Download or read book CNA Certified Nursing Assistant Exam Cram written by Linda Whitenton and published by Pearson It Certification. This book was released on 2017 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes access to companion website with practice tests, other study materials, and additional bonus content.

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2020 2021 written by Newstone Cna Test Prep Team and published by Newstone Testprep. This book was released on 2019-10-28 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this guide different from others? It includes 4 Practice tests with detailed answer explanations.

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2021 2022 written by Trivium and published by Ascencia Test Prep. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mosby s Textbook for Nursing Assistants Soft Cover Version written by Sheila A. Sorrentino and published by Mosby. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With step-by-step instructions for over 100 nursing assistant procedures, "Mosby's Textbook for Nursing Assistants, 8th Edition" makes it easy to master the skills you need to succeed as a nursing assistant. Known for its visual approach and comprehensive, easy-to-read coverage, this market-leading text emphasizes the importance of the patient or resident as a person, communication, safety, comfort, effective delegation, and teamwork and time management. This edition provides expanded content on the person's rights and pressure ulcers. The updated companion CD includes three new procedures, an updated audio glossary, and more. Written by respected educator Sheila Sorrentino and expert co-author Leighann Remmert, "Mosby's Textbook for Nursing Assistants" makes nurse assisting easy to learn. Complete coverage includes the knowledge and skills needed by the nursing assistant; -- A clear, readable writing style is supplemented with hundreds of full-color photographs and illustrations; -- Over 100 procedures are divided into pre-procedure, procedure, and post-procedure sections for easier learning; -- Skills on the NNAAP exam are highlighted throughout and have been updated to match the 2012 test plan; -- Delegation Guidelines identify your specific responsibilities in accepting commonly delegated tasks; -- Teamwork and Time Management boxes indicate ways you can efficiently work with and help nursing team members; -- Promoting Safety and Comfort boxes detail measures and cautions for providing safe, effective patient care; -- Caring About Culture boxes help you learn about the beliefs and customs of other cultures so you can provide appropriate care; -- Focus on Children and Older Persons boxes provide age-specific information about the special needs, considerations, and circumstances of children and older persons; -- Focus on Long-Term Care and Home Care boxes highlight information vital to providing competent care in these settings; -- Focus on Communication boxes provide guidelines for what to say and ask when communicating with residents, visitors, and the nursing team; -- Key abbreviations are included at the beginning of each chapter, with a comprehensive glossary at the back of the book; -- Key terms introduce chapter content with the important words and phrases; -- Chapter Review Questions are useful in guiding your study, reviewing what you have learned, and studying for a test or the competency evaluation; -- CD icons indicate skills included on the companion CD; -- Video clip icons indicate skills for which video clips are included on the free Evolve companion website; -- Video icons indicate skills included in the Mosby's Nursing Assistant Video Skills 3.0 DVDs (sold separately); -- The Workbook and Competency Evaluation Review corresponds to chapters in the text and encourages learning with a wide variety of exercises and activities that challenge you to remember what you've learned. It also includes over 100 checklists, one for each procedure in the textbook. NEW! The Person's Rights and Pressure Ulcers chapters provides expanded information on these key areas; -- NEW Focus on PRIDE boxes highlight personal and professional responsibility, rights and respect, independence and social interaction, delegation and teamwork, and ethics and laws to help you promote pride in the person, family, and yourself; -- Two laminated, pocket-sized cards include information on normal vital signs, common measurement conversions, positioning, the 24-hour clock, and abdominal and lateral regions; -- Updated companion CD contains interactive procedures, including three new procedures, learning exercises, an updated audio glossary, and a new Spanish audio glossary with phrases and terms. An updated A&P review, Body Spectrum, is available on the CD and on the Evolve companion website.

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2022 2023 written by Joshua Rueda and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2021-10-18 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test Prep Books' CNA Study Guide 2022-2023: CNA Test Prep Book and Practice Exam Questions [5th Edition] Taking the CNA test? Want to get a good score? Written by Test Prep Books, this comprehensive study guide includes: Quick Overview Test-Taking Strategies Introduction Role of the Nursing Assistant Promotion of Safety Promotion of Function and Health of Residents Basic Nursing Care Provided by the Nursing Assistant Providing Specialized Care for Residents with Changes in Health Practice Questions Detailed Answer Explanations Studying is hard. We know. We want to help. You can ace your test. Each part of the test has a full review. This study guide covers everything likely to be on the test. Lots of CNA practice test questions are included. Miss one and want to know why? There are detailed answer explanations to help you avoid missing the same question a second time. Are you a bad test taker? Use your time wisely with the latest test-taking strategies. Don't settle for just learning what is on the test. Learn how to be successful with that knowledge. Test Prep Books has drilled down the top test-taking tips. This will help you save time and avoid making common mistakes on test day. Get your CNA study guide. It includes review material, practice test questions, and test-taking strategies. It has everything you need for success.

Download or read book The Official CNA Study Guide written by Deborah Clark and published by . This book was released on 2015-08-24 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On Sale Now! Get the Official CNA Study Guide before the sale ends! The Official CNA Study Guide was created so as to provide potential Certified Nursing Assistants that ability to effectively and efficiently prepare for the CNA exam. Unlike most CNA Study Guides, this Official CNA Study Guide boasts the most information, practice tests and more, for the lowest price on the market. How The CNA Study Guide Can Help You Getting a CNA certification can be a difficult process. First, you need to pass your written exam, and then you need to get through the practical portion as well. Although your certification course should help to give you the CNA building blocks, you'll still need something to help put it all together. This is where the Official CNA Study Guide can help! Through this professionally structured CNA Study Guide, you'll get key points from CNA professionals, study tips to help improve your score, and a layout to help you get more out of your studies in less time. In sum, this Certified Nursing Assistant Study Guide will help you and your studies become more efficient and effective. What the Official CNA Study Guide Will Provide The Official CNA Study Guide was structured so give you the necessary tools to build upon your course work and help to focus your studies in the area you need more help with. To accomplish such a task, we've provided the following features inside the CNA study guide: 1 Pretest 2 Practice Tests with Answers Both Written and Critical Skills Coverage Set of Procedures the Critical Skills Practical Exam Complete coverage of the CNA NNAAP Standardized Testing CNA Study Guide Benefits Break Down The CNA Pretest has been designed to help you figure out where you are strongest and what subjects you need extra help with. This will ensure you spend the right amount of time on the right areas. The set of procedures in this CNA Study Guide have been developed to help you prepare for all of the different practical factors you will most likely have to perform during your Skill Test set. The procedures in this CNA Study Guide will help to ensure you can quickly flip through them and get the right information and quickly move on to the next set with the swipe of a finger (if you're using our ebook version) or turn of a page. Finally, at the end, we will have 2 full practice tests so that you can gauge whether or not you are fully ready for your final certification. This will focus on key questions that many previous CNAs have struggled with and will focus on those areas so as to give you the best indication of whether or not you are truly ready. Reasons Why You Need This CNA Study Guide Getting prepared for the CNA exam is no easy task. According to a result poll, over 27% of those that take the test, fail! That means those students wasted their money and their time. This can be absolutely frustrating and cause many problems in the future. Another reason having a CNA Study Guide on hand is super important is that once you become a certified nursing assistant, you will only have certification for that particular state. So, if you move to another state at some point in your life, you will have to re-certify in that state. That may sound easy, considering you might have done it for years before moving...however, imagine taking the drivers test again after all those years of learning how to really drive a car. You probably don't follow all of the rules, right? Well the same can happen to a CNA. They can develop the "get it done the right way" type attitude which won't test well on the certification exam. 10 out of 10 must have for all CNA's~CNA Exam Cram

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2021 2022 CNA Certification Exam Book Secrets Full Length Practice Test Detailed Answer Explanations 4th Edition Prep written by Matthew Bowling and published by Mometrix Media LLC. This book was released on 2021-02-17 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mometrix Test Preparation's CNA Study Guide 2021-2022 - CNA Certification Exam Book Secrets is the ideal prep solution for anyone who wants to pass their Certified Nurse Assistant Exam. The exam is extremely challenging, and thorough test preparation is essential for success. Our study guide includes: * Practice test questions with detailed answer explanations * Tips and strategies to help you get your best test performance * A complete review of all CNA test sections * Role of the Nurse Aide * Promotion of Safety * Functional Health Promotion * Basic Nurse Aide Care * Providing Specialized Care Mometrix Test Preparation is not affiliated with or endorsed by any official testing organization. All organizational and test names are trademarks of their respective owners. The Mometrix guide is filled with the critical information you will need in order to do well on your CNA exam: the concepts, procedures, principles, and vocabulary that the state certification board expects you to have mastered before sitting for your exam. The Role of the Nurse Aide section covers: * Job Responsibilities of the Nurse Aide * Personal Safety * Reporting * Teamwork Principles * Interpersonal Relations * Promotion and Protection of Resident Rights * Workplace Standards * Nurse Aide Registry The Promotion of Safety section covers: * Infection Control * Common Injuries * Emergencies * Safety and Comfort The Functional Health Promotion section covers: * Personal Care Skills * Health Maintenance * Mobility * Immobility * Elimination * Psychosocial Needs The Basic Nurse Aide Care section covers: * Routine Care * Behavioral and Age-Related Changes * Acute Emergency Situations The Providing Specialized Care section covers: * Psychosocial Problems * Physical Impairments * Patient-Specific Care * The Dying Patient ...and much more! Our guide is full of specific and detailed information that will be key to passing your exam. Concepts and principles aren't simply named or described in passing, but are explained in detail. The Mometrix CNA study guide is laid out in a logical and organized fashion so that one section naturally flows from the one preceding it. Because it's written with an eye for both technical accuracy and accessibility, you will not have to worry about getting lost in dense academic language. Any test prep guide is only as good as its practice questions and answer explanations, and that's another area where our guide stands out. The Mometrix test prep team has provided plenty of CNA practice test questions to prepare you for what to expect on the actual exam. Each answer is explained in depth, in order to make the principles and reasoning behind it crystal clear. We've helped hundreds of thousands of people pass standardized tests and achieve their education and career goals. We've done this by setting high standards for Mometrix Test Preparation guides, and our CNA Study Guide 2021-2022 - CNA Certification Exam Book Secrets is no exception. It's an excellent investment in your future. Get the CNA review you need to be successful on your exa

Download or read book CNA Accelerated written by Carrie Engelbright and published by . This book was released on 2017-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2020 2021 written by Trivium Nursing Assistant Exam Team and published by Trivium LLC. This book was released on 2020-01-17 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated for 2020, Trivium Test Prep's unofficial, NEW CNA Study Guide 2020-2021: CNA Exam Preparation and Practice Test Questions for the Certified Nurse Assistant Exam isn't your typical exam prep! Because we know your time is limited, we've created a product that goes beyond what most study guides offer. With CNA Study Guide 2020-2021, you'll benefit from a quick but total review of everything tested on the exam with current, real examples, graphics, and information. These easy to use materials give you that extra edge you need to pass the first time. National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. was not involved in the creation or production of this product, is not in any way affiliated with Trivium Test Prep, and does not sponsor or endorse this product. Trivium Test Prep's CNA Study Guide 2020-2021 offers: A full review of what you need to know for the CNA exam Practice questions for you to practice and improve Test tips to help you score higher Trivium Test Prep's CNA Study Guide 2020-2021 covers: Physical Care Skills Hygiene Dressing and Grooming Nutrition and Hydration Elimination Rest/Sleep/Comfort Basic Nursing Skills Infection Control Safety/Emergencies Therapeutic/Technical Procedures Data Collection and Reporting Restorative Skills Prevention The Role of Restorative Care Types of Exercise Devices Used for Rehabilitation and Restorative Care Psychosocial Care Skills Emotional and Mental Health Needs Spiritual and Cultural Needs The Role of the Nurse Aid Communication Client Rights Legal and Ethical Behavior Members of the Healthcare Team ...and includes a FULL practice test! About Trivium Test Prep Trivium Test Prep is an independent test prep study guide company that produces and prints all of our books right here in the USA. Our dedicated professionals know how people think and learn, and have created our test prep products based on what research has shown to be the fastest, easiest, and most effective way to prepare for the exam. Unlike other study guides that are stamped out in a generic fashion, our study materials are specifically tailored for your exact needs. We offer a comprehensive set of guides guaranteed to raise your score for exams from every step of your education; from high school, to college or the military, to graduate school. Let our study guides guide you along the path to the professional career of your dreams!

Download or read book Master The tm Certified Nursing Assistant CNA and Home Health Aide HHA Exams written by Peterson's and published by Master The(tm). This book was released on 2021-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource added for the Nursing-Associate Degree 105431, Practical Nursing 315431, and Nursing Assistant 305431 programs.

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2020 2021 written by Tpb Publishing and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2020-08-05 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test Prep Books' CNA Study Guide 2020-2021: CNA Exam Prep Book 2020 and 2021 with Practice Test Questions for the Certified Nursing Assistant Exam [4th Edition] Made by Test Prep Books experts for test takers trying to achieve a great score on the CNA exam. This comprehensive study guide includes: Quick Overview Test-Taking Strategies Introduction Role of the Nursing Assistant Covers the Personal Responsibility and Interpersonal Relations sections Promotion of Safety Covers sections such as Potential Hazards, Common Injuries, Safety, Infection Control, Emergencies and Fire Prevention Promotion of Function and Health of Residents Covers sections such as Personal Care Skills, Health Maintenance/Restoration, Age-Related Changes and Psychosocial Needs Basic Nursing Care Provided by the Nursing Assistant Covers the Non-Life Threatening Situations and Acute Emergency Situations sections Providing Specialized Care for Residents with Changes in Health Covers the Physical Problems, Psychological Problems, Dying Resident Care and Post-Mortem Care sections Practice Questions Detailed Answer Explanations Figure out where you went wrong and how to improve! Studying can be hard. We get it. That's why we created this guide with these great features and benefits: Comprehensive Review: Each section of the test has a comprehensive review created by Test Prep Books that goes into detail to cover all of the content likely to appear on the test. Practice Test Questions: We want to give you the best practice you can find. That's why the Test Prep Books practice questions are as close as you can get to the actual CNA test. Answer Explanations: Every single problem is followed by an answer explanation. We know it's frustrating to miss a question and not understand why. The answer explanations will help you learn from your mistakes. That way, you can avoid missing it again in the future. Test-Taking Strategies: A test taker has to understand the material that is being covered and be familiar with the latest test taking strategies. These strategies are necessary to properly use the time provided. They also help test takers complete the test without making any errors. Test Prep Books has provided the top test-taking tips. Customer Service: We love taking care of our test takers. We make sure that you interact with a real human being when you email your comments or concerns.

Download or read book CNA Study Guide written by Certified Nurse Assistant Review Team and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2017-01-16 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CNA Study Guide: Exam Preparation Review Book for the Certified Nursing Assistant Exam Developed for test takers trying to achieve a passing score on the CNA exam, this comprehensive study guide includes: -Quick Overview -Test-Taking Strategies -CNA Introduction -Role of the Nurse Aide -Promotion of Safety -Promotion of Function and Health of Residents -Basic Nursing Care Provided by the Nurse Aide -Providing Specialized Care for Residents with Changes in Health -Practice Questions -Detailed Answer Explanations Each section of the test has a comprehensive review that goes into detail to cover all of the content likely to appear on the CNA exam. The practice test questions are each followed by detailed answer explanations. If you miss a question, it's important that you are able to understand the nature of your mistake and how to avoid making it again in the future. The answer explanations will help you to learn from your mistakes and overcome them. Understanding the latest test-taking strategies is essential to preparing you for what you will expect on the exam. A test taker has to not only understand the material that is being covered on the test, but also must be familiar with the strategies that are necessary to properly utilize the time provided and get through the test without making any avoidable errors. Anyone planning to take the CNA exam should take advantage of the review material, practice test questions, and test-taking strategies contained in this study guide.

Download or read book The Nursing Assistant written by Sue Roe and published by Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher. This book was released on 2018-08-29 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nursing Assistant: Essentials of Holistic Care teaches the knowledge and skills you need to become a nursing assistant. With a sharp focus on holistic care, this text will guide you in performing the procedures required of nursing assistants while integrating and considering patients' and residents' bodies, minds, and spirits. Through rich and visual, step-by-step procedures, you will learn the techniques necessary to work in a variety of healthcare settings, including long-term and acute care. Holistic care is at the center of this book's approach to nursing assisting. This innovative approach is illustrated in the Providing Holistic Care Framework, which embodies the meaning of holistic care and communicates the importance of meeting the needs of the whole person--body, mind, and spirit. Comprehensive procedures outline techniques for properly executing the responsibilities of a nursing assistant. With easy-to-follow instructions, professional photographs, and detailed illustrations, these procedures provide important information for the certification competency examination. Practice test questions, similar to those found on the certification competency examination, can be completed at the end of each chapter. These questions are accompanied by numerous reinforcement, critical thinking, and application activities and provide an opportunity to prepare for the certification competency examination. Practice questions are also available in the Study Guide and instructors presentations for PowerPoint. Each chapter is divided into sections, making it easy to review content in manageable chunks for maximum understanding. Review questions at the end of each section help reinforce the material to solidify your learning. Professional videos demonstrating procedures are available on EduHub. After viewing these videos, you will be better able to visualize the procedural steps you must master for the certification competency examination.

Download or read book Success for the Nursing Assistant written by Eileen Heinze and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of Prentice Hall's SUCCESS! Series, this review book provides comprehensive, information on all the unique needs of a Nursing Assistant. Organized by key content areas, it combines authoritative information in an outline format with an exam-style question and answer review for the best preparation. A free Website offers additional exam practice, visithttp://wps.prenhall.com/chet_heinze_successcw_1/. This book will help all users achieve SUCCESS! on their exam and on the job. ABOUT THE SERIES The SUCCESS! exam preparation system is a tremendous method for improving pass rates in many health professions from EMS to Nursing Assisting. We invite you to use our exam preparation system and ACHIEVE SUCCESS!

Download or read book CNA Study Guide 2020 and 2021 written by Test Prep Books and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2020-03-30 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test Prep Books' CNA Study Guide 2020 and 2021: CNA Exam Study Guide 2020-2021 and Practice Test Questions for the Certified Nursing Assistant Exam [3rd Edition] Made by Test Prep Books experts for test takers trying to achieve a great score on the CNA exam. This comprehensive study guide includes: Quick Overview Find out what's inside this guide! Test-Taking Strategies Learn the best tips to help overcome your exam! Introduction Get a thorough breakdown of what the test is and what's on it! Role of the Nursing Assistant Covers the Personal Responsibility and Interpersonal Relations sections Promotion of Safety Covers sections such as Potential Hazards, Common Injuries, Safety, Infection Control, Emergencies and Fire Prevention Promotion of Function and Health of Residents Covers sections such as Personal Care Skills, Health Maintenance/Restoration, Age-Related Changes and Psychosocial Needs Basic Nursing Care Provided by the Nursing Assistant Covers the Non-Life Threatening Situations and Acute Emergency Situations sections Providing Specialized Care for Residents with Changes in Health Covers the Physical Problems, Psychological Problems, Dying Resident Care and Post-Mortem Care sections Practice Questions Practice makes perfect! Detailed Answer Explanations Figure out where you went wrong and how to improve! Studying can be hard. We get it. That's why we created this guide with these great features and benefits: Comprehensive Review: Each section of the test has a comprehensive review created by Test Prep Books that goes into detail to cover all of the content likely to appear on the test. Practice Test Questions: We want to give you the best practice you can find. That's why the Test Prep Books practice questions are as close as you can get to the actual CNA test. Answer Explanations: Every single problem is followed by an answer explanation. We know it's frustrating to miss a question and not understand why. The answer explanations will help you learn from your mistakes. That way, you can avoid missing it again in the future. Test-Taking Strategies: A test taker has to understand the material that is being covered and be familiar with the latest test taking strategies. These strategies are necessary to properly use the time provided. They also help test takers complete the test without making any errors. Test Prep Books has provided the top test-taking tips. Customer Service: We love taking care of our test takers. We make sure that you interact with a real human being when you email your comments or concerns. Anyone planning to take this exam should take advantage of this Test Prep Books study guide. Purchase it today to receive access to: CNA training review materials CNA practice test questions Test-taking strategies

Download or read book CNA Exam Secrets written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ***Includes Practice Test Questions*** CNA Exam Secrets helps you ace the Certified Nurse Assistant Exam without weeks and months of endless studying. Our comprehensive CNA Exam Secrets study guide is written by our exam experts, who painstakingly researched every topic and concept that you need to know to ace your test. Our original research reveals specific weaknesses that you can exploit to increase your exam score more than you've ever imagined. CNA Exam Secrets includes: The 5 Secret Keys to CNA Exam Success: Time is Your Greatest Enemy, Guessing is Not Guesswork, Practice Smarter, Not Harder, Prepare, Don't Procrastinate, Test Yourself; A comprehensive General Strategy review including: Make Predictions, Answer the Question, Benchmark, Valid Information, Avoid Fact Traps, Milk the Question, The Trap of Familiarity, Eliminate Answers, Tough Questions, Brainstorm, Read Carefully, Face Value, Prefixes, Hedge Phrases, Switchback Words, New Information, Time Management, Contextual Clues, Don't Panic, Pace Yourself, Answer Selection, Check Your Work, Beware of Directly Quoted Answers, Slang, Extreme Statements, Answer Choice Families; A comprehensive Content review including: Hygiene, Nail Care, Pressure Sores, Food Pyramid, Hydration, Isolation Gown, Universal Precautions, Sterilization, Viral Infection, Microorganism, Bed-Bound Patient, Contact Guard Assistance, Ambulation, Fire Extinguishers, Electrical Safety, Restraints, Vest Restraint, Shaving A Patient, Denture Care, Catheter, Feeding A Patient, Anti-Embolism Stockings, Adduction, Logrolling Procedure, Clean-Catch Urine Specimen, Foley Catheter, Sputum Specimen, Sterile Gloves, Axillary Temperature, Oral Temperature, Peripheral Pulse, Tub Bath, Apical Pulse, Orthostatic Blood Pressure, Principals of Charting, Home Health Care, Restorative Care, Symptoms of Dehydration, Urinary Tract Infection, Egg Crate Mattress, Edema, Sequential Compression Device, and much more...

Download or read book Hartman s Nursing Assistant Care Long Term Care written by Susan Alvare Hedman and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive nursing assistant training textbook which includes information on long-term care, multiple chapters on home health care, and material on subacute and acute care. In addition it includes in-depth information on resident and client rights with sidebars that teach ways to promote independence and prevent abuse and neglect; a discussion of culture change; infection prevention; anatomy and physiology with an emphasis on normal changes of aging; updated nutrition information on MyPyramid, special diets, and feeding techniques; current information on legal issues, such as HIPAA and the Patient Self-Determination Act; 7 chapters on home health care, including information on medications, safety, infection prevention, mothers & newborns, and meal planning and preparation; a chapter containing subacute and acute care information, including pre- and post-operative care, as well as mechanical ventilation, chest tubes, and artificial airways.