purposes only if all of several strict conditions are met, including the following: The study is necessary and scientifically valid, meaning that it addresses an important regulatory question that can't be answered with animal studies or nondosing human studies; The societal benefits of the study outweigh any anticipated risks to participants. At no time, even when benefits beyond improved regulation exist, can a human dosing study be justified that is anticipated to cause lasting harm to study participants; and All recognized ethical standards and procedures for protecting the interests of study participants are observed. In addition, EPA should establish a Human Studies Review Board (HSRB) to evaluate all human dosing studiesâ€"both at the beginning and upon completion of the experimentsâ€"if they are carried out with the intent of affecting the agency's policy-making.
Download or read book A Manual for Determining Small Dosage Calculations of Pesticides and Conversion Tables written by John W. Neal, Jr. and published by Entomological Society of America. This book was released on 1976-01-01 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The successful screening of insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, fungicides, ovicides, nematicides, growth retardants, and other biocidal compounds depends upon both the accurate preparation of test concentrations and the manner in which they are applied to the soil, host plant, or specific life stage of the organism. This preparation of test sprays, dips, dusts, and other formulations of test materials depends on the accurate computation of the equivalents used. The purpose of this manual is to provide a useful reference for entomologists and others in related disciplines who must prepare materials for screening in the laboratory, greenhouse, or small field plot. The effort was begun when it became apparent to the author that a single reference source in the form of a manual was not available. Further, many different procedures exist for calculating and expressing concentrations, including "rules of thumb," Pierson square, and others; these may be understood by some but not by all. The fact that the information gathered for this manual has come from a great many sources further emphasizes the variety of procedures in use and demonstrates the need for a reference of this nature.
Download or read book Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 2407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated 3e carries on the book’s tradition of serving as the definitive reference on pesticide toxicology and recognizes the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition. Feature: Presents a comprehensive look at all aspects of pesticide toxicology in one reference work. Benefit: Saves researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest definitive details on toxicity of specific pesticides as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles. Feature: Clear exposition of hazard identification and dose response relationships in each chapter featuring pesticide agents and actions Benefit: Connects the experimental laboratory results to real-life applications in human health, animal health and the environment. Feature: All major classes of pesticide considered. Benefit: Provides relevance to a wider variety of researchers who are conducting comparative work in pesticides or their health impacts. Feature: Different routes of exposure critically evaluated. Benefit: Connects the loop between exposure and harmful affects to those who are researching the affects of pesticides on humans or wildlife.
Download or read book Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems written by G. B. Beestman and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1987 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Manual for Determining Small Dosage Calculations of Pesticides and Conversion Tables written by John W. Neal and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Summary of Certain Pesticide Chemical Uses written by United States. Agricultural Research Service Department of Agric and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Development and Validation of a Pesticide Dose Prediction Model written by Shelley A. Harris and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate chronic health effects associated with pesticide exposures, results of these studies are not consistent, may often be biased, and are generally not supported with any valid pesticide exposure data. Inadequate measurement of pesticide exposure is a major factor limiting the value of study results. Since it is generally not possible to measure exposures retrospectively, and not cost-effective or practical to measure exposures prospectively, alternative techniques must be developed and evaluated for use in epidemiologic research. The primary objective of this study was to develop statistical models to predict pesticide dose in lawn care applicators. Doses of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), mecoprop (2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid, MCPP) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were assessed in 98 professional turf applicators from 20 companies. Since these workers were repeatedly exposed to varying amounts of pesticides, a method of dose estimation was developed to predict total weekly dose that would allow for different use patterns by each individual. Further, since accuracy of dose estimates is dependent on the collection of 24-hour urine samples, both creatinine excretion and self-reported missed samples were used to evaluate collection completeness. During a one week period, the volume of pesticide applied was weakly related to the total dose of 2,4-D absorbed (R2 = 0.21). Two additional factors explained a large proportion of the variation in dose: the type of spray nozzle and the use of gloves. In the final multiple regression models predicting total absorbed dose of 2,4-D and mecoprop, 63 to 68 percent of the variation was explained. Commonly used job titles and duties performed explained only 11 and 16 percent of the variation in dose, respectively. By explaining up to 68 percent of the variation, the models developed represent a vast improvement over traditional methods of pesticide exposure assessment. If the study results are generalizable, it is likely that most epidemiologic studies using traditional methods of pesticide exposure assessment in occupational groups suffer extremely limited power and biased results.
Download or read book Pesticide Profiles written by Michael A. Kamrin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997-03-12 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate is like three books in one-it is a profile containing specific information about 137 pesticides, a primer of environmental toxicology, and an extensive trade name index. Profiles of each pesticide contain regulatory information, toxicity assessments, environmental fate data, physical properties, and acceptable exposure limit values. What these values and data mean in terms of human toxicity is clearly interpreted as well. The book also describes the meaning of carcinogenicity and how it is assessed in non-technical terms the non-expert can understand. Readers with a technical background are provided with the data to make their own judgments. In addition to information about specific pesticides, there are sections on general classes of pesticides, such as organophosphates. This information allows readers to make inferences about any pesticide in a class, even if a profile is not provided. Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate goes beyond the usual listings of toxicity values or environmental half-lives to offer a broad understanding to readers of various backgrounds and interests.
Download or read book Criteria Dose Effect Relationships for Organochlorine Pesticides written by M. Mercier and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Criteria (Dose/Effect Relationships) for Organochlorine Pesticides presents the effect of organochlorine compounds on the immunological processes. This book deals with several organochlorine pesticides. Organized into 15 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the properties and toxicology of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), a potent non-systemic stomach and contact insecticide of high persistence on solid surface. This text then examines the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of lindane in laboratory animals and in humans as well. Other chapters consider the studies on the carcinogenic potential as well as the mutagenic effects of dieldrin. This book discusses as well the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of endrin, which is a non-systemic and persistent insecticide used primarily on field crops. The final chapter deals with the need for further evaluation of any possible long-term risks to humans from the production and use of the technical product. This book is a valuable resource for agriculturists and research workers.
Download or read book Optimising Pesticide Use written by Michael Wilson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimising Pesticide Use brings together the wide range of scientific disciplines necessary to ensure best practice through monitoring what is used and improving how it is formulated and applied. The book provides: An in-depth exploration of pesticide optimisation from the view point of industry and research scientist A case study on the development of a new range of active chemistries from bacteria A discussion of complementary pest control methods This text will provide essential information to workers in the pesticide industry and regulatory community who need to be aware of current thinking and advancements in the optimal use of pesticidal compounds and systems, as well as environmental organisations and aid development organisations.
Download or read book Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology written by Wayland J. Hayes and published by Elsevier/AP. This book was released on 2010 with total page 1238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated third edition carries on the book's tradition of serving as the definitive reference on pesticide toxicology and recognizies the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition. Feature: Presents a comprehensive look at all aspects of pesticide toxicology in one reference work. Benefit: Saves researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest definitive details on toxicity of specific pesticides as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles. Feature: Clear exposition of hazard identification and dose response relationships in each chapter featuring pesticide agents and actions Benefit: Connects the experimental laboratory results to real-life applications in human health, animal health and the environment. Feature: All major classes of pesticide considered. Benefit: Provides relevance to a wider variety of researchers who are conducting comparative work in pesticides or their health impacts. Feature: Different routes of exposure critically evaluated. Benefit: Connects the loop between exposure and harmful affects to those who are researching the affects of pesticides on humans or wildlife--Publisher description
Download or read book Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition written by Ernest Hodgson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotransformation of Pesticides is an updated, "one-stop" resource for academic, industry and regulatory scientists involved in research and regulatory activities related to pesticide biotransformation and human health. This book provides an in depth look at how pesticides are biotransformed, which is essential to understanding exposure, dose, toxicity and health risks. This essential reference contains the biotransformation of pesticides from uptake to excretion, including toxicokinetics and emphasizes metabolism in non-target species, including experimental animals and humans. Includes four new chapters and expanded material on pesticide biotransformation and disposition, an active area of pesticide toxicology that is becoming increasingly important for human health risk assessment Offers a practical and portable guide covering the most up-to-date research results on metabolic transformations of pesticides Provides scientists and regulatory researchers with the information they need to conduct accurate risk assessments and make informed decisions on which exposures to study further in human populations
Download or read book Pesticide Resistance written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1986-02-01 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a symposium sponsored by the Board on Agriculture, this comprehensive book explores the problem of pesticide resistance; suggests new approaches to monitor, control, or prevent resistance; and identifies the changes in public policy necessary to protect crops and human health from the ravages of pests. The volume synthesizes the most recent information from a wide range of disciplines, including entomology, genetics, plant pathology, biochemistry, economics, and public policy. It also suggests research avenues that would indicate how to counter future problems. A glossary provides the reader with additional guidance.
Download or read book Pesticide Assessment Guidelines written by Bruce Jaegar and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pesticides written by Marvin J. Levine and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2007-03-30 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticide exposure has long been a cause for concern, and with good reason. Studies have shown that all persons, but especially children, pregnant women, farmers, farmworkers, and the elderly, may experience negative health effects from pesticide exposure. These effects may include acute poisoning, cancer, neurological damage, birth defects, reduced sperm count, suppressed immune systems, and reproductive and developmental harm. This book is a comprehensive examination of pesticide use, pesticide harm, and alternatives to harmful pesticides. Levine highlights the role of farming, because a substantial majority—70 percent or more annually—of pesticides are applied in agricultural uses, thereby making their way into the food chain and into the water supply. More than 20 types of pesticides have been detected in U.S. groundwater, and it is believed that nearly 100 have the potential to invade our municipal water systems. Some level of pesticide contamination has been detected in every state, in both urban and agricultural areas. Outside of agriculture, people are exposed to pesticides primarily in the home. Approximately 90 percent of all households in the nation use pesticides, and the number and concentration of these agents indoors has been shown to be greater than outdoors. Given that Americans now spend nearly 90 percent of each day indoors, this is an issue of real concern. In addition to homes, suburban and rural corporate parks are also affected. Schools are another worrisome venue. In too many of our 110,000 school districts, untrained persons are making critical decisions about the use of pesticides in school buildings and on school grounds. No other book currently examines this issue in such breadth and depth.
