Download or read book Overview of Smoke Toxicity Testing and Regulations written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, more people are injured and die from fire combustion products than from direct heat/flame exposure. Evaluations have shown that personnel remote from the source of a fire are particularly at risk from fire effluent from post flashover fire scenarios. Various test methods have been developed to assess the toxic potential of smoke from burning materials. These test methods are sensitive to the fire exposure (e.g., smoldering vs. flaming), size of the sample, and translation of the measured gases to toxic potential to humans in a real-scale scenario. Test methods use either bioassay methodologies (animal testing) or analytical techniques to establish toxic potency of burning materials. Available test methods are reviewed. Few jurisdictions currently regulate material toxicity in terms of specific criteria. Options for evaluating material toxic potency are outlined. These options should be considered in terms of the material use and hazard, other methods to reduce toxic hazard (e.g., by carefully regulating material ignition, flame spread, and heat release), and the introduction of new/novel materials for shipboard applications.
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Download or read book Fires in Mass Transit Vehicles written by and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Noteworthy progress has been made recently toward understanding and quantifying the smoke toxicity factors involved in fire hazard assessment. Such progress has led to increased attention to the significance of fire growth parameters for toxic hazard. Methodology has been proposed to use fire test data, including information on the toxic potency of smoke in engineering calculations for the assessment of overall fire hazard. Confidence in the methodology may evolve from comparison with full-scale fire tests as well as from human fire fatality experience. This book addresses fire modeling, fire testing, smoke toxicity testing, fire hazard assessment, and fire risk assessment.
Download or read book Fire Toxicity written by A A Stec and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-03-12 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxic fire effluents are responsible for the majority of fire deaths, and an increasing large majority of fire injuries, driven by the widespread and increasing use of synthetic polymers. Fire safety has focused on preventing ignition and reducing flame spread through reducing the rate of heat release, while neglecting the important issue of fire toxicity. This is the first reference work on fire toxicity and the only scientific publication on the subject in the last 15 years. Assessment of toxic effects of fires is increasingly being recognised as a key factor in the assessment of fire hazards. This book raises important issues including the types of toxic effluents that different fires produce, their physiological effects, methods for generation and assessment of fire toxicity, current and proposed regulations and approaches to modelling the toxic impact of fires. The contributors to Fire toxicity represent an international team of the leading experts in each aspect of this challenging and important field. This book provides an important reference work for professionals in the fire community, including fire fighters, fire investigators, regulators, fire safety engineers, and formulators of fire-safe materials. It will also prove invaluable to researchers in academia and industry. Investigates the controversial subject of toxic effluents as the cause of the majority of fire deaths and injuries Describes the different types of toxic effluents and the specific fires that they produce, their physiological effects and methods for generation Provides an overview of national and international fire safety regulations including current and proposed regulations such as a standardized framework for prediction of fire gas toxicity
Download or read book Combustion Toxicology written by Shayne C. Gad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-10-02 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Short History of Combustion and Heat Stress Physiology; The Toxicity of Smoke and Combustion Gases; Combustion Toxicity Testing; Regulations Concerning Smoke Toxicity; A Review of the Combustion Toxicity of Polymers by Class; Influence of Flame Retardants and Other Additives on the Toxicity of Combustion Products; Current Issues and Directions in Combustion Toxicology.
Download or read book Characterization and Toxicity of Smoke written by Harry K. Hasegawa and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1990 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Contains papers presented at a symposium held in Phoenix, Ariz. on Dec. 5, 1988 and sponsored by ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Standards."-- Foreword. - "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-010820-31."--t.p. verso. - "ASTM Special Technical Publication 1081. - Includes bibliographical references and indexes. - Electronic reproduction; W. Conshohocken, Pa; ASTM International; 2011; Mode of access: World Wide Web; System requirements: Web browser; Access may be restricted to users at subscribing institutions.
Download or read book The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Surgeon General's report returns to the topic of the health effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. The last comprehensive review of this evidence by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) was in the 1986 Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, published 20 years ago this year. This new report updates the evidence of the harmful effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. This large body of research findings is captured in an accompanying dynamic database that profiles key epidemiologic findings, and allows the evidence on health effects of exposure to tobacco smoke to be synthesized and updated (following the format of the 2004 report, The Health Consequences of Smoking). The database enables users to explore the data and studies supporting the conclusions in the report. The database is available on the Web site of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco.
Download or read book Fire and Smoke written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1986-02-01 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A CNN "Big story" entitled "Fire and smoke." Reporter Don Miller talks about the Ramstein air show disaster in West Germany, where reports of 67 spectators and 3 pilots were killed and hundreds more sustained injuries in the collision of three Italian jets. Italian officials say the Italian airshow team will continue to perform. Miller also discusses an airplane crash at the Dallas-Fort Worth airport of a Boeing 727 passenger jet resulting in 14 dead and another 76 injured. Concerned officials argue what steps should be taken to prevent recurrences of these kinds of disasters
Download or read book Environmental Tobacco Smoke written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1986-02-01 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book examines the recent research investigating the characteristics and composition of different types of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and discusses possible health effects of ETS. The volume presents an overview of methods used to determine exposures to environmental smoke and reviews both chronic and acute health effects. Many recommendations are made for areas of further research, including the differences between smokers and nonsmokers in absorbing, metabolizing, and excreting the components of ETS, and the possible effects of ETS exposure during childhood and fetal life.
Download or read book Combustion Toxicology written by Harold L. Kaplan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Practical Guide to Smoke and Combustion Products from Burning Polymers written by Sergei Levchik and published by Smithers Rapra. This book was released on 2011-03-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Practical Guide presents one of the most complete overviews of this important topic, covering smoke generation (including obscuration, toxicity, corrosivity), small and large scale smoke assessment, regulation of smoke, and methods of controlling smoke by plastics formulation. In particular this book focuses on the assessment of fire hazard and fire risks from combustion products and is an important book for plastics processors, regulatory personnel, and fire research and safety engineers. This book presents a state of the art overview of smoke formation from natural and synthetic polymeric materials. Also presented is a discussion on why different commercial polymers have different intrinsic tendencies to generate smoke and ways in which smoke generation can be assessed. Mechanisms and general approaches for decreasing smoke formation are examined.This book also gives an overview of flammability tests for measuring smoke formation. In particular, the criticality of assessing smoke formation in realistic scale is discussed. An overview is provided of regulations, codes and standards for critical application of polymeric materials where smoke generation is controlled. Common commercial approaches to decrease smoke formation in specific polymer systems and for specific applications are also presented. Finally, a balanced opinion on the controversial issue of smoke and associated combustion gases is given.
Download or read book Summary Report of Ad Hoc Task Group to Review Suitability of Available Smoke Toxicity Test Methods for Screening Purposes written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-21 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke can result in heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Recently, progress has been made in reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke through legislation banning smoking in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. The effect of legislation to ban smoking and its effects on the cardiovascular health of nonsmoking adults, however, remains a question. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects reviews available scientific literature to assess the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. The authors, experts in secondhand smoke exposure and toxicology, clinical cardiology, epidemiology, and statistics, find that there is about a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke. Their findings agree with the 2006 Surgeon General's Report conclusion that there are increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among men and women exposed to secondhand smoke. However, the authors note that the evidence for determining the magnitude of the relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is not very strong. Public health professionals will rely upon Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects for its survey of critical epidemiological studies on the effects of smoking bans and evidence of links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular events, as well as its findings and recommendations.
Download or read book Public Health Consequences of E Cigarettes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-05-18 with total page 775 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research.
Download or read book Assessment of Test Methods to Determine Combustibility toxicity of All Materials written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Products written by Manuel C. Peitsch and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Products (ENDP) discusses the scientific basis for the toxicological assessment and evaluation of ENDPs. The book covers aerosol chemistry, in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical studies. It provides the basis for the evaluation of short and long term-effects, along with relative risks. It also examines the potential role of ENDPs in tobacco harm reduction and how they may reduce the risk of disease in smokers who switch to them. This book is a comprehensive resource for toxicologists, health practitioners and public health professionals who want the scientific information necessary to assess the relative risk of ENDPs when compared with cigarette smoking and cessation. - Delivers a comprehensive overview of current state of science - Offers an integrated analysis of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products - Provides guidance for methodologies
Download or read book Cigarette Smoke Toxicity written by David Bernhard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-16 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smoking causes and contributes to a large number of human diseases, yet due to the large number of potentially hazardous compounds in cigarette smoke -- almost 5,000 chemicals have been identified, establishing the link between smoking and disease has often proved difficult. This unbiased and scientifically accurate overview of current knowledge begins with an overview of the chemical constituents in cigarette smoke, their fate in the human body, and their documented toxic effects on various cells and tissues. Recent results detailing the many ways components of cigarette smoke adversely affect human health are also presented, highlighting the role of smoking in cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious and other diseases. A final chapter discusses current strategies for the treatment and prevention of smoking-induced illness. Despite the obvious importance of the topic, this is the first comprehensive reference on tobacco smoke toxicity, making for essential reading for all toxicologists and healthcare professionals dealing with smoking-related diseases.
