Download or read book Geography and Trade written by Paul Krugman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1992-11-13 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "I have spent my whole professional life as an international economist thinking and writing about economic geography, without being aware of it," begins Paul Krugman in the readable and anecdotal style that has become a hallmark of his writings. Krugman observes that his own shortcomings in ignoring economic geography have been shared by many professional economists, primarily because of the lack of explanatory models. In Geography and Trade he provides a stimulating synthesis of ideas in the literature and describes new models for implementing a study of economic geography that could change the nature of the field. Economic theory usually assumes away distance. Krugman argues that it is time to put it back - that the location of production in space is a key issue both within and between nations.
Download or read book On the Geography of Trade written by Céline Carrere and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been widely argued that, with the decline in trade costs (e.g., transport and communication costs), the importance of distance has declined over time. This paper examines the evolution of the geographic profile of countries' trade by studying the evolution of their distance of trade (DOT) in 1962-2000. The paper find that the DOT falls over time for the average country in the world, and that the number of countries with declining DOT is close to double those with increasing DOT. Thus, distance seems to have become more important over time for a majority of countries. The paper examines various hypotheses in order to explain the evolution of the DOT. One of the conclusions is that its evolution is unrelated to that of the overall level of trade costs but depends on the relative evolution of its components. We also examine the impact on the DOT of changes in production costs, customs costs, domestic transport costs, of air relative to land and ocean transport costs, of competition, exchange rate policy, regional integration, uneven growth, counter-season trade, and "just-in-time inventory management." The paper also offers some insights into how these changes may affect the home bias in consumption and the border effect.
Download or read book World Trade Since 1431 written by Peter J. Hugill and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1431 the Portuguese navigator Velho set sail into the Atlantic, establishing a trade route to the Azores and marking the beginning of commerce with the West as we know it today. Equipped with reliable maps and instruments for open-ocean navigation and highly sea-worthy, three-masted, cannon-armed ships, Portugal soon dominated the Atlantic trade routes - until the diffusion of Portuguese technologies to wealthier polities made Holland the eventual successor, owing to its geographic position and its immense commercial fleet.
Download or read book Development Geography and Economic Theory written by Paul R. Krugman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Krugman examines the course of economic geography and development theory to shed light on the nature of economic inquiry.
Download or read book Economic Diplomacy and the Geography of International Trade written by Peter A. G. van Bergeijk and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents an overview of the general aspects of trade uncertainty, a central element in the analysis of economic diplomacy, illustrating that some instruments, such as sanctions (both positive and negative), increase trade uncertainty, whilst others - multilateral trade policy, for instance - aim to reduce this uncertainty. Commercial policy and bilateral economic diplomacy are explored, and economic sanctions analysed. An extensive review of the literature and empirical investigations of 161 sanctions and the commercial relationships of 37 countries provide topical and empirical perspectives on how international diplomacy may both be a cost and a benefit of the key drivers of productivity growth. Finally, policy conclusions are drawn, and a future research agenda presented.
Download or read book The Internal Geography of Trade written by Thomas Farole and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013-05-03 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic theory, including endogenous growth, the role of institutions, and, most importantly, the New Economic Geography (NEG), have made significant progress in explaining the emergence of core-periphery patterns behind this divergence. They point to the critical role of agglomeration, which confers benefits to metropolitan cores that have the advantages of large markets, deep labor pools, links to international markets, and clusters of diverse suppliers and institutions. Regions relatively near the metropolitan core are likely to benefit from spillovers and congestion-related dispersion. Regions further outside the core however, are not only less able to take advantage of spillovers, but also more likely to be far removed from key infrastructural, institutional, and interpersonal links to regional and international markets. As a result, they face significant challenges to becoming competitive locations to host economic activity. Thus the geographical pattern of core and peripheral regions is increasingly manifest in an economic pattern of 'leading' and 'lagging' regions.
Download or read book Geographical Disadvantage written by Anthony Venables and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What effect does distance have on costs for economies at different locations? Exports and imports of final and intermediate goods bear transport costs that increase with distance. Production and trade depend on factor endowments and factor intensities as well as on distance and the transport intensities of different goods"--Cover.
Download or read book Value and Unequal Exchange in International Trade written by Andrea Ricci and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-05-20 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrary to the claims made by neoliberal governments and mainstream academics, this book argues that the huge increase in trade in recent decades has not made the world a fairer place: instead, the age of globalization has become a time of mass migration caused by increasing global inequality. The theory of unequal exchange challenges the free trade doctrine, claiming that transfers of value from poorer to richer countries are hidden behind apparently equivalent market transactions. Following a critical review of the existing approaches, the book proposes a general theory of unequal exchange in the light of an innovative reconstruction of Marx’s international law of value, in which money and exchange rates play a crucial role in decoupling value captured from value produced by different countries, even in perfectly competitive world markets. On this theoretical basis, the book provides an empirical analysis of the international transfers of value in both traditional trade and Global Value Chains. The resulting world mapping of unequal exchange shows the geographical hierarchy of capital global exploitation by revealing a world divided into two quite separate camps of donor and receiving countries, the former being the poorer countries and the latter the richer countries. This book is addressed to scholars and students of economics and social sciences, as well as activists of the North and the South, interested in a better understanding of the asymmetric power relations implied in global trade. It makes a significant contribution to the literature on political economy, trade, Marxism, international relations, and economic geography.
Download or read book On the Geography of Trade written by Celine Carrere and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been widely argued that, with the decline in trade costs (for example, transport and communication costs), the importance of distance has declined over time. If so, this would be a boon for countries located far from the main centers of economic activity. The authors examine the evolution of countries' distance of trade (DOT) from 1962-2000. They find that the DOT falls over time for the average country in the world, and that the number of countries with declining DOT is close to double those with increasing DOT. Thus, distance has become more important over time for a majority of countries. The authors examine various hypotheses to explain this phenomenon. One conclusion is that the evolution of the DOT is unrelated to that of the overall trade costs but depends on the relative evolution of its components. The authors also examine the impact on the DOT of changes in production, customs, and domestic transport costs; air relative to land and ocean transport costs; competition, exchange rate policy, regional integration, uneven growth, and counter-season trade; and just-in-time inventory management. An interesting finding is that, though regional integration has a negative impact on the DOT, the countries forming trade blocs had a DOT that was growing faster or falling more slowly than that of excluded countries. The authors also offer some insights into how these changes may affect the home bias in consumption and the border effect.
Download or read book The Spatial Economy written by Masahisa Fujita and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. Since 1990 there has been a renaissance of theoretical and empirical work on the spatial aspects of the economy—that is, where economic activity occurs and why. Using new tools—in particular, modeling techniques developed to analyze industrial organization, international trade, and economic growth—this "new economic geography" has emerged as one of the most exciting areas of contemporary economics. The authors show how seemingly disparate models reflect a few basic themes, and in so doing they develop a common "grammar" for discussing a variety of issues. They show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. This book is the first to provide a sound and unified explanation of the existence of large economic agglomerations at various spatial scales.
Download or read book Regions and trade written by Joseph Russell Smith and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book On the Geography of Trade written by Céline Carrère and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been widely argued that, with the decline in trade costs, the importance of distance has declined over time. On the other hand, most gravity models find that the importance of distance on bilateral trade has increased over time. This puzzle is examined here. The paper develops a new measure of the distance of trade (DOT) and shows that the DOT falls over the period 1962-2000 for the average country in the world, with the number of countries with declining DOT about double those with increasing DOT. This implies an increased importance of distance over time. The paper argues that this result can be compatible with declining trade costs. Actually, we show that the decision about what proportion to trade at different distances does not depend on the level of trade costs but on the relative importance of its components. The paper also analyzes the impact on the DOT of other determinants such as regional integration, changes in the geography of growth or in real exchange rates. Finally, the paper provides an empirical analysis of the evolution of the DOT and explains most of its negative trend.
Download or read book Economic Geography and Public Policy written by Richard Baldwin and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrating policy insights that stem from economic geography models, this text focuses on trade policy, tax policy and regional policy. The authors show how these models can be used to make sense of real-world situations.
Download or read book El Vino Y la Vi a written by P. T. H. Unwin and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an introduction to the historical geography of viticulture and the wine trade from prehistory to the present, considering wine as a symbol, rich in meaning and a commercial product of great economic importance to specific regions.
Download or read book Geographical Perspectives on International Trade written by Purva Yadav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-29 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes spatial and temporal patterns of international trade from a geographical perspective. Trade is an important key to understanding the changing dynamics of economic spaces over time. However, studies by geographers are largely confined to case studies, whereas the spatial dimension is often missing from the approach of economists. This study highlights spatial patterns and commodity composition of global trade and the nature of relationship between trade and other economic attributes. A case study of the MERCOSUR trade block examines inter-regional and intra-regional trade flows. The book captures a comprehensive picture of the structure of international exchange by using ample maps and illustrations as supporting features. Many different methods are applied such as the location quotient to capture concentration and diversification of commodity composition, data reduction techniques such as factor analysis and regression models for relating the economic structures and trade patterns as well as residual mapping among others. This book is a significant contribution to geographical, economical and social sciences research and very useful to graduate and post-graduate students as well as scientists of all related areas who have interest in exploring the changing dynamics of the global economy via trade flows. It provides a road map to further explore different dimensions of international trade and its role in understanding the transforming global economy.
Download or read book The New Geography of Jobs written by Enrico Moretti and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2012 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Makes correlations between success and geography, explaining how such rising centers of innovation as San Francisco and Austin are likely to offer influential opportunities and shape the national and global economies in positive or detrimental ways.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification written by Gianni Toniolo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-04 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Oxford Handbook provides a fresh overall view and interpretation of the modern economic growth of one of the largest European countries, whose economic history is less known internationally than that of other comparably large and successful economies. It will provide, for the first time, a comprehensive, quantitative "new economic history" of Italy. The handbook offers an interpretation of the main successes and failures of the Italian economy at a macro level, the research--conducted by a large international team of scholars --contains entirely new quantitative results and interpretations, spanning the entire 150-year period since the unification of Italy, on a large number of issues. By providing a comprehensive view of the successes and failures of Italian firms, workers, and policy makers in responding to the challenges of the international business cycle, the book crucially shapes relevant questions on the reasons for the current unsatisfactory response of the Italian economy to the ongoing "second globalization." Most chapters of the handbook are co-authored by both an Italian and a foreign scholar.
