Download or read book Performance Tuning of Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes Surface Nano structured with Tethered Poly acrylic Acid Chains written by Yian Chen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface tethering of hydrophilic polymer brush layers is a popular approach for membrane surface modification with the target of overcoming and mitigating various challenges such as perm-selectivity tradeoff, removal of specific contaminants, and membrane fouling and mineral scaling. In the present study, a systematic investigation of membrane surface structuring with tethered polyacrylic acid (PAA) layers was conducted to tune both reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes performance in terms of water permeability, solute rejection, molecular weight cutoff (MWCO), fouling resistance, scaling propensity and cleaning efficacy. Surface nano-structured (SNS) PAA brush layers were synthesized onto the base polysulfone (PSf) UF and polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) RO membranes via membrane surface activation with different atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) types (i.e., Air, He/O2, and He), followed by graft polymerization (GP) of acrylic acid (AA). Effective tuning of SNS-PAA-PSf UF membrane performance in terms of hydraulic permeability and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) was feasible by adjustments of the APP and graft polymerization conditions. It was shown, for the first time, that SNS-PAA-PSf membranes can be synthesized with a range of hydraulic permeability (spanning a factor of 1.1-2.6 in magnitude) for a given MWCO, or a range of MWCO (spanning a factor of 1.5-2.3 in magnitude) for a given hydraulic permeability, thereby overcoming the hydraulic permeability-MWCO tradeoff. The SNS-PAA-PSf membrane characteristics (surface hydrophilicity, intrinsic membrane resistance, and PEG MWCO) were responsive to pH and ionic strength due to the conformational change (i.e., swelling/collapse) of the surface tethered PAA chains. Within the tested range of pH (3-11) and ionic strength (0-547 mM), the SNS-PAA-PSf membrane demonstrated self-regulated membrane performance (i.e., Rm 0.74 - 2.29 1013 m-1, and MWCO 1.8 - 15.0 kDa) and surface hydrophilicity (i.e., surface energy -114.5 to -139.2 mJ/m2). UF fouling stress tests with bovine serum album (BSA) and alginic acid in high salinity water and post-cleaning with D.I. water demonstrated reduced flux decline (by ~11.3%) and improved permeability recovery (by ~34%) for the SNS-PAA-PSf membrane relative to the native PSf membrane. The surface tethered PAA chains also improved polyamide (PA) RO membrane removal of nitrate, boron, As (III), and As (V), with rejection of 98.0%, 90.7%, 96%, and 99.6%, respectively, relative to 76.8-84.9%, 87.3-92.1%, and 94.5-97.2% for the tested commercial RO membranes. The increased membrane removal of the specific contaminants is attributed to the surface tethered PAA layer sealing of microscopic defects in the polyamide membrane active layer. The SNS-PAA-PA membrane also exhibited lower flux decline for both gypsum and calcium carbonate scaling tests compared to the tested commercial RO membranes and 100% and 94% permeability recovery post D.I. water flushing, respectively. Scale up of the membrane surface nano-structuring approach, atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization (APPIGP), was developed for SNS-PAA-PA membrane sheets of size sufficient for fabrication of 2.5 inch 21 inch spiral-wound RO elements. Laboratory testing of 18 membrane coupons (~2" x 4") extracted from different locations of the SNS-PAA-PA membrane sheet, in terms of water and salt permeability coefficients and intrinsic membrane rejection, demonstrated the similar or higher performance uniformity level compared to Base-PA. SNS-PAA-PA spiral wound elements, fabricated with the above SNS-PAA-PA membrane sheets, outperformed the commercial Dow SW30 element exhibiting lower flux decline and 100% permeability recovery in fouling tests of both BSA and sodium alginate model foulant solutions. Results of the present study suggest that the APPIGP approach can be scaled up to fabricate commercial scale spiral-wound RO elements of superior antifouling properties

Download or read book Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration Membrane Surface Nano Structuring with Tethered Hydrophilic Polymer Layers for Seawater Desalination written by Soomin Kim and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A systematic investigation of membrane surface nano-structuring (SNS) with surface tethered hydrophilic polymer layers was conducted in order to mitigate fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes and tune membrane performance in seawater desalination. Surface tethered hydrophilic polymer (i.e., polyacrylic acid (PAA)) layers were synthesized onto base polysulfone (PSf) UF and polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) RO membranes via membrane surface activation with an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP), followed by graft polymerization (GP) of acrylic acid. Both APP surface activation and GP conditions impacted the structure of the synthesized tethered PAA layers and RO membrane desalination performance. Detailed characterization of tethered PAA chain extension length via atomic force microscopy (AFM) based force spectroscopy (FS) revealed that the number average molecular weight of the synthesized tethered PAA chains was estimated to be in the range of 13,000-35,000 with chain-chain separation of 1.5-2.4 nm. Extension of the tethered PAA chains in DI water was significantly greater in DI water than in high salinity aqueous environment. UF fouling stress tests with alginic acid in high salinity water and post-cleaning with non-saline water demonstrated permeability restoration of up to 90-100% for a surface nano-structured (SNS)-PAA-PSf membrane relative to 50-70% for the native PSf membrane. Synthesized SNS-PAA-PA BWRO and SWRO membranes having water and salt permeability coefficient in the range of 2.3 - 3.4 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 and 0.15 - 0.54 L m-2 h-1 revealed that membrane surface structuring with a tethered PAA layer enabled tuning membrane performance (in terms of Lp and B) to achieve water/salt selectivity (evaluated as Lp:B ratio) that was significantly higher (by up to 56%) relative to the base PA membranes. It was demonstrated that, depending on APP surface activation and GP conditions, PA TFC membranes could be tuned to have essentially the same salt rejection over a wide permeability range or a given permeability over a range of salt rejection. It was also shown that membrane performance could be achieved that overcomes the permeability-selectivity trade-off. Lastly, the present study developed an approach to scale up the APP surface activation and GP process by performing membrane surface nano-structuring for large PA TFC flat sheet membranes that are suitable for fabricating 2.5" x 21" spiral wound RO elements.

Download or read book Functional Nanostructured Materials and Membranes for Water Treatment written by Mikel Duke and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membranes have emerged over the last 30 years as a viable water treatment technology. Earth's population is growing and the need for alternative ways to generate potable water is rising. The recent advent of nanotechnology opens the door to improving processes in membrane technology, which is a promising step on the way to solving the earth's potable water problem. Current performance is enhanced and new concepts are possible by engineering on the nanoscale. This book presents key areas of nanotechnology such as fouling tolerant and robust membranes, enhanced destruction of pollutants and faster monitoring of water quality. 'Functional Nanostructured Materials and Membranes for Water Treatment' is part of the series on Materials for Sustainable Energy and Development edited by Prof. G.Q. Max Lu. The series covers advances in materials science and innovation for renewable energy, clean use of fossil energy, and greenhouse gas mitigation and associated environmental technologies.

Download or read book Membrane Fabrication written by Nidal Hilal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-03-02 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membranes play a crucial role in ensuring the optimum use and recovery of materials in manufacturing. In the process industries, they are required for efficient production and minimization of environmental impact. They are also essential for the efficient production of clean water, a significant global issue. Membrane Fabrication brings together ex

Download or read book Surface Treatment of Materials for Adhesive Bonding written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aimed at engineers and materials scientists in a wide range of sectors, this book is a unique source of surface preparation principles and techniques for plastics, thermosets, elastomers, ceramics and metals bonding. With emphasis on the practical, it draws together the technical principles of surface science and surface treatments technologies to enable practitioners to improve existing surface preparation processes to improve adhesion and, as a result, enhance product life. This book describes and illustrates the surface preparations and operations that must be applied to a surface before acceptable adhesive bonding is achieved. It is meant to be an exhaustive overview, including more detailed explanation where necessary, in a continuous and logical progression. The book provides a necessary grounding in the science and practice of adhesion, without which adequate surface preparation is impossible. Surface characterization techniques are included, as is an up-to-date assessment of existing surface treatment technologies such as Atmospheric Plasma, Degreasing, Grit blasting, laser ablation and more. Fundamental material considerations are prioritised over specific applications, making this book relevant to all industries using adhesives, such as medical, automotive, aerospace, packaging and electronics. This second edition represents a full and detailed update, with all major developments in the field included and three chapters added to cover ceramic surface treatment, plasma treatment of non-metallic materials, and the effect of additives on surface properties of plastics. - A vital resource for improving existing surface treatment processes to increase product life by creating stronger, more durable adhesive bonds - Relevant across a variety of industries, including medical, automotive and packaging - Provides essential grounding in the science of surface adhesion, and details how this links with the practice of surface treatment

Download or read book Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Zeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.

Download or read book Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook written by Munir Cheryan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-01-26 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soon after its publication in 1987, the first edition of Ultrafiltration Handbook became recognized as the leading handbook on ultrafiltration technology. Reviews in professional journals praised it as an authoritative and substantive information resource on this technology. Now a completely, updated and expanded edition is available under the titl

Download or read book Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes written by Muharrem Ince and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes provides an overview of membrane systems and separation processes, recent trends in membranes and membrane processes, and advancements in osmotically driven membrane systems. It focuses on recent advances in monitoring and controlling wastewater using membrane technologies. It explains and clarifies important research studies as well as discusses advancements in the field of organic-inorganic pollution.

Download or read book Textbook on Cloning Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins written by Kakoli Bose and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-25 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is immensely useful for graduate students as well as researchers to understand the basics of molecular biology and Recombinant DNA Technology. It provides a comprehensive overview of different approaches for the synthesis of recombinant proteins from E. coli including their cloning, expression and purification. Recent advances in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics have facilitated the use of Recombinant DNA Technology for evaluating the biophysical and biochemical properties of various proteins. The book starts with an introductory chapter on gene cloning, protein expression and purification and its implication in current research and commercial applications. Each chapter provides a lucid set of principles, tools and techniques for both students and instructors. The protocols described have been aptly exemplified, and troubleshooting techniques have been included to aid better understanding. Moreover, the set of questions at the end of each chapter have been particularly formulated to help effective learning.

Download or read book Handbook of Industrial Water Soluble Polymers written by Peter A. Williams and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural and synthetic water soluble polymers are used in a wide range of familiar industrial and consumer products, including coatings and inks, papers, adhesives, cosmetics and personal care products. They perform a variety of functions without which these products would be significantly more expensive, less effective or both. Written for research, development and formulation chemists, technologists and engineers at graduate level and beyond in the fine and specialty chemicals, polymers, food and pharmaceutical industries, the Handbook of Industrial Water Soluble Polymers deals specifically with the functional properties of both natural and synthetic water soluble polymers. By taking a function based approach, rather than a “polymer specific” approach the book illustrates how polymer structure leads to effect, and shows how different polymer types can be employed to achieve appropriate product properties.

Download or read book Polyelectrolytes written by Visakh P. M. and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-03 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a valuable reference source to graduate and post graduate students, engineering students, research scholars polymer engineers from industry. The book provides the reader with current developments of theoretical models describing the thermodynamics polyelectrolytes as well as experimental findings. A particular emphasis is put on the rheological description of polyelectrolyte solutions and hydrogels.

Download or read book Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes written by Zhi-Kang Xu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-15 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes covers the processes that modify membrane surfaces to improve their in-service performance, meaning, to confer surface properties which are different from the bulk properties. Purposes may be to minimize fouling, modulate hydrophilicity/ hydrophobicity, enhance biocompatibility, create diffusion barriers, provide functionalities, mimic biomembranes, fabricate nanostructures, etc. First, the basics of surface engineering of polymer membranes are covered. Then topics such as surface modification by graft polymerization and macromolecule immobilization, biomimetic surfaces, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, and nanostructured surfaces are discussed. This book provides a unique synthesis of the knowledge of the role of surface chemistry and physics in membrane science. Dr. Zhikang Xu of the Institute of Polymer Science of Zhejiang University has eight Chinese patents and in 2006 was honored as a Distinguished Young Scholar by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC).

Download or read book Plasma Surface Modification and Plasma Polymerization written by Norihiro Inagaki and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-07-22 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In current materials R&D, high priority is given to surface modification techniques to achieve improved surface properties for specific applications requirements. Plasma treatment and polymerization are important technologies for this purpose. This book provides a basic and thorough presentation of this subject. This is probably the first book

Download or read book Clinical Regenerative Medicine in Urology written by Bup Wan Kim and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-14 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multidisciplinary book provides up-to-date information on clinical approaches that combine stem or progenitor cells, biomaterials and scaffolds, growth factors, and other bioactive agents in order to offer improved treatment of urologic disorders including lower urinary tract dysfunction, urinary incontinence, neurogenic bladder, and erectile dysfunction. In providing clinicians and researchers with a broad perspective on the development of regenerative medicine technologies, it will assist in the dissemination of both regenerative medicine principles and a variety of exciting therapeutic options. After an opening section addressing current developments and future perspectives in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, fundamentals such as cell technologies, biomaterials, bioreactors, bioprinting, and decellularization are covered in detail. The remainder of the book is devoted to the description and evaluation of a range of cell and tissue applications, with individual chapters focusing on the kidney, bladder, urethra, urethral sphincter, and penis and testis.

Download or read book Immobilized Biocatalysts written by Peter Grunwald and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Immobilized Biocatalysts" that was published in Catalysts

Download or read book Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Bin Ding and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-10 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive review of the latest advances in developing functional electrospun nanofibers for energy and environmental applications, which include fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, energy storage materials, sensors, filtration materials, protective clothing, catalysis, structurally-colored fibers, oil spill cleanup, self-cleaning materials, adsorbents, and electromagnetic shielding. This book is aimed at both newcomers and experienced researchers in the field of nanomaterials, especially those who are interested in addressing energy-related and environmental problems with the help of electrospun nanofibers. Bin Ding, PhD, and Jianyong Yu, PhD, are both Professors at the College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, China.

Download or read book Basic Principles of Membrane Technology written by Marcel Mulder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: III . 2 Preparation of synthetic membranes 72 III . 3 Phase inversion membranes 75 III. 3. 1 Preparation by evaporation 76 III . 3. 2 Precipitation. from the vapour phase 76 III . 3. 3 Precipitation by controlled evaporation 76 Thermal precipitation 76 III . 3. 4 III . 3. 5 Immersion precipitation 77 Preparation techniques for immersion precipitation 77 III . 4 Flat membranes 77 III . 4. 1 78 III . 4. 2 Tubular membranes 81 III . 5 Preparation techniques for composite membranes 82 III. 5. 1 Interfacial polymerisation Dip-coating 83 III . 5. 2 III . 5. 3 Plasma polymerisation 86 III . 5. 4 Modification of homogeneous dense membranes 87 III . 6 Phase separation in polymer systems 89 III . 6. 1 Introduction 89 III . 6. 1. 1 Thermodynamics 89 III . 6. 2 Demixing processes 99 III . 6. 2. 1 Binary mixtures 99 III . 6. 2. 2 Ternary systems 102 III . 6. 3 Crystallisation 104 III . 6. 4 Gelation 106 III . 6. 5 Vitrification 108 III . 6. 6 Thermal precipitation 109 III . 6. 7 Immersion precipitation 110 III . 6. 8 Diffusional aspects 114 III . 6. 9 Mechanism of membrane formation 117 III. 7 Influence of various parameters on membrane morphology 123 III. 7. 1 Choice of solvent-nonsolvent system 123 III . 7. 2 Choice of the polymer 129 III . 7. 3 Polymer concentration 130 III . 7. 4 Composition of the coagulation bath 132 III . 7. 5 Composition of the casting solution 133 III . 7.