Download or read book Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Cédric Julien Poget and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel trade occurs if international price differences for identical products are high and a policy of regional or international exhaustion of the respective property right has been implemented in the high price country. The work by C. Poget analyses how parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are affecting end consumer prices and drug expenditures in three Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Based on his observations he derives proposals for policy reforms in EU member countries and Switzerland.
Download or read book Parallel Imports of Pharmaceutical Products in the European Union written by Keith Eugene Maskus and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: July 2001 Parallel imports are legitimately produced goods imported legally into a country without the authorization of a trademark, copyright, or patent holder. In the European Union, so long as a pharmaceutical manufacturer has placed a good on the market voluntarily, the principle of free movement of goods allows individuals or firms within the EU to trade goods across borders without the consent of the producer. What is the effect of these parallel imports? The point of parallel imports of pharmaceuticals is arbitrage between countries with different prices. For several years, an important issue in the European Union has been the evident conflict between differing price regulations in the member states, on the one hand, and the consequences of parallel trade, on the other. In the EU, so long as the manufacturer has placed the good on the market voluntarily, the principle of free movement of goods allows individuals or firms within the EU to trade goods across borders without the consent of the producer. In this context, Ganslandt and Maskus study the effects of parallel trade in the pharmaceutical industry. They develop a model in which an original manufacturer competes in its home market with parallel-importing firms. The two key hypotheses in their theoretical analysis are these: First, if the potential for parallel imports is unlimited, the manufacturer chooses deterrence and international prices converge. Second, with endogenously limited arbitrage, the manufacturing firm accommodates and the price in the home market falls as the volume of parallel trade rises. The authors test their hypotheses on data from the Swedish market for 1995-98. Before 1995 Sweden prohibited parallel imports of pharmaceutical products, but entry into the European Union, on January 1, 1995, required Sweden to allow them. Simple empirical tests favor the accommodation hypothesis with a time lag. Using data from Sweden, Ganslandt and Maskus find that the prices of drugs subject to competition from parallel imports increased less than those for other drugs between 1995 and 1998. Roughly three-fourths of this effect can be attributed to the lower prices of parallel imports and one-fourth to lower prices charged by the manufacturing firm. Econometric analysis finds that rents to parallel importers (or resource costs in parallel trade) could be more than the gain to consumers from lower prices. This paper is a product of Trade, Development Research Group. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Download or read book Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in the UK written by Panos Kanavos and published by Basic Civitas Books. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Parallel Importation of Trade marked Pharmaceuticals Within the European Union written by Despina Samara and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this thesis is to shed light into pharmaceutical regulation and trade-mark jurisprudence concerning parallel imports of pharmaceuticals. What is different about the present discussion on trade-marked goods is that it deals with "special goods", that is, pharmaceutical products. The special characteristics of the products under consideration are emphasised throughout this thesis with an extensive analysis of pharmaceutical regulation relating to pricing and reimbursement, marketing, packaging, labelling and naming requirements for medicines in the EU. Owing to pharmaceutical regulation's only partially harmonised nature, there is no common market for Pharmaceuticals in the EU as yet. -- The present analysis focuses on both pharmaceutical regulation and trade-mark jurisprudence on parallel-imported pharmaceuticals in order to examine how the two regimes have developed through the years in relation to pharmaceutical parallel imports. In a sense, this thesis is an examination of the legal responses to five strategies used by pharmaceutical companies to prevent parallel importation: (i) reliance on national trade-mark rights; (ii) reliance on the guarantee function of trade marks to prevent repackaging; (iii) use of different names for the same medicine; (iv) use of contractual terms in the distribution system; and (v) refusal to supply. -- The analysis shows that even if pharmaceutical regulation and trademark jurisprudence operate under different mandates-the first, to protect public health (public law concerns) and the second, to safeguard the interests of trademark owners (private law considerations)-they have developed in parallel and have been influenced by each other. In effect, the recent reform of pharmaceutical regulation means that repackaging, relabelling and rebranding practices will become less and less necessary, and hence likely, in the future.
Download or read book Impediments to Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals Within the European Community written by Commission of the European Communities. Directorate General for Competition and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of Parallel Imports on Pricing and Product Launch Decisions in Pharmaceutical Industry written by Mehmet Sekip Altug and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Product launch and pricing decisions in the pharmaceutical industry across different countries are complex. Although introducing a newly developed drug to every country is beneficial for patients worldwide, doing so may have adverse implications for drug developers, such as the emergence of parallel imports. We study a pharmaceutical firm that already introduced a pioneering drug in its home country, where the product is protected by patent rules. The firm decides whether to launch in a second country in the same region, where parallel import between these two countries is feasible and profitable for the parallel importer. We characterize the joint pricing and product launch decision. We show the firm chooses one of three strategies: (i) launch and accommodate parallel import, (ii) launch and deter parallel import, and (iii) not launch. We show that firms are more likely not to launch the drug when the drug price is determined through a negotiation between the firm and the government. We discuss how insurance coverage, market size, quality perception of the parallel imported drug, and valuations affect these strategies. We then study the impact of launch and pricing decisions on social welfare and discuss policy implications for the regulators and potential strategies for the firm to mitigate the negative effects of a parallel import threat. We also study the impact of perfect and imperfect competition among parallel import firms on pharmaceutical firm's price and launch decisions. Finally, we discuss a common practice of distributing rebates in the home country as a post-launch strategy, and characterize the optimal rebate amount to deter or accommodate parallel import.
Download or read book Parallel Imports of Pharmaceutical Products in the European Union written by Mattias Ganslandt and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Creating R D Incentives for Medicines for Neglected Diseases written by Frank Müller-Langer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-30 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virtually no research is targeted at developing medicines for tropical diseases as the expected market returns from R&D into these diseases in the private pharmaceuticals sector are too low. Frank Müller-Langer addresses the market failure with respect to R&D for medicines for tropical diseases and the lack of short-term access to affordable medicines in poor countries. The author analyzes additional push and pull mechanisms to stimulate R&D for pharmaceutical products alongside patent protection which may help mitigate the problem of those consumers in poor countries who lack access to affordable medicines. Furthermore, he reasons that a global regime of banning parallel trade from low-income countries to high-income countries is desirable from a developing country’s perspective.
Download or read book Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports written by Irene Calboli and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Americas to the European Union, Asia-Pacific and Africa, countries around the world are facing increased pressure to clarify the application of intellectual property exhaustion. This wide-ranging Research Handbook explores the questions that pose themselves as a result. Should exhaustion apply at the national, regional, or international level? Should parallel imports be considered lawful imports? Should copyright, patent, and trademark laws follow the same regime? Should countries attempt to harmonize their approaches? To what extent should living matters and self-replicating technologies be subject to the principle of exhaustion? To what extent have the rise of digital goods and the “Internet of things” redefined the concept of exhaustion in cyberspace? The Handbook offers insights to the challenges surrounding these questions and highlights how one answer does not fit all.
Download or read book Test Tubes for Global Intellectual Property Issues written by Susy Frankel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-07-02 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Susy Frankel uses examples of small market economies to provide a unique insight on global intellectual property issues.
Download or read book A Model of Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals with Endogenous Price Controls written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
Download or read book Parallel Trade in Europe written by Christopher Stothers and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2007-04-02 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shortlisted for the 2008 Young Authors Inner Temple Book Prize Are parallel importers the key to free trade, breaking down long-established national barriers for the benefit of all? Or do they instead just operate in a dubious 'grey market' for their own profit, free-loading on the investment of innovators and brand owners to the ultimate detriment of everyone? Parallel trade is in turn lionised and demonised, both in legal commentary and in the mainstream press. As one might expect, the truth lies somewhere between these extremes. Once goods have been manufactured they are put onto the market in one country by the manufacturer. Parallel trade occurs when the goods are subsequently transferred to a second country by another party (the parallel trader, who may be the end consumer). The distinguishing feature of parallel trade is that the manufacturer did not intend those particular goods to end up in the second country. The goods are normally described in that country as 'parallel imports' or 'grey market goods'. The latter term is generally used to suggest that the trade, while not exactly 'black market', is not entirely lawful either. Understanding how European Community law operates to permit or restrict parallel trade involves exploring a complex matrix of rules from the fields of free movement, intellectual property, competition and regulatory law, including both private and public enforcement regimes. Where goods are parallel imported from outside the Community these rules change and new considerations come into play, such as obligations arising from the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization and bilateral free trade agreements. The experience of Europe, which has grappled with the issues on a regional basis for more than four decades, provides a fertile source for examination of parallel trade in other jurisdictions. Christopher Stothers' comprehensive treatment successfully analyses this difficult topic, considering both Community and national decisions.
Download or read book Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation written by Peter Gallagher and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-12-15 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2005 compilation of 45 case studies documents disparate experiences among economies in addressing the challenges of participating in the WTO. It demonstrates that success or failure is strongly influenced by how governments and private sector stakeholders organise themselves at home. The contributors, mainly from developing countries, give examples of participation with lessons for others. They show that when the system is accessed and employed effectively, it can serve the interests of poor and rich countries alike. However, a failure to communicate among interested parties at home often contributes to negative outcomes on the international front. Above all, these case studies demonstrate that the WTO creates a framework within which sovereign decision-making can unleash important opportunities or undermine the potential benefits flowing from a rules-based international environment that promotes open trade.
Download or read book Parallel Imports and the Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products Evidence from the European Union written by Mattias Ganslandt and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights written by Neil Wilkof and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-08-30 with total page 2706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive and systematic commentary on the nature of overlapping Intellectual Property rights and their place in practice, this book is a major contribution to the way that IP is understood. IP rights are mostly studied in isolation, yet in practice each of the legal categories created to protect IP rights will usually only provide partial legal coverage of the broader context in which such rights are actually created, used, and enforced. Consequently, often multiple IP rights may overlap, in whole or in part, with respect to the same underlying subject matter. Some patterns, for instance, in addition to being protected from copying under the design rights regime, may also be distinctive enough to warrant trade mark protection. Each chapter addresses a discrete pair of IP rights and is written by a specialist in that area. Facilitating an understanding of how and when those rights may be encountered in practice, each chapter is introduced by a hypothetical situation setting out the overlap discussed in the chapter. The conceptual and practical issues arising from this situation are then discussed, providing practitioners with a full understanding of the overlap. Also included is a valuable summary table setting out the legal position for each set of overlapping rights in jurisdictions across Europe, Central and South America, and Asia, and the differences between them.
Download or read book Price Regulation and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Kurt R. Brekke and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
