Download or read book Observations of Spawning Behavior and Predation on Sockeye Salmons at Hidden Creek Katmai National Monument Alaska July and August 1961 written by Milton Bernhard Trautman and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Movements of Spawning Sockeye Salmon in Hidden Creek Brooks Lake Alaska written by Setsuwo Tsunoda and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The movements of a population of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were followed in a small tributary of Brooks Lake, Alaska until spawning was nearly complete in 1963. The objectives of the study were to describe the movements of sockeye salmon on the spawning ground of an entire small stream, to determine factors related to such movements, and to consider the significance of the movements to the species. The spawning run was inventoried at a weir located near the mouth of the tributary. Portions of the run were sampled as they immigrated, and the sampled fish were tagged to enable subsequent identification of individual fish on the spawning ground. Following the initial immigration, daily observations were made to ascertain the location of all fish and the activities of the tagged fish. Tagging had no material effect on either dispersal in the stream or pairing of spawners. The spawning run totalled 2,495; the ratio of males to females was 2.27:1.00, The run consisted preponderantly of males that had spent two winters in the ocean (two ocean-years) and females that had spent three winters in the ocean (three ocean-years). They entered the tributary over a period of 14 days in two waves separated by an interval of three days. The overall median life span in the stream was 12 days in the first wave and eight days in the second wave. The difference was primarily due to predation on the salmon by the brown bear (Ursus arctos). The average female established a redd in 1.4 days; thereafter the females rarely moved far from their redds. The average male required 2.3 days to establish himself in a spawning locale; thereafter most males remained within a relatively small area. The males showed a decided tendency to remain in areas with a high density of females on redds. Fewer females than males overshot their spawning sites. No relation was found between the movements of spawners and either variations of water level or surface water temperature of the stream. Bear predation disrupted spawning activities only locally and temporarily. Males of three ocean-years paired with more females per male than did males of one or two ocean-years. But because of their greater numbers two-ocean-year males participated in more spawnings than did three-ocean-year males. The mean duration of pairing of a particular male with a particular female on a redd was 1.25 days. I concluded that homing within the tributary did not occur; therefore its spawning stock must be a homogeneous unit. The role of the male is primarily one of fertilization of the eggs, not one of defense of territory. Because of the abnormally high ratio of males to females, competition between males for spawning partners resulted in most males of one or two ocean-years being relegated to attend females paired with larger males. Conflict among the males was apparently largely confined within two separate classes of males: males 50 cm or shorter jockeyed among themselves for seemingly preferred positions of attendance next to a pair on a redd, while males 51 cm or longer competed for spawning partners. The polygamous habit in sockeye salmon usually results in a seeming excess of males on the spawning ground beyond the number required to fertilize the eggs. I propose that this "surplus" of males provides a safety factor in times of low numbers in a stock and the competition needed to disperse the males among the available females; both provisions insure fertilization of the available eggs, However, crucial experiments need to be done on an entire population of sockeye salmon with artificially reduced ratios of males to females to determine whether the movements of the spawners would result in an efficiency of egg fertilization sufficient to make harvesting of the "surplus" males feasible.
Download or read book Behavior and Distribution of Spawning Sockeye Salmon on Island Beaches in Lliamna Lake Alaska 1965 written by Orra Edwin Kerns and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book At the Heart of Katmai written by Katherine Johnson Ringsmuth and published by Department of Interior National Park Service. This book was released on 2013 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigations of Egg Predation on Beach Spawning Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka in Chignik Lake Alaska written by Joseph Lee Miller and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Habitat Attributes Sockeye Salmon Spawning Behavior and Redd Site Characteristics at Island Beaches Iliamna Lake Alaska written by Frank Everett Leonetti and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nanutset Ch u Q udi Gu written by Karen K. Gaul and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bald Eagles in Alaska written by Philip F. Schempf and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An expansive collection of papers and articles from internationally recognized bald eagle experts. Presented is a complete portrait of the status and ecology of the bald eagle in Alaska.A collection of papers and articles from international bald eagle experts, which present a complete portrait of the status and ecology of the bald eagle in Alaska. Myriad topics include culture, biology, population history and status, conservation and management, the Alaskan habitat from the northern rainforest to the Aleutian Islands, attitudes from diverse groups from the Tlingit to bounty hunters, along with sound scientific data.
Download or read book Story of a House written by Don E. Dumond and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Walking Dena ina written by Douglas Deur and published by . This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes Telaquana Trail, an ancient pathway ascending from the shores of Qizhjeh Vena, Lake Clark, through tundra and timbered valleys, into a high-elevation expanse of rolling tundra and smaller interior lakes nearly 50 miles north of Lake Clark. The pathway is an ancestral corridor used by Native peoples since the beginning of remembered time. The name "Telaquana Trail" first appears in the written record by no later than 1921, when Colonel A.J. Macnab, one of the first outsiders to visit the area for recreational big game hunting, mentioned taking a canoe to "go down the lake to look for the Telaquana Trail." Stephen Capps of the U.S. Geological Survey traveled and mapped the area in 1929. Producing the first detailed public map of the trail, Capps marks it as the "Native Route." As Dena'ina interviewees will attest, non-Native travel along the trail by this date was ample, but the corridor was still largely conceived of as Native space. Today, as the traces of significantly Anglo-American mining and trapping communities fade from the landscape, Dena'ina people still look to the trail corridor as a touchstone for their shared history and a cosmological axis of their own unique cultural geography. In the homes of Dena'ina people today, the landmarks of the Telaquana Trail are still remembered and the names of these places still spoken.
Download or read book Under Mount Saint Elias written by Frederica De Laguna and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history and culture of the Indians of Yakutat. Based on ethnographic field data collected in 1949, 1952, 1953 and 1954 and historical sources
Download or read book The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill written by Peter Benoit and published by Scholastic. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the 1989 oil spill caused by damage to the Exxon Valdez ship off the coast of Alaska, detailing the events leading up to the spill, how it affected the wildlife and environment of Alaska, and the spill's longterm effect.
Download or read book Defy Your Destiny written by Fiori Giovanni and published by . This book was released on 2019-01-25 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At fifteen, Fiori made the agonising decision to flee war-torn Eritrea without friends or family. She crossed five continents and twenty countries in search of knowledge, personal growth and wisdom, eventually settling in Australia.
Download or read book The Wolves of Isle Royale written by Rolf Olin Peterson and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new edition of a classic: the compelling firsthand account of an ancient predator-prey relationship---the Isle Royale wolf and moose dynamic
Download or read book Bears their Biology and Management written by Clifford J. Martinka and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Crossword Solver written by Anne Stibbs and published by Bloomsbury Pub Limited. This book was released on 2000 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An aid to solving crosswords. It contains over 100,000 potential solutions, including plurals, comparative and superlative adjectives, and inflections of verbs. The list extends to first names, place names and technical terms, euphemisms and compound expressions, as well as abbreviations.
Download or read book Fresh from the Farm 6pk written by Rigby and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
