Download or read book Optimization of Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight Lessons from Terrestrial Physiology and Operational Implementation written by Tobias Weber and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human spaceflight has required space agencies to study and develop exercise countermeasure (CM) strategies to manage the profound, multi-system adaptation of the human body to prolonged microgravity (μG). Future space exploration will present new challenges in terms of adaptation management that will require the attention of both exercise physiologists and operational experts. In the short to medium-term, all exploration missions will be realised using relatively small vehicles/habitats, with some exploration scenarios including surface operations in low (<1G) gravity conditions. The evolution of CM hardware has allowed modern-day astronauts to return to Earth with, on average, relatively moderate levels μG-induced adaptation of the musculoskeletal (MS) and cardiovascular (CV) systems. However, although the intense use of CM has attenuated many aspects of MS and CV adaptation, on an individual level, there remains wide variation in the magnitude of these changes. Innovations in CM programs have been largely engineering-driven, with new hardware providing capability for new modes of exercise and a wider range of exercise protocols, which, in turn, has facilitated the transfer of traditional, but effective, terrestrial concepts based around high frequency resistance (multiple-set, multiple repetition) and mediumintensity continuous aerobic training. As a result, International Space Station (ISS) CM specialists have focused their efforts in these domains, taking advantage of hardware innovations as and when they became available. However, terrestrial knowledge in human and exercise physiology has expanded rapidly during the lifetime of the ISS and, consequently, there is potential to optimize current approaches by re-examining terrestrial knowledge and identifying opportunities to implement this knowledge into operational practices. Current terrestrial knowledge in exercise physiology is the product of a large number of intervention studies in which the variables that contribute to the effects of physical activity (mode, frequency, duration, intensity, recovery) have been controlled and systematically manipulated. However, due to limited opportunities to perform intervention studies in both spaceflight analogues – head-down bed rest (HDBR) being considered the ‘gold standard’ – and spaceflight itself, it will not be possible to systematically investigate the contribution of these factors to the efficacy of in-flight CM. As such, it will be necessary to draw on terrestrial evidence to identify solutions/strategies that may be best suited to the constraints of exploration and prioritise specific solutions/strategies for evaluation in HDBR and in flight.
Download or read book Space Countermeasures and Medicine Implementation into Earth medicine and Rehabilitation written by Elena S. Tomilovskaya and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-09-08 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of microgravity on the human organism have been studied for over 60 years. The experience of short- and long-term space flights revealed alterations in multiple physiological systems either in the course of the flight or afterward. Some of these changes represent serious risks for crew health and functional capacity. This fact served as the trigger for multiple countries with space program participants to develop spaceflight countermeasures and medical support systems. These activities are intended to counteract space flight effects such as axial and support unloading, muscle disuse, monotony, fluid redistribution, sensory deficit, etc. Some countermeasures have been adapted from Earth medicine and sports, while others have been created especially for space flights. Many of the observed space flight effects have similarities to conditions seen on Earth, such as: decrease of motor activity in aging people, immobilized patients, and professions associated with forced physical inactivity and isolation. Thus, many space countermeasures and medical support systems can be applied in Earth medicine and rehabilitation. For example, countermeasures like loading suits, lower body negative pressure suits, electromyostimulation of various regimens, water-salt supplements, vestibular training means, etc. have been used in Earth medicine and sports conditioning over the last 20 years.
Download or read book Cardio vascular Dysfunction and Physiological Manifestations Induced by Environmental Conditions written by Marc-Antoine Custaud and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-02 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-01-30 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than four decades have passed since a human first set foot on the Moon. Great strides have been made in our understanding of what is required to support an enduring human presence in space, as evidenced by progressively more advanced orbiting human outposts, culminating in the current International Space Station (ISS). However, of the more than 500 humans who have so far ventured into space, most have gone only as far as near-Earth orbit, and none have traveled beyond the orbit of the Moon. Achieving humans' further progress into the solar system had proved far more difficult than imagined in the heady days of the Apollo missions, but the potential rewards remain substantial. During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical science, and related obstacles-an achievement made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. The Committee for the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences acknowledges the many achievements of NASA, which are all the more remarkable given budgetary challenges and changing directions within the agency. In the past decade, however, a consequence of those challenges has been a life and physical sciences research program that was dramatically reduced in both scale and scope, with the result that the agency is poorly positioned to take full advantage of the scientific opportunities offered by the now fully equipped and staffed ISS laboratory, or to effectively pursue the scientific research needed to support the development of advanced human exploration capabilities. Although its review has left it deeply concerned about the current state of NASA's life and physical sciences research, the Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space is nevertheless convinced that a focused science and engineering program can achieve successes that will bring the space community, the U.S. public, and policymakers to an understanding that we are ready for the next significant phase of human space exploration. The goal of this report is to lay out steps and develop a forward-looking portfolio of research that will provide the basis for recapturing the excitement and value of human spaceflight-thereby enabling the U.S. space program to deliver on new exploration initiatives that serve the nation, excite the public, and place the United States again at the forefront of space exploration for the global good.
Download or read book Space Physiology written by Jay C. Buckey and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of any space flight mission depends not only on advanced technology but also on the health and well-being of crew members. This book, written by an astronaut physician, is the first practical guide to maintaining crew members health in space. It combines research results with practical advice on such problems as bone loss, kidney stones, muscle wasting, motion sickness, loss of balance, orthostatic intolerance, weight loss, and excessive radiation exposure. Additional topics include pre-flight preparation, relevant gender differences, long-duration medical planning, post-flight rehabilitation, and the physiology of extra-vehicular activity. Designed as a handbook for space crews, this text is also an invaluable tool for all the engineers, medical personnel, and scientists who plan and execute space missions.
Download or read book Human Physiology in Extreme Environments written by Hanns-Christian Gunga and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Physiology in Extreme Environments is the one publication that offers how human biology and physiology is affected by extreme environments while highlighting technological innovations that allow us to adapt and regulate environments. Covering a broad range of extreme environments, including high altitude, underwater, tropical climates, and desert and arctic climates as well as space travel, this book will include case studies for practical application. Graduate students, medical students and researchers will find Human Physiology in Extreme Environments an interesting, informative and useful resource for human physiology, environmental physiology and medical studies. - Presents human physiological challenges in Extreme Environments combined in one single resource - Provides an excellent source of information regarding paleontological and anthropological aspects - Offers practical medical and scientific use of current concepts
Download or read book Artificial Gravity written by Gilles Clément and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-28 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the principle and rationale for using artificial gravity during space missions, and describes the current options proposed, including a short-radius centrifuge contained within a spacecraft. Experts provide recommendations on the research needed to assess whether or not short-radius centrifuge workouts can help limit deconditioning of physiological systems. Many detailed illustrations are included.
Download or read book Handbook of Life Support Systems for Spacecraft and Extraterrestrial Habitats written by Erik Seedhouse and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-09 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference work gathers all of the latest technologies, information, definitions and explanations of spacecraft life support systems, while providing in-depth coverage of the current knowledge of the business of keeping astronauts alive during their missions. It is intended that this MRW be the go-to reference work not only for aerospace engineers, but also for graduate and undergraduate aerospace engineers and space scientists. The area of spacecraft life support is comprised of dozens of specialties and sub-specialties within the fields of engineering, biophysics, and medicine. As space agencies around the world pursue cutting-edge life support technologies, much more information and data is accumulated. When humans move out into the solar system to stay for long durations, the most immediate challenge will be the provision of reliable and robust life support systems in locations devoid of food, air, and water. These life support systems must provide these commodities in each phase of spaceflight, including intra-vehicular activity (IVA) and extra-vehicular activity (EVA). Systems supporting human life must also fulfill myriad requirements: exceptional reliability in the space environment, allowing maintenance and component replacement in space; reduced resupply mass of consumables and spares; the ability to utilize local planetary resources for self sufficiency; and minimized mass power and volume requirements. These requirements will assume ever greater importance as bolder missions are envisioned and more sophisticated life support systems are required. For example, the next decade could see human missions to Mars and a return to the Moon. In the not-so-distant future, there is the prospect of Mars One and the creation of a permanent extraterrestrial colony. It may appear that a suitable environment can be created simply by reproducing terrestrial environmental conditions within a vehicle. In reality, it is first necessary to define the environmental characteristics humans require and match these requirements with the myriad design constraints. This is no easy task, because implementing these environmental parameters within a spacecraft can be challenging, while balancing the various requirements and constraints can test the abilities of even the most gifted aerospace engineer. Yet it is a crucial field of study and the experts contributing to this volume are on the very front lines.
Download or read book Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight written by Michael R. Barratt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-20 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the years, a large body of knowledge has developed regarding the ways in which space flight affects the health of the personnel involved. Now, for the first time, this clinical knowledge on how to diagnose and treat conditions that either develop during a mission or because of a mission has been compiled by Drs. Michael Barratt and Sam L. Pool of the NASA/Johnson Space Center. Complete with detailed information on the physiological and psychological affects of space flight as well as how to diagnose and treat everything from dental concerns to decompression to dermatological problems encountered, this text is a must have for all those associated with aerospace medicine.
Download or read book Biomedical Results from Skylab written by Richard S. Johnston and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Living and Working in Space written by William David Compton and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The official record of America's first space station, this book from the NASA History Series chronicles the Skylab program from its planning during the 1960s through its 1973 launch and 1979 conclusion. Definitive accounts examine the project's achievements as well as its use of discoveries and technology developed during the Apollo program. 1983 edition.
Download or read book Generation and Applications of Extra Terrestrial Environments on Earth written by Daniel A. Beysens and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been prepared under the auspice of the European Low Gravity Research Association (ELGRA). The main task of ELGRA is to foster the scientific community in Europe and beyond in conducting gravity and space-related research.This publication is dedicated to the science community, and especially to the next generation of scientists and engineers interested in space research and in the means to use Earth to reproduce the space environment. ELGRA provides a comprehensive description of space conditions and the means that have been developed on Earth to perform space environmental and (micro-) gravity related research. .The book covers ground-based research instruments and environments for both life and physical sciences research. It discusses the opportunities and limitations of protocols and instruments to compensate gravity or simulate microgravity, such as clinostats, random positioning machines, levitating magnets, electric fields, vibrations, tail suspension or head down tilt, as well as centrifuges for hyper-g studies. Other space environmental conditions are addressed too, like cosmic radiation or Mars atmospheric and soil properties to be replicated and simulated on Earth. Future long duration of manned missions, personal well-being and crew interaction are major issues dealt with.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aerospace Medicine and Biology written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA s Journey to Mars Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2016-02-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document communicates NASA’s strategy and progress to learn about the Red Planet, to inform us more about our Earth’s past and future, and may help answer whether life exists beyond our home planet. Together with NASA’s partners in academia and commercial enterprises, NASA’s vision is to pioneer Mars and answer some of humanity’s fundamental questions: • Was Mars home to microbial life? Is it today? • Could it be a safe home for humans one day? • What can it teach us about life elsewhere in the cosmos or how life began on Earth? • What can it teach us about Earth’s past, present, and future?
Download or read book Living Aloft Human Requirements for Extended Spaceflight written by Mary Connors and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-07-13 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the earliest days of spaceflight, substantial concern has been expressed regarding the physical needs of astronauts, including any biological damage that might result from exposure to radiation or from reduction in gravitational forces.
Download or read book Spaceflight Associated Neuro Ocular Syndrome written by Andrew G. Lee and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-07-16 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prolonged microgravity exposure during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) produces unusual physiologic and pathologic neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts. These microgravity-associated findings collectively define the Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). In this book, the editors compare and contrast prior published work on SANS by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Medicine Operations Division with retrospective and prospective studies from other research groups. The book describes the possible mechanisms and potential etiologies for SANS, and provides an update and review on the clinical manifestations of SANS including: unilateral and bilateral optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal and retinal folds, hyperopic refractive error shifts, and focal areas of ischemic retina (i.e., cotton wool spots). The ocular imaging findings (e.g., retinal nerve fiber layer, optic disc, and choroidal changes on optical coherence tomography) of SANS is also described, including the intraorbital and intracranial findings on orbital ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The knowledge gaps for in-flight and terrestrial human research including potential countermeasures for future stud is also explored, including reports on the in-flight and terrestrial human and animal research being investigated by NASA and its partners to study SANS both prospectively and longitudinally and in preparation for future long duration manned missions to space including the moon, the asteroid belt, or Mars. We think this is a unique topic and hope that NASA and its research partners continue to study SANS in preparation for future longer duration manned space missions. - Written in an easy-to-read manner, the book adopts a translational approach and explores the science and the clinical manifestations of Space flight associated neuro-ocular syndrome. It is also multi-disciplinary and suitable for both clinicians and researchers in ophthalmology, neurology, and aerospace medicine interested in SANS - SANS is a unique space flight disorder that has no terrestrial equivalent. The book involves contributions from international experts across multiple disciplines to tackle the problem of SANS - Summarizes and reviews the current findings of SANS, including possible mechanisms and potential etiologies, clinical manifestations, current reports on the in-flight and terrestrial human and animal research, and ocular imaging findings
