Download or read book On the Energy Estimation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Observed with the Surface Detector Array written by H. Y. Dai and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition provides an up-to-date summary of the field of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, dealing with their origin, propagation, and composition,. The authors reflect the enormous strides made since the first edition in the realm of experimental work, in particular the use of vastly improved, more sensitive and precise detectors. The level remains introductory and pedagogical, suitable for students and researchers interested in moving into this exciting field. Throughout the text, the authors focus on giving an introductory overview of the key physics issues, followed by a clear and concise description of experimental approaches and current results. Key Features: Updates the most coherent summary of the field available, with new text that provides the reader with clear historical context. Brand new discussion of contemporary space-based experiments and ideas for extending ground-based detectors. Completely new discussion of radio detection methods. Includes a new chapter on small to intermediate-scale anisotropy. Offers new sections on modern hadronic models and software packages to simulate showers.
Download or read book Design Calibration and Early Results of a Surface Array for Detection of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays written by Patrick S. Allison and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The difficulties in understanding cosmic rays at ultrahigh energies have been a persistent problem in particle astrophysics for almost 50 years, due to insufficient statistics and large systematic errors. The design of a surface array for the Pierre Auger Observatory, which was intended to resolve these problems, will be discussed, along with its calibration. The surface detector is an array of 1600 water Cherenkov detectors, spaced 1.5 km apart for a total area of 3000 km2, planned to operate continuously for 20 years. The detectors therefore must be inexpensive, low power, easy to deploy, and have a high reliability. Each surface detector station is required to make a high precision measurement of the signal density produced by the air showers induced by cosmic rays over a wide dynamic range, and therefore a calibration system was developed for the array which creates a signal response uniform to within 3%. Finally, early results of the cosmic ray energy spectrum will be calculated, along with the future implications of the array for the field of cosmic ray astrophysics as well as physics in general.
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-03-08 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cosmic ray physics has recently attracted a great deal of attention from the high energy physics community because of the discovery of new sources and the advent of new techniques. The result of a series of lectures prepared for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, this book is a general introduction to experimental techniques and results in the field of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. It succinctly summarizes the rapidly developing field, and provides modern results that include data from newer detectors. Combining experiment and theory, the text explores the results of a single, easy-to-understand experiment to tie together various issues involved in the physics of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays.
Download or read book Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics written by Thomas K. Gaisser and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-06-02 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated for the second edition, this book introduces the growing and dynamic field of particle astrophysics. It provides an overview of high-energy nuclei, photons and neutrinos, including their origins, their propagation in the cosmos, their detection on Earth and their relation to each other. Coverage is expanded to include new content on high energy physics, the propagation of protons and nuclei in cosmic background radiation, neutrino astronomy, high-energy and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, sources and acceleration mechanisms, and atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Readers are able to master the fundamentals of particle astrophysics within the context of the most recent developments in the field. This book will benefit graduate students and established researchers alike, equipping them with the knowledge and tools needed to design and interpret their own experiments and, ultimately, to address a number of questions concerning the nature and origins of cosmic particles that have arisen in recent research.
Download or read book Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics written by and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays written by M. Lemoine and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-12-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International School on Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR2000) was held at the Observatoire de Paris–Meudon on June 26-29, 2000. This was the ?rst international school speci?cally dedicated to ultra high energy cosmic rays. Its aim was to familiarize with and attract students, physicists and astronomers into this quickly developing newresearch ?eld. The mysterious and currently unknown origin of the most energetic par- cles observed in Nature has triggered in recent years theoretical speculations ranging from electromagnetic acceleration to as yet undiscovered physics - yond the Standard Model. It has also lead to the development of several new detection concepts and experimental projects, some of which are currently - der construction. By its nature, the ?eld of ultra high energy cosmic rays is therefore highly interdisciplinary and borrows from astrophysics and cosmology, via particle physics, to experimental physics and observational astronomy. One main aspect of the school was to emphasize and take advantage of this interd- ciplinarity. The lectures were grouped into subtopics and are reproduced in this volume in the following order: After a general introductory lecture on cosmic rays follow two contributions on experimental detection techniques, followed by three lectures on acceleration in astrophysical objects. The next four contri- tions cover all major aspects of propagation and interactions of ultra high energy radiation, including speculative issues such as newinteractions.
Download or read book Handbook of Particle Detection and Imaging written by Claus Grupen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-08 with total page 1251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The handbook centers on detection techniques in the field of particle physics, medical imaging and related subjects. It is structured into three parts. The first one is dealing with basic ideas of particle detectors, followed by applications of these devices in high energy physics and other fields. In the last part the large field of medical imaging using similar detection techniques is described. The different chapters of the book are written by world experts in their field. Clear instructions on the detection techniques and principles in terms of relevant operation parameters for scientists and graduate students are given.Detailed tables and diagrams will make this a very useful handbook for the application of these techniques in many different fields like physics, medicine, biology and other areas of natural science.
Download or read book Energy Spectrum Measured by the Telescope Array Surface Detector written by Dmitri Ivanov and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two conflicting measurements of the ultra high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) flux have been reported by the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA) and the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiments. HiRes observes a $sim$5$sigma$ suppression at $E=10^{19.75}$ eV, which is in agreement with the prediction of Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min (GZK) theory. AGASA, in contrast, sees the flux extended well beyond $E=10^{20}$ eV with no visible break, suggesting that the flux is limited only by the rate at which the sources can produce the UHECR and not by interaction of energetic particles with the cosmic microwave background, thus challenging the relativistic invariance principle. In response to this discrepancy, a new experiment named the Telescope Array (TA) has been deployed, which combines the detection elements used separately by HiRes and AGASA. We describe the TA surface detector (SD) analysis using a technique new to the field, which consists of a detailed Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation of the SD response to the natural cosmic rays, validating the MC by comparing its distributions with the data, and calculation of the SD aperture from the MC. We will also describe our reconstruction procedure, based solely upon the data, and its application to both data and the MC. Finally, we will describe the energy spectrum resulting from this analysis, which is found to be in excellent agreement with the HiRes result, and as such, is the first confirmation of the GZK effect by a ground array of scintillation counters.
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition provides an up-to-date summary of the field of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, dealing with their origin, propagation, and composition,. The authors reflect the enormous strides made since the first edition in the realm of experimental work, in particular the use of vastly improved, more sensitive and precise detectors. The level remains introductory and pedagogical, suitable for students and researchers interested in moving into this exciting field. Throughout the text, the authors focus on giving an introductory overview of the key physics issues, followed by a clear and concise description of experimental approaches and current results. Key Features: Updates the most coherent summary of the field available, with new text that provides the reader with clear historical context. Brand new discussion of contemporary space-based experiments and ideas for extending ground-based detectors. Completely new discussion of radio detection methods. Includes a new chapter on small to intermediate-scale anisotropy. Offers new sections on modern hadronic models and software packages to simulate showers.
Download or read book High Energy Cosmic Rays written by Todor Stanev and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models
Download or read book Measurement of the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays Above 3 X 1017 EV Using the Infill Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory written by Rivera Bretel Hugo Marcelo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pierre Auger Observatory, in Argentina, combines a 3000 $\mathrm{km^2}$ surface array of water Cherenkov detectors with fluorescence telescopes to measure extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This "hybrid" observatory (in operation since 2004, and completed in 2008) is fully efficient for cosmic rays energies above $10^{18}$ eV, that is, from just below the "ankle" of the energy spectrum up to the highest energies.After the completion of the main observatory, the Auger collaboration has started to deploy new instruments to extend the energy range down to about 0.1 EeV. The planned extensions include two infill surface arrays with 750 and 433 m spacing, with muon detection capabilities, and three additional fluorescence telescopes with a more elevated field of view. The 750 m infill array (covering about 24 $\mathrm{km^2}$) and the new telescopes are now operational. Their aim is the measurement of cosmic rays from below the second knee of the spectrum up to the ankle, where data from the extensions overlap those from the main observatory. The study of the evolutior of the spectrum through the second knee and the ankle, together with the primary mass composition, are crucial to the understanding of the transition from a galactic cosmic ray origin to an extragalactic one.This thesis makes use of data from the 750 m infill array: the objective is the measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the energy region above $3 \times 10^{17}$ eV, where the array is fully efficient. To get to the energy spectrum, several steps are needed, from the reconstruction of events, through the precise determination of the exposure of the array, up to the determination of the primary energy. The thesis deals with these aspects, before reaching the final result.The first chapter gives a general introduction to cosmic ray physics and detectors. It also summarizes experimental results above the first knee of the spectrum with particular emphasis on those obtained above $10^{17}$ eV. The next two chapters describe the Pierre Auger Observatory and the infill array, respectively. In chapter 2, the main Auger results are summarized too, after a schematic description of th different components of the observatory. Chapter 3 sets the stage for the following chapters. It presents a more detailed description of the characteristics of the infill array, in particular the trigger definitions, event selection and reconstruction. In chapter 4 the performance of the reconstruction of the lateral distribution of observed showers is studied in detail. This is particularly important for the energy spectrum, since the signal at a fixed distance from the shower axis is used as the energy estimator of the event. This signal is estimated by means c the measured lateral distribution of the shower. Chapter 5 presents a comparison between the event reconstruction of the infill and main arrays. Using the set of showers detected by both instruments, the derived geometry and energy estimation are compared, showing a good agreement. In chapter 6, the energy threshold of the array, and hence the set of events to be used, is defined. The methods to obtain the exposure of the array are discussed, as well as related systematic uncertainties. Finally, in chapter 7, the technique to derive the primary energy for each detected shower is presented. The derived energy spectrum is discussed, and the flux is shown to be consistent with that measured by other instruments in the overlapping energy regions.
Download or read book Particle And Astroparticle Physics Gravitation And Cosmology Predictions Observations And New Projects Proceedings Of The Xxx th International Workshop On High Energy Physics written by Roman Anatolievich Ryutin and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-06-16 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique volume captures the content of the XXXth International Workshop on High Energy Physics. The scope of this volume is much wider than just high-energy physics; it actually concerns and includes materials from all the most fundamental areas of modern physics research: high-energy physics proper, gravitation and cosmology. Presentations embrace both theory and experiment.
Download or read book Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays written by M. Lemoine and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book High Energy Astrophysical Techniques written by Rosa Poggiani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook presents ultraviolet and X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, cosmic ray astronomy, neutrino astronomy, and gravitational wave astronomy as distinct research areas, focusing on the astrophysics targets and the requirements with respect to instrumentation and observation methods. The purpose of the book is to bridge the gap between the reference books and the specialized literature. For each type of astronomy, the discussion proceeds from the orders of magnitude for observable quantities. The physical principles of photon and particle detectors are then addressed, and the specific telescopes and combinations of detectors, presented. Finally the instruments and their limits are discussed with a view to assisting readers in the planning and execution of observations. Astronomical observations with high-energy photons and particles represent the newest additions to multimessenger astronomy and this book will be of value to all with an interest in the field.
Download or read book Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays written by M. Lemoine and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International School on Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR2000) was held at the Observatoire de Paris–Meudon on June 26-29, 2000. This was the ?rst international school speci?cally dedicated to ultra high energy cosmic rays. Its aim was to familiarize with and attract students, physicists and astronomers into this quickly developing newresearch ?eld. The mysterious and currently unknown origin of the most energetic par- cles observed in Nature has triggered in recent years theoretical speculations ranging from electromagnetic acceleration to as yet undiscovered physics - yond the Standard Model. It has also lead to the development of several new detection concepts and experimental projects, some of which are currently - der construction. By its nature, the ?eld of ultra high energy cosmic rays is therefore highly interdisciplinary and borrows from astrophysics and cosmology, via particle physics, to experimental physics and observational astronomy. One main aspect of the school was to emphasize and take advantage of this interd- ciplinarity. The lectures were grouped into subtopics and are reproduced in this volume in the following order: After a general introductory lecture on cosmic rays follow two contributions on experimental detection techniques, followed by three lectures on acceleration in astrophysical objects. The next four contri- tions cover all major aspects of propagation and interactions of ultra high energy radiation, including speculative issues such as newinteractions.
Download or read book A Description of Some Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays Observed with the Pierre Auger Observatory written by J. Matthews and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion is given of the highest energy events so far recorded by the Pierre Auger Observatory. We present these to illustrate the quality of the information that they contain. The surface detectors are used to measure a rich set of parameters that will eventually help characterize the mass of the incoming primary particle.
