Download or read book On the Microstructure and Behavior of a Nanostructured High Strength Aluminum Alloy with Solid Solution Strengthening written by Gregory Ng and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microstructure And Properties Of Materials Vol 2 written by James C M Li and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2000-10-09 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second volume of an advanced textbook on microstructure and properties of materials. (The first volume is on aluminum alloys, nickel-based superalloys, metal matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, ceramics matrix composites, inorganic glasses, superconducting materials and magnetic materials). It covers titanium alloys, titanium aluminides, iron aluminides, iron and steels, iron-based bulk amorphous alloys and nanocrystalline materials.There are many elementary materials science textbooks, but one can find very few advanced texts suitable for graduate school courses. The contributors to this volume are experts in the subject, and hence, together with the first volume, it is a good text for graduate microstructure courses. It is a rich source of design ideas and applications, and will provide a good understanding of how microstructure affects the properties of materials.Chapter 1, on titanium alloys, covers production, thermomechanical processing, microstructure, mechanical properties and applications. Chapter 2, on titanium aluminides, discusses phase stability, bulk and defect properties, deformation mechanisms of single phase materials and polysynthetically twinned crystals, and interfacial structures and energies between phases of different compositions. Chapter 3, on iron aluminides, reviews the physical and mechanical metallurgy of Fe3Al and FeAl, the two important structural intermetallics. Chapter 4, on iron and steels, presents methodology, microstructure at various levels, strength, ductility and strengthening, toughness and toughening, environmental cracking and design against fracture for many different kinds of steels. Chapter 5, on bulk amorphous alloys, covers the critical cooling rate and the effect of composition on glass formation and the accompanying mechanical and magnetic properties of the glasses. Chapter 6, on nanocrystalline materials, describes the preparation from vapor, liquid and solid states, microstructure including grain boundaries and their junctions, stability with respect to grain growth, particulate consolidation while maintaining the nanoscale microstructure, physical, chemical, mechanical, electric, magnetic and optical properties and applications in cutting tools, superplasticity, coatings, transformers, magnetic recordings, catalysis and hydrogen storage.

Download or read book Nanostructured Aluminum Alloys and Their Composites written by Troy David Topping and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aluminum alloys with nanocrystalline (NC) and ultra-fine grain (UFG) sizes are of interest because of their high strength - typically more than 30% stronger than conventionally processed alloys, with acceptable levels of tensile ductility - ranging from 3 - 15 %. By generating NC powders via mechanical milling in liquid nitrogen (cryomilling), a thermally stable UFG microstructure evolves during thermomechanical processing (TMP), which allows for large scale consolidation, and hence opportunity for basic studies. The constituents that stabilize the microstructure - dispersed oxides and nitrides - also contribute to the strength of the system. Careful examination of microstructures and stress-strain data generated for cryomilled pure Al and Al-Mg alloys, with various milling times and media allows strengthening mechanisms to be dissected, improving understanding of cryomilled Al alloys. Grain boundary (Hall-Petch), dispersion (Orowan), solid solution and dislocation hardening mechanisms are quantified based on experimentally developed UFG Al alloys crossing multiple investigations. Grain size variations in the materials are studied based on TMP routes, milling time and milling media. Dispersion strengthening is quantified and related to oxygen and nitrogen content in the consolidated materials. Solid solution strengthening via magnesium additions to the Al alloys is studied. And, dislocation hardening is investigated by cold rolling consolidated plates at room temperature. Additionally, the intentional incorporation of ceramic particulates, such as Al2O3 and B4C, provides the basis for analyzing systems using basic composite models. The effect of size and morphology of the particulates reinforcing the alloy to form the metal matrix composites (MMCs) is discussed in terms of specific surface area and a possible change in mechanism from load transfer to Orowan strengthening as the particulates approach nanometric scale.

Download or read book An Overview of High energy Ball Milled Nanocrystalline Aluminum Alloys written by Rajeev Kumar Gupta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-23 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive overview of the nanocrystalline Al based alloys as prepared using high-energy ball milling (HEBM). It discusses the influence of HEBM parameters on grain refinement and examines methods for the consolidation of nanocrystalline Al powders; further, it reviews the effects of various processing parameters on the final microstructure and the impact of microstructure on corrosion and mechanical properties. The book also provides guidelines for choosing appropriate HEBM parameters for the production of nanocrystalline Al powders and methods for consolidating them in net-shaped components. Future challenges and possible applications of high-energy ball milled Al alloys are also discussed. The book is intended for researchers and professionals interested in aluminium alloy development, manufacturing technologies, light metals and nanocrystalline metallic materials.

Download or read book Nanostructured Metals and Alloys written by S H Whang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-03-22 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tensile strength, fatigue strength and ductility are important properties of nanostructured metallic materials, which make them suitable for use in applications where strength or strength-to-weight ratios are important. Nanostructured metals and alloys reviews the latest technologies used for production of these materials, as well as recent advances in research into their structure and mechanical properties.One of the most important issues facing nanostructured metals and alloys is how to produce them. Part one describes the different methods used to process bulk nanostructured metals and alloys, including chapters on severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying and electrodeposition among others. Part two concentrates on the microstructure and properties of nanostructured metals, with chapters studying deformation structures such as twins, microstructure of ferrous alloys by equal channel angular processing, and characteristic structures of nanostructured metals prepared by plastic deformation. In part three, the mechanical properties of nanostructured metals and alloys are discussed, with chapters on such topics as strengthening mechanisms, nanostructured metals based on molecular dynamics computer simulations, and surface deformation. Part four focuses on existing and developing applications of nanostructured metals and alloys, covering topics such as nanostructured steel for automotives, steel sheet and nanostructured coatings by spraying.With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Nanostructured metals and alloys is a standard reference for manufacturers of metal components, as well as those with an academic research interest in metals and materials with enhanced properties.

Download or read book Hard and Tough Electrodeposited Aluminum manganese Alloys with Tailored Nanostructures written by Shiyun Ruan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tailoring the nanostructure of electrodeposited Al-Mn films to achieve high hardness and toughness is the overarching goal of this thesis. Binary Al-Mn alloys are electrodeposited using a conventional current waveform in a chloroaluminate electrolyte at ambient temperature. It is found that alloys with low Mn contents comprise micrometer-sized FCC grains. At intermediate Mn contents, the FCC grain size decreases abruptly to the nanometer regime upon the appearance of a secondary amorphous phase. In these dual-phase alloys, the phases are distributed in a characteristic domain-network structure. At high Mn contents, an amorphous phase that contains pre-existing nanoquasicrystalline nuclei dominates. Leveraging the effects of surface kinetics at the electrode on the alloy microstructure, a reverse-pulse current waveform is designed to tailor the grain size and phase distribution of the electrodeposits; single phase FCC alloys. with nanocrystalline grains, as well as dual-phase alloys with homogeneous phase distribution are synthesized. Solute distributions in these alloys are investigated using atom probe tomography. Implanted Ga ions are used as chemical markers for the amorphous phase; this method permits more robust phase identification and measurement of their compositions. Whereas uniform Mn distributions are observed in the single phase alloys, Mn is found to weakly partition into amorphous phase of the dual-phase alloy by ~2 at.%. Micro-indentation of the reverse-pulsed alloys and the guided bend tests reveal high hardness and toughness that are comparable to steels. High hardness is attributed to a combination of solid-solution strengthening effects and structural refinement; high toughness of the nanostructured alloys arises from the activation of both grain boundary- and dislocation-mediated deformation mechanisms; malleability of the amorphous alloys stems from the simultaneous operation of multiple shear bands during deformation. An unprecedented combination of high hardness, toughness and lightweight is thus achieved in our electrodeposited Al-Mn alloys.

Download or read book Nanostructured Materials by High Pressure Severe Plastic Deformation written by Yuntian T. Zhu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-20 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, it was reported that nanostructured materials processed under high pressure by HPT and ECAP have an extraordinary combination of both high strength and high ductility, which are two desirable, but rarely co-existing properties. These findings indicate that high-pressure is a critical factor that can be employed to process nanostructured materials with superior mechanical, and possibly also physical, properties. It is the objective of this workshop to review our current knowledge, identify issues for future research, and discuss future directions on the processing and properties of nanostructured materials via SPD techniques, with a special emphasis on high-pressure effects. The 42 peer-reviewed papers in this book cover areas of high pressure effect on the nanostructure and properties of SPD-processed materials, fundamentals of nanostructured materials, development of high-pressure SPD technologies for commercializations, recent advances of SPD technologies as well as applications and future markets of SPD-processed nanostructured materials.

Download or read book The Morphological Development and Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Powder Processed Icosahedral Phase Strengthened Aluminum Alloys written by Hannah Leonard and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quasicrystalline (QC) phases are a promising potential strengthening component in next generation Al-based metal matrix composites (MMCs). This thesis presents an investigation of a series of three gas atomized Al-based QC MMCs in the Al-Cr-Mn-Co-Zr system currently in development as a structural material for aerospace applications. All three alloys exhibited the same main phases (FCC Al and I-phase), but the microstructures contained three distinct types of I-phase morphologies and distributions that depended on powder particle size, and hence on the cooling rate and nucleation mechanisms. These microstructures were retained in the as-consolidated material, and after warm (300 - 370°C) uniaxial upset forging to 30 and 50% reduction, while forging to higher upsets gave a more refined and homogeneous microstructure. Tensile tests performed on the upset-forged alloys showed retention of yield and ultimate tensile strengths across the window of processing conditions, and an analysis of possible contributions from various strengthening mechanisms indicated that these mechanical properties arise from a combination of I-phase dispersion strengthening and solid solution strengthening due to supersaturation of Cr and Mn in the FCC Al matrix. Upon heat treatment, the consolidated alloy retained the initial hardness and microstructure up to about 400°C. Initial softening behavior after thermal exposures corresponded to the formation of a plate-like ternary Al11(Cr,Mn)2 phase within the former supersaturated Al matrix. Kinetic data from in situ TEM experiments on powder particles with the cellular dendritic microstructure gave an activation energy of 277 kJ/mol, consistent with Cr diffusion in the Al matrix being the rate-limiting process. Further heat-treatment resulted in a morphological change of the I-phase dispersoids, and TEM analysis identified that I-phase decomposed into a ternary Al45(Cr, Mn)7 and a Al9Co2 phase. Kissinger analysis of DSC data gave an activation energy of 162 kJ/mol, indicating a transformation initiated by Co diffusion. In situ STEM heating experiments on samples prepared from powder particles revealed the formation of Al9Co2 precipitates that coincided with the transformation of the I-phase. The structure-property relationships explored in this thesis work will be used as a basis for future development of these Al-based QC MMC materials.

Download or read book Microstructure and Aging Behavior of Conventional and Nanocrystalline Al Cu Mg Alloys with Sc Additions written by Alejandro Zúñiga and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metals Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1014 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microstructure Slip Distribution and Strain Hardening in Aluminum Alloys written by RE. Sanders and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A microstructural approach has been used to explain the deformation characteristics which influence the formability of aluminum alloy sheet materials. Optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the response of various aluminum alloys to uniaxial and biaxial deformation. The predominant strengthening mechanisms for a given alloy had the strongest effect on strain localization and biaxial strain hardening behavior. Dispersion-strengthened alloys displayed a wavy slip mode, and high levels of strain hardening and resistance to strain localization. Precipitation or solid-solution-strengthened alloys exhibited more localized deformation and lower capacities for biaxial strain hardening.

Download or read book High Entropy Alloys written by T.S. Srivatsan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-07-20 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a cohesive overview of innovations, advances in processing and characterization, and applications for high entropy alloys (HEAs) in performance-critical and non-performance-critical sectors. It covers manufacturing and processing, advanced characterization and analysis techniques, and evaluation of mechanical and physical properties. With chapters authored by a team of internationally renowned experts, the volume includes discussions on high entropy thermoelectric materials, corrosion and thermal behavior of HEAs, improving fracture resistance, fatigue properties and high tensile strength of HEAs, HEA films, and more. This work will be of interest to academics, scientists, engineers, technologists, and entrepreneurs working in the field of materials and metals development for advanced applications. Features Addresses a broad spectrum of HEAs and related aspects, including manufacturing, processing, characterization, and properties Emphasizes the application of HEAs Aimed at researchers, engineers, and scientists working to develop materials for advanced applications T.S. Srivatsan, PhD, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Akron (Ohio, USA), earned his MS in Aerospace Engineering in 1981 and his PhD in Mechanical Engineering in 1984 from the Georgia Institute of Technology (USA). He has authored or edited 65 books, delivered over 200 technical presentations, and authored or co-authored more than 700 archival publications in journals, book chapters, book reviews, proceedings of conferences, and technical reports. His RG score is 45 with a h-index of 53 and Google Scholar citations of 9000, ranking him to be among the top 2% of researchers in the world. He is a Fellow of (i) the American Society for Materials International, (ii) the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and (iii) the American Association for Advancement of Science. Manoj Gupta, PhD, is Associate Professor of Materials at NUS, Singapore. He is a former Head of Materials Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department and Director Designate of Materials Science and Engineering Initiative at NUS, Singapore. In August 2017, he was highlighted among the Top 1% Scientists of the World by the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network and in the Top 2.5% among scientists as per ResearchGate. In 2018, he was announced as World Academy Championship Winner in the area of Biomedical Sciences by the International Agency for Standards and Ratings. A multiple award winner, he actively collaborates/visits as an invited researcher and visiting and chair professor in Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, China, the United States, and India.

Download or read book Thermally Activated Mechanisms in Crystal Plasticity written by D. Caillard and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-09-08 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: KEY FEATURES: - A unified, fundamental and quantitative resource. The result of 5 years of investigation from researchers around the world - New data from a range of new techniques, including synchrotron radiation X-ray topography provide safer and surer methods of identifying deformation mechanisms - Informing the future direction of research in intermediate and high temperature processes by providing original treatment of dislocation climb DESCRIPTION: Thermally Activated Mechanisms in Crystal Plasticity is a unified, quantitative and fundamental resource for material scientists investigating the strength of metallic materials of various structures at extreme temperatures. Crystal plasticity is usually controlled by a limited number of elementary dislocation mechanisms, even in complex structures. Those which determine dislocation mobility and how it changes under the influence of stress and temperature are of key importance for understanding and predicting the strength of materials. The authors describe in a consistent way a variety of thermally activated microscopic mechanisms of dislocation mobility in a range of crystals. The principles of the mechanisms and equations of dislocation motion are revisited and new ones are proposed. These describe mostly friction forces on dislocations such as the lattice resistance to glide or those due to sessile cores, as well as dislocation cross-slip and climb. They are critically assessed by comparison with the best available experimental results of microstructural characterization, in situ straining experiments under an electron or a synchrotron beam, as well as accurate transient mechanical tests such as stress relaxation experiments. Some recent attempts at atomistic modeling of dislocation cores under stress and temperature are also considered since they offer a complementary description of core transformations and associated energy barriers. In addition to offering guidance and assistance for further experimentation, the book indicates new ways to extend the body of data in particular areas such as lattice resistance to glide.

Download or read book Fundamental Investigations of Plasticity in High Strength Nanostructured Aluminum Alloys written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cryomilled aluminum alloys are being developed for aerospace applications. These high-strength aluminum alloys are currently targeted for low-temperature rocket applications. This research focused on the fundamental strengthening mechanisms in these alloys. The primary sources of strengthening in cryomilled aluminum alloys are dispersion of nanocrystalline particles and ultrafine grain size that form during the cryomilling stage. Optimized thermo-mechanical processing of cryomilled powder results in an ultrafine grain size material with nanocrystalline particles. This study investigated the temperature dependence of strength and ductility in these alloys. The theoretical models predict strengthening at low temperatures and decrease of flow stress with decreasing grain size because of diffusional flow and grain boundary sliding at elevated temperatures. The results from this study show discrepancies with theoretical models. Significant work hardening was observed at room temperature in both Al-Ti-Cu and Al-Mg alloys. The strain hardening exponents suggest contributions from both direct and indirect work hardening mechanisms. At elevated temperatures, the stress-strain rate data for Al-Mg alloys can be best described by a power law constitutive relationship with a stress exponent of 5 and threshold stress. However, the activation energy is very high even after compensating for threshold approach. This indicates that dissolution of Al3Mg2 precipitates influence the deformation kinetics. (6 figures, 8 refs.).

Download or read book A Novel Approach for Property Modification of Cast Aluminum Alloys with Nanostructured Chemical Additions written by Yang Lu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Continued weight reduction which involves replacing steel components with lightweight materials is one of the major strategies to achieve the average fuel economy standards in the automotive industry. Based on the significant success of aluminum alloys in non-structural components, aluminum alloys in structural applications attract particular interest. To this end, the ultimate objective is to achieve aluminum alloys with high ductility and strength. However, conventional aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) based casting alloys possess low ductility as compensation for the required high strength, since the presence of irregular eutectic silicon crystals in the as-cast condition promotes crack initiation and propagation. Strontium (Sr) is widely used to modify the Si eutectic in commercially available "high ductility" cast aluminum alloys. However, fading issues arise due to Sr oxidation at the casting temperature, and become major concerns for aluminum foundries. Therefore, it is important to develop a universal modifier that can be used in alloys with a larger range of Si content. In this thesis, trisilanol polyhedral silsesquioxane (TSP) was first incorporated in Sn-based binary and ternary alloys, leading to microstructure refinement and high creep resistance. Based on these preliminary results, TSP was further applied to Al based alloys. First, TSP was coated on Al-12Si powders using dip-coating approach. After melting, the microstructure of both primary Al and eutectic microconstituents of Al-12Si ingots was refined. Ductility increased from 5% with no TSP treatment to 18% when treated with TSP. More interestingly, the modified structure was maintained with 150 ppm of TSP addition. The incorporation of TSP reduced the undercooling and arrest temperatures of Al-Si eutectic during solidification. These results suggest TSP bonds with Al to slow down the Al segregation from Al-Si melt during eutectic reaction, leading to the microstructural refinement of Al-Si eutectic microconstituents. Based on the laboratory-scale results, a new TSP master was produced to facilitate the incorporation of TSP into traditional foundry process. The optimized master composition contained 6%TSP in an Al-12Si alloy, and 10% Al-12Si-6TSP master was applied to modify Al-Si binary and commercial alloys at a 100 lbs. scale. In Al-Si binary alloys, TSP addition results 50% improvement in ductility over the Al-7.5Si base alloy without sacrificing the strength. The microstructure of both primary Al and eutectic microconstituents of the Al-7.5Si alloy with TSP addition was refined. Minimal fade was observed up to a 192-hour hold at 720°C, which sheds light on the Sr fading issue. In Aural(TM) 2 and W319 -type commercial alloys, TSP additions reduced the solidification shrinkage of castings. Metallography showed refined Si in the Al-Si eutectic microconstituent and reduced Al secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), resulting in an 100% improvement in ductility without sacrificing strength. Besides microstructural refinement, the mass fraction of theta (Al2Cu) increased while Q (Al4Cu2Mg8Si7) decreased with TSP addition, suggesting TSP changes the Cu intermetallic compounds (IMCs) to favor the formation of theta, which demonstrated its potential as a strengthening precipitate. This study addresses fundamental questions on how the addition of TSP influences microstructure and solidification behavior of Al-Si based casting alloys, thus providing solutions to reinforce aluminum alloys in body structures for the environmental and fuel economy benefits.

Download or read book Processing Microstructure Evolution and Properties of Nanoscale Aluminum Alloy written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this project, phase transformations and precipitation behavior of Al-Cu nanoparticles were first studied. The nanoparticles were synthesized by a Plasma Ablation process and found to contain a 2- 5 nm thick adherent aluminum oxide scale, which prevented further oxidation. On aging, a precipitation sequence consisting of, nearly pure Cu precipitates to the metastable theta prime to equilibrium theta was observed. The structure of theta prime and its interface with the Al matrix has been characterized. Ultrafine Al-Cu nanoparticles (5-25 nm) were also synthesized by inert gas condensation and their aging behavior was studied. These particles were found to be quite stable against precipitation. Secondly, pure Al nanoparticles were prepared by the Exploding Wire process and their sintering and consolidation behavior were studied. It was found that Al nanopowders could be processed to bulk structures with high hardness and density. Sintering temperature was found to have a dominant effect on density, hardness and microstructure. Sintering at temperatures>600 degree C led to breakup of the oxide scale, leading to an interesting nanocomposite composed of 100-200 nm Al oxide dispersed in a bimodal nanometer-micrometer size Al matrix grains. And the randomly dispersed oxide fragments were quite effective in pinning the Al grain boundaries, preventing excessive grain growth and retaining high hardness. Cold rolling and hot rolling were effective methods for attaining full densification and high hardness. Thirdly, the microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of Al-Al2O3 nanocomposites were studied. The composites can retain high strength at elevated temperature and thermal soaking has practically no detrimental effect on strength. Although the ductility of the composite remains quite low, there was substantial evidence for high localized plasticity. The strengthening mechanisms of the composite include: Orowan strengthening, grain size strengthening and forest strengthening. Finally, the microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of 2024Al-Al2O3 nanocomposites were studied. This 2024Al-Al2O3 composite exhibits similar thermal stability and high strength at elevated temperature as Al-Al2O3. On ageing, the matrix of 2024Al-Al2O3 composites revealed a precipitation sequence of: alpha-Al to GP/GPB to Stheta prime/S prime to theta/S. The strengthening mechanisms of the 2024Al-Al2O3 composites include precipitation strengthening, Orowan strengthening, grain size strengthening and Forest strengthening.

Download or read book Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-27 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Armor plays a significant role in the protection of warriors. During the course of history, the introduction of new materials and improvements in the materials already used to construct armor has led to better protection and a reduction in the weight of the armor. But even with such advances in materials, the weight of the armor required to manage threats of ever-increasing destructive capability presents a huge challenge. Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications explores the current theoretical and experimental understanding of the key issues surrounding protection materials, identifies the major challenges and technical gaps for developing the future generation of lightweight protection materials, and recommends a path forward for their development. It examines multiscale shockwave energy transfer mechanisms and experimental approaches for their characterization over short timescales, as well as multiscale modeling techniques to predict mechanisms for dissipating energy. The report also considers exemplary threats and design philosophy for the three key applications of armor systems: (1) personnel protection, including body armor and helmets, (2) vehicle armor, and (3) transparent armor. Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications recommends that the Department of Defense (DoD) establish a defense initiative for protection materials by design (PMD), with associated funding lines for basic and applied research. The PMD initiative should include a combination of computational, experimental, and materials testing, characterization, and processing research conducted by government, industry, and academia.