Download or read book Peripheral Immune System and Neurodegenerative Disease written by Ke Zhang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peripheral Immunity in Parkinson s Disease Emerging Role and Novel Target for Therapeutics written by Cristoforo Comi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-23 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microglia and Beyond written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary This thesis describes multiple central and peripheral immune cell changes during aging, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In the first chapters of this thesis, we investigated the effect of aging on the immune system and searched for the aging factors involved. In the later chapters, we investigated the immune response to AD and MS pathology. Aging During aging, a general decline in immune function occurs, ultimately contributing to increased susceptibility to infections in the elderly. We found that microglial morphological complexity declines during aging and can be modulated by peripheral levels of glucocorticoids. We further discovered that peripheral factors can induce age-associated changes in the brain, and thus potentially counteract them. Consequently, we hypothesize that modulating peripheral immunity via plasma factors, such as hormones and cytokines, could combat brain aging and associated pathology. Alzheimer’s disease AD is a neurodegenerative disease that ultimately causes dementia. One of the pathological hallmarks is the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. We found that this deposition induced reactive and dystrophic microglia with increased lysosomal volumes containing abnormal tau and postsynaptic structures. Together, this shows that tauopathy induces a loss of homeostatic microglia that is potentially linked to a loss of synapses. Peripheral immune cells are associated with neurodegenerative diseases as well, although fewer research attempts have investigated these cells in the context of AD. We analyzed the peripheral immune landscape of AD patients at the early and late stages of the disease and found that levels of circulating CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype increased before the onset of dementia. These CD8+ T cells expressed markers associated with T cell senescence and terminal differentiation.
Download or read book Neuro Immune Interactions in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders written by P. Patterson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea that the brain is an "immune-privileged site" has perhaps served to slow our realization that the intact brain can generate its own inflammatory reactions. These responses can be to peripheral infection, or they can arise from local, internal causes, for instance as a response to stress or to the se vere changes in neuronal activity in seizure or the loss of oxygen in stroke. We are also becoming increasingly aware of the contribution of local inflam matory reactions to certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's In fact, evidence is accumulating that inflammatory processes disease (AD). contribute to the progression of AD, suggesting the possibility of using cur rently available or novel anti-inflammatory agents to interfere with this terri ble disease. Correlations are also being made between inflammatory signs and mental illness, which is a new frontier of research. This book presents the current state of knowledge in a variety of areas relevant to neuro-immune interactions, with particular attention to AD.
Download or read book Understanding the Changes in Systemic Immunity in the Neurodegenerative Disorders Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzeimers Disease written by Trisha Stan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From their earliest histopathological descriptions, neurodegenerative disorders have been known to involve neuroinflammation. Yet the exact nature of the changes in inflammation, as well as the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease, are not well understood. In this dissertation, I attempt to uncover the nature of the changes in the systemic immune system in neurodegeneration and the role that these changes play in disease progression. The first study presented here (Chapter 2) presents an investigation of the changes in the plasma cytokines and peripheral immune cells in Frontotemporal Dementia. Frontotemporal Dementia is the leading cause of early-onset neurodegenerative disease and is known to be caused by several mutations, including one that results in haploinsufficiency of progranulin, a gene known to attenuate inflammation. However, Frontotemporal Dementia is often sporadic, with no known genetic or environmental cause, and the underlying changes that cause this very specific, localized neurodegeneration has been unclear. In this study, we use an unbiased protein profiling platform, the antibody microarray, developed in our lab, to assay the changes in plasma protein levels in progranulin-mutation Frontotemporal Dementia and sporadic Frontotemporal Dementia. We found that there was an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines similar to changes in cytokines observed in autoimmune disease and suggestive of changes in cellular immune phenotype. Therefore, we used a new flow cytometry technology, CyTOF by Time of Flight mass spectrometry (CyTOF), to profile immune cells in FTD patients in an unbiased manner. We found changes in CD8 T cells and Natural Killer cells similar to changes observed in autoimmune disorders. Along with colleagues at UCSF, we then conducted a retrospective study to determine if FTD patients have a higher comorbidity of autoimmune disease than the general population, and we found this to be the case. We found similar changes in inflammatory proteins and immune cells in the mouse model of Frontotemporal Dementia (GRN -/- ). The next series of experiments (Chapter 3) sought to determine how the changes in the systemic protein levels in the plasma FTD patients affected the changes in the central nervous system (CNS) associated with the neurodegenerative disorders and with the changes in immune cell populations. To this end, we used two methods of introducing FTD-disease plasma to WT or GRN +/- mice: parabiosis and human plasma transfer. While we observed no changes in the strongest phenotype of the mouse model, microgliosis, in the parabiosis experiment, we observed intriguing behavior changes in GRN +/- animals treated with plasma from human FTD patients. For the next set of experiments to determine the relationship between the cytokine changes in FTD patients and the immune cell subset changes, we developed a new culture system in which we cultured whole blood with plasma-infused media, enabling us to use cells from a single donor to assay the effects of exposure of aged or FTD-patient plasma. In the final series of experiments, we sought to solidify the understanding of the changes in the systemic immune system in Alzheimer's Disease with a thorough immunophenotyping study. For four years, we collected and cryopreserved peripherial blood mononuclear cells from Alzheimer's Disease patients, resulting in a collection of over 100 samples from patients with mild to sever Alzheimer's Disease, patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, a precursor to Alzheimer's Disease, and age-matched, cognitively healthy individuals. We developed a new CyTOF platform panel to measure the ability of cells to respond to cytokine treatment as well as the traditional immunophenotyping. We found indications that cells from Alzheimer's Disease patients are less responsive to cytokine stimuli. Collectively, this work highlights the importance of the changes in the systemic immune system in neurodegenerative disorders. It provides new insight into possible mechanisms of disease pathology and potential new avenues for future therapeutic targets.
Download or read book Neuroimmune Pharmacology written by Tsuneya Ikezu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-22 with total page 1045 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Neuroimmune Pharmacology bridges the disciplines of neuroscience, immunology and pharmacology from the molecular to clinical levels with particular thought made to engage new research directives and clinical modalities. Bringing together the foremost field authorities from around the world, Neuroimmune Pharmacology will serve as an invaluable resource for the basic and applied scientists of the current decade and beyond.
Download or read book Clinical Immunology written by Robert R. Rich and published by Mosby Incorporated. This book was released on 2008 with total page 1578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers answers to challenges in clinical immunology. This book contains immunology knowledge and includes a companion web site to give you two ways to find the answers you need.
Download or read book Crosstalk between Peripheral and Local Immune Response in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Neurodegeneration Diseases written by Yuanjian Fang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-27 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Clinical Relevance of the Immune to Brain and Brain to Immune Communications written by Julie Lasselin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-03-29 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental and clinical evidence demonstrates an intense crosstalk among the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The central nervous system (CNS) not only has the capacity to affect peripheral immune function, but is also able to sense and process signals from the peripheral immune system. The bi-directional interaction between the CNS and the peripheral immune system has gained great interest as it can help better understand disease pathophysiology as well as improving health and treatment outcomes in patients. On the one hand, inflammatory factors are known to affect CNS functions and to induce neuropsychiatric symptoms, making immune-to-brain communication highly relevant for psychiatric diseases and their treatments. On the other hand, analyzing pathways of brain-to-immune communication will help to understand the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory disorders and will form the basis for optimizing treatment of these diseases.
Download or read book Trends in Neuroimmunology cross talk between brain resident and peripheral immune cells in both health and disease written by Estela Maris Muñoz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-06-26 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functional anatomy of organisms is maintained by the coordination of different systems, that often rely on particular interactions between specialized cells and between macromolecules. The immune system works with the circulatory and the lymphatic systems to protect most of the organs. However, some organs are considered immune privileged due to the presence of highly selective and regulated barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within the brain. The BBB controls periphery-brain molecule exchange and prevents immune effector cells from entering the homeostatic brain. BBB-associated elements, such as endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, potentially can function as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Pathological scenarios that induce dysfunction of the BBB and its associated cells may lead to the infiltration of lymphocytes crossing over from the blood to brain. Similarly, traumas can also enable B and T lymphocytes to pass bidirectionally between the CNS and the periphery, via the meningeal lymphatic vessels which drain into the cervical lymph nodes. Research in animals and in humans has revealed that B and T cells are involved in the progression of neurological diseases. It has been showed that under particular conditions, T cells establish themselves and become resident in the brain (T RM cells), from where they can either exert beneficial or detrimental effects on brain function. Amazing efforts have been made to further comprehend interactions between brain-specific cells and peripheral immune cells, and especially their roles and impact on the onset, progression, and eventual resolution of diverse brain pathologies.
Download or read book Innate immunity and neurodegenerative disorders written by Roger A Barker and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inflammation of the brain in the context of neurodegenerative disorders is an area of intense debate and discussion, not least in terms of its pathogenic significance and the extent to which it drives disease processes and pathology. This inflammation can take several forms including innate responses recruiting microglia, humoral responses involving antibody, complement mediated processes and cellular T-cell activation, of which the role and extent of each may differ between diseases. Whilst some diseases have been more intensely linked to inflammation and long-term degeneration (e.g. MS), more traditional chronic neurodegenerative disorders have been thought of in terms of intrinsic neuronal pathology with a secondary innate response. However, it has been described that microglia activation is an early event of many degenerative disorders and evidence is accumulating that it may play a critical role in actually causing pathology and driving disease processes. If true, this would have major therapeutic implications, but what is the evidence that this is the case? The initial observations by Patrick McGeer’s group of post-mortem tissue from patients with Parkinson’s disease revealed the presence of activated brain microglia and has thus lead to the hypothesis that chronic inflammation could participate to neuronal degenerative processes. The significance of these original observations has only been recently revisited, and the development of more powerful tools to study the brain immune response has certainly contributed to this field of research. Chronic inflammation in the brain can take many forms but of particular interest has been the resident microglia and the role they play in this process. In this context, microglia have often been thought to become activated only after the disease has begun and then to contribute minimally to the degenerative process. Emerging new concepts challenge this view by proposing that microglial senescence, for example, may release the disease process and/or accelerate it. In addition, microglia, once activated, can adopt different phenotypes which can be both pro-inflammatory and pro-repair and may impact not only on the healthy adult neuronal population but on those new neurons derived from neurogenic niches of the adult brain. In this Research Topic, we attempt to explore this by first considering the innate immune responses in the brain and the methods by which they can be studied experimentally and in patients with various neurodegenerative disorders. This sets the scene for then discussing a range of different disorders including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These papers seek to discuss the evidence for an innate immune response and whether this is beneficial or detrimental, as well as its therapeutic implications.
Download or read book Crosstalk between Peripheral and Local Immune Response in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Neurodegeneration Diseases Volume II written by Yuanjian Fang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-03-06 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accumulating evidence reveals both local and peripheral immune systems participated in the pathophysiology changes of acute and chronic neurological diseases. Immune cell activation facilitates inflammatory response in neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The immune response initiated by brain local cells (microglia and astrocytes) and peripheral blood cells (monocytes/macrophages, neutrophil, T cells, B cells), are now commonly thought to contribute “double-edged sword” effects to the progression of neurological diseases, which not only promoting repair and recovery, but also accelerating brain injury. Meanwhile, local and peripheral immune responses have complex crosstalk in the development of post-stroke injury and neurodegeneration disease.
Download or read book Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration written by Phillip K. Peterson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State of the art reviews by experts in the fields of neuroscience, immunology, microbiology/infectious diseases and pharmacology addressing the convergence of the immune system (neuroinflammation) and the loss of neurons (neurodegeneration). Many of the diseases that are discussed in the book are of epidemic proportion, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, viral encephalitides and substance abuse. In addition to discussions of the involvement of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in these disorders, scientific reviews are presented on the cells and mediators that participate in defense of and damage to the nervous system. With rare exception, no or inadequate treatment exists for the diseases discussed in this book. An underlying premise of the book is that understanding of their shared pathogenic mechanisms will lead to improved therapies. Given the rapid evolution of the field of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, readers will find this book to be the most timely and authoritative reference on the subject of each of its chapters.
Download or read book Primary Glial and Immune Cell Pathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases written by Andras Lakatos and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-12-21 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immune Responses in the Nervous System written by Nancy Rothwell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1995 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many molecules and mechanisms traditionally associated with the peripheral immune system have been found to be active within the central nervous system. The investigation of immune activation is a rapidly expanding field of research, particularly since it is directly related to acute neuronal damage and in degenerative disorders of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. This volume brings together a team of internationally recognized experts who address topics such as neuronal transplantation, leukocyte migration, the role of inflammation and immune responses in neurological diseases and brain injury, and the potential benefits of treatment with modulators of cytokine action. It will be of interest to all researchers and clinicians involved in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of neuroimmune diseases.
Download or read book Neuroinflammation and CNS Disorders written by Nicola Woodroofe and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last decade has seen an upsurge of information on the role of immune responses in neurodegenerative disorders. In many of these diseases it is still unclear whether the innate and adaptive responses are pathogenic or play a role in repair, and thus understanding their precise roles is key to controlling these diseases by designing immune-therapeutic approaches. The connection between many neurological diseases is the realisation that the immune and nervous systems are inextricable linked, and that perturbations in this delicate balance are involved in many disorders. This has opened up new avenues for therapeutic approaches to treatment of CNS inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroinflammation and CNS Disorders brings together the very latest information on the interactions between the immune system and central nervous system. The first section of the book highlights the basic concepts in the field whilst the second section, the main body of the book, covers the role of the immune response in specific disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation and CNS Disorders will provide an invaluable guide for both researchers and clinicians working in this complex and dynamic field.
Download or read book Glial Cells Managers of Neuro immunity written by Carlos Barcia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-05-30 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immune responses within the brain are still scarcely explored. Nerve tissue damage is accompanied by the activation of glial cells, primarily microglia and astroglia, and such activation is responsible for the release of cytokines and chemokines that maintain the local inflammatory response and actively recruit lymphocytes and monocytes to the damaged areas. Theoretically, these responses are designed to repair the brain damage. However, alterations, or a chronic perpetuation of these responses may underlie a number of neuro-pathologies. It is thought that each inflammatory scenario within the brain have a specific biochemical footprint characterized by the release of determined cytokines, chemokines and growing factors able to define particular immunological responses. Alongside, glial cells transform their cell body, become larger and develop higher number of branches adopting an active morphological phenotype. These changes are related with the search of interactions with other cells, such as bystander resident cells of the brain parenchyma, but also cells homing from the blood stream. In this process, microglia and astrocytes communicates with other cells by the formation of specific intercellular connections that are still poorly understood. These interactions are complex and entail the arrangement of cytoskeletal compounds, secretory and phagocytic domains. In this particular crosstalk there is a two-way communication in which glial cells and target cells come together establishing interfaces with specific information exchange. This way, glial cells orchestrate the particular response recruiting cellular subsets within the central nervous system and organizing the resolution of the brain damage. In this Frontiers Research Topic, we compile a selection of articles unfolding diverse aspects of glial-derived inflammation, focused on neurodegenerative diseases and other nervous system disorders, with special emphasis on microglia/macrophages as leading actors managing neuro-immunity.
