Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Download or read book Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens written by Joseph O. Falkinham, III and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium avium are water-borne opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) that cause human disease of great economic cost. The incidence and prevalence of OPPP-disease caused by these three exemplary OPPPs is increasing at alarming rates. As the first book-length review of OPPPs, this book describes the shared characteristics of the emerging group of water-borne pathogens that are normal inhabitants of drinking water systems and premise plumbing. It discusses the selective conditions of drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing that have led to the emergence of OPPPs. The text also reviews the results of the studies that describe microbial adaptations leading to survival, persistence, and growth in drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing.
Download or read book Viruses Bacteria and Fungi in the Built Environment written by F. Pacheco-Torgal and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi in the Built Environment: Designing Healthy Indoor Environments opens with a brief introduction to viruses, bacteria and fungi in the built environment and discusses their impact on human health. Sections discuss the microbiology of building materials, the airborne transmission of viruses and bacteria in the built environment, and plumbing-associated microbiome. As the first book on this important area to be written in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this work will be a valuable reference resource for researchers, civil engineers, architects, postgraduate students, contractors and other professionals working and interested in the field of the built environment. Elements of building design, including choice of materials, ventilation and plumbing can have important implications for the microbiology of a building, and consequently, the health of the building's occupants. This important new reference work explains the microbiology of buildings and disease control in the built environment to those who design and implement new construction and renovate. - Provides an essential guide on the microbiology of buildings, covering bacteria, fungi and viruses on surfaces, in air and in water - Comprehensively examines how humidity influences fungal growth in several building materials - Includes important information about the airborne transmission of infectious agents - Addresses ventilation design to improve human health - Presents the first book on disease control in buildings since the COVID-19 pandemic
Download or read book Legionella Contamination in Water Environment written by Silvia Bonetta and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this book gathers research studies related to the occurrence of Legionella in water systems of different environments; the role of different factors that can influence the Legionella contamination, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methodological approaches.
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-12-22 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Download or read book Microbiomes of the Built Environment written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-10-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. The characteristics of "healthy" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environmentsâ€"such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materialsâ€"in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. This report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions.
Download or read book Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors written by Douglas I. Johnson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-23 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial Pathogens and their Virulence Factors contains a detailed description of 32 major bacterial pathogens that affect human health and their associated virulence determinants. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the different types and classes of general virulence factors involved in host cell adherence and invasion, dissemination within the host, host cell damage, and evasion of host defense systems, as well as mechanisms by which these virulence factors are regulated. Chapters 2 through 33 give concise descriptions of the disease states associated with the 32 bacterial genera and their major pathogenic species, along with an in-depth description of the individual virulence factors that have been found to be functionally involved in pathogenicity. A detailed bibliography derived from primary literature and review articles accompanies each of these chapters, allowing the reader to delve more deeply into individual pathogens and their virulence determinants. Chapter 34 discusses the exciting possibilities and initial successes of using detailed information on a pathogen’s virulence toolkit to design new therapeutics aimed at specific virulence traits.
Download or read book Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies written by Dick van der Kooij and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the microbial quality in distribution systems and connected installations remains a challenge for the water supply companies all over the world, despite many years of research. This book identifies the main concerns and knowledge gaps related to regrowth and stimulates cooperation in future research. Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies provides an overview of the regrowth issue in different countries and the water quality problems related to regrowth. The book assesses the causes of regrowth in drinking water and the prevention of regrowth by water treatment and distribution. Editors: Dirk van der Kooij and Paul W.J.J. van der Wielen, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands
Download or read book Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-11-08 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases describes the diseases associated with water, their causative agents and the ways in which they gain access to water systems. The book is divided into sections covering bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Other sections detail methods for detecting and identifying waterborne microorganisms, and the ways in which they are removed from water, including chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet disinfection. The second edition of this handbook has been updated with information on biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. The impact of global warming and climate change phenomena on waterborne illnesses are also discussed. This book serves as an indispensable reference for public health microbiologists, water utility scientists, research water pollution microbiologists environmental health officers, consultants in communicable disease control and microbial water pollution students. Focuses on the microorganisms of most significance to public health, including E. coli, cryptosporidium, and enterovirus Highlights the basic microbiology, clinical features, survival in the environment, and gives a risk assessment for each pathogen Contains new material on antimicrobial resistance and biofilms Covers drinking water and both marine and freshwater recreational bathing waters
Download or read book Water Safety in Buildings written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive experience shows that poor design and management of water systems in buildings can cause outbreaks of disease. The types of building, water uses, disease outcomes and individuals affected are diverse. The health risks are preventable and can be readily controlled. However, evidence from outbreak detection suggests that the overall trend is increasing. With increasing global urbanization, the overall exposure of the human population to poorly designed or managed water systems in buildings is increasing rapidly. Consequently, the risk of disease outbreaks is also increasing. Actions to reduce the risk of disease should be considered a public health priority. This document provides guidance for managing water supplies in buildings where people may drink water; use water for food preparation; wash, shower, swim or use water for other recreational activities; or be exposed to aerosols produced by water-using devices, such as cooling towers. These uses occur in a variety of buildings, such as hospitals, schools, child and aged care, medical and dental facilities, hotels, apartment blocks, sport centres, commercial buildings and transport terminals. The target audience for this document includes the full range of "actors" who influence the overall safe management of building water supplies. In particular, it is directed at those who design, construct, manage, operate, maintain and regulate building water systems.
Download or read book Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Part I Facility Planning An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America written by Keith S. Kaye and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-08-06 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Part I: Facility Planning, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment written by Charles N. Haas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the latest QMRA methodologies to determine infection risk cause by either accidental microbial infections or deliberate infections caused by terrorism • Reviews the latest methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways, from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection • Provides techniques on how to gather information, on how each microorganism moves through the environment, how to determine their survival rates on various media, and how people are exposed to the microorganism • Explains how QMRA can be used as a tool to measure the impact of interventions and identify the best policies and practices to protect public health and safety • Includes new information on genetic methods • Techniques use to develop risk models for drinking water, groundwater, recreational water, food and pathogens in the indoor environment
Download or read book Antimicrobial Stewardship written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-06-26 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past many years, new and novel antibiotics have been developed against resistant bacterial species, but their increased clinical usage has led to reduced bacterial susceptibility and increased bacterial resistance to these novel agents. When a new antibiotic is developed, bacterial species initially show susceptibility to the agent, but with the passage of time, as the use of the antibiotic increases, the bacterial species acquire resistance against the drug or even the drug class. This book provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the obstacles to implementing and maintaining such programs. Antimicrobial stewardship is an important part of a multifaceted approach to preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistance in various microbial species. The book highlights the basic and initial steps necessary for initiating an antimicrobial stewardship program, as well as explores the different strategies of antimicrobial stewardship.
Download or read book Bacterial Biofilms written by Sadik Dincer and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines biofilms in nature. Organized into four parts, this book addresses biofilms in wastewater treatment, inhibition of biofilm formation, biofilms and infection, and ecology of biofilms. It is designed for clinicians, researchers, and industry professionals in the fields of microbiology, biotechnology, ecology, and medicine as well as graduate and postgraduate students.
Download or read book Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking water Safety written by Jamie Bartram and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2003-08-31 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety provides a critical assessment of the role of the Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) measurement in drinking water quality management. It was developed from an Expert workshop of 32 scientists convened by the World Health Organization and the WHO/NSF International Collaborating Centre for Drinking Water Safety and Treatment in Geneva, Switzerland. Heterotrophs are organisms, including bacteria, yeasts and moulds, that require an external source of organic carbon for growth. The HPC test (or Standard Plate Count), applied in many variants, is the internationally accepted test for measuring the hetrotrophic microorganism population in drinking water, and also other media. It measures only a fraction of the microorganisms actually present and does not distinguish between pathogens and non-pathogens. High levels of microbial growth can affect the taste and odor of drinking water and may indicate the presence of nutrients and biofilms which could harbor pathogens, as well as the possibility that some event has interfered with the normal production of the drinking water. HPC counts also routinely increase in water that has been treated by an in-line device such as a carbon filter or softener, in water-dispensing devices and in bottled waters and indeed in all water that has suitable nutrients, does not have a residual disinfectant, and is kept under sufficient conditions. There is debate among health professionals as to the need, utility or quantitative basis for health-based standards or guidelines relating to HPC-measured regrowth in drinking water. The issues that were addressed in this work include: the relationship between HPC in drinking water (including that derived from in-line treatment systems, dispensers and bottled water) and health risks for the general public the role of HPC as an indirect indicator or index for pathogens of concern in drinking water the role of HPC in assessing the efficacy and proper functioning of water treatment and supply processes the relationship between HPC and the aesthetic acceptability of drinking water. Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety provides valuable information on the utility and the limitations of HPC data in the management and operation of piped water systems as well as other means of providing drinking water to the public. It is of particular value to piped public water suppliers and bottled water suppliers, manufacturers and users of water treatment and transmission equipment and inline treatment devices, water engineers, sanitary and clinical microbiologists, and national and local public health officials and regulators of drinking water quality.
Download or read book Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Part I Facility Planning and Management An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America E Book written by Keith S. Kaye and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Kaye and Dr. Dhor have assembled top experts to write about facility planning and management in Part I of their two issues devoted to Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare. Articles in this issue are devoted to: Building a Successful Infection Control Program: Key Components, Processes and Economics; Hand Hygiene Sterilization; High Level Disinfection and Environmental Cleaning; Environement of Care; Infection Control in Alternative Healthcare Settings (Long Term Care and Ambulatory); Antibiotic Stewardship; Outbreak InvestigationsWater Safety in Healthcare/Legionella in the Healthcare Setting; Construction and Renovation; Bloodborne and Body Fluid Exposures - prevention and management of Occupational Health Issues; and Informatics and Statistics in Infection Control. Part II is devoted to clinical management of infections.
Download or read book Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water written by Steve Pedley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
