Download or read book Novel Pathogenic Mechanisms of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus written by Rui Guo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a tremendous economic loss in swine industry worldwide. The capabilities to evade host immune responses and to establish persistent infection are the two hallmark features of PRRSV infection. In this dissertation, the research was mainly focused on investigating the novel mechanisms underlying PRRSV transmission and persistence. In chapter 2, the research was focused on an alternative pathway of PRRSV intercellular transmission. Our data showed that intercellular nanotube connections can be utilized for cell-to-cell spreading the core infectious viral machinery (viral RNA, certain replicases and structural proteins) of PRRSV. Live-cell movies tracked the intercellular transport of a recombinant PRRSV that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged nsp2 in a receptor-independent manner. The cytoskeleton proteins F-actin and myosin-IIA were identified as co-precipitates with PRRSV nanotube associated proteins. Drugs inhibiting actin polymerization or myosin-IIA activation prevented nanotube formations and viral clusters in virus-infected cells. These data lead us to propose that PRRSV utilizes the host cell cytoskeletal machinery inside nanotubes for efficient cell-to-cell spread. This form of virus transport represents an alternative pathway for virus spread, which is resistant to the host humoral immune response. In chapter 3, we further showed that PRRSV infection could induce the formation of nanotubes between infected and uninfected cells following a ROS-dependent nanotube formation model. Co-culturing PRRSV-infected cells with uninfected cells rescued PRRSV-induced cell death. Mitochondrion was observed transferring from uninfected to PRRSV-infected cells. Importantly, impaired formation of nanotube or defective mitochondrion was unable to rescue infected cells from apoptosis/necrosis. Certain PRRSV proteins were detected to associate with mitochondria and transport from infected to uninfected cells through TNTs. Our results suggest that TNTs-transfer of functional mitochondria rescued PRRSV-infected cells from apoptosis/necrosis in the early stage of infection. On the other hand, mitochondria could be utilized as a cargo to transport viral materials for spreading the infection. In chapter 4, a novel mechanism s of PRRSV persistent infection has been studied. In this study, a cellular model of persistent infection was established. Strand-specific quantitative RT-PCR and RNase I treatment analysis showed that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) conformation existed in persistently infected cells. This data has been further confirmed in vivo by performing two independent PRRSV persistence studies. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that viral dsRNAs were detected aggregating inside the germinal centers of tonsils and lymph nodes from PRRSV persistence pigs, but RNA array analysis further showed that dsRNA in lymphoid tissues had limited ability to stimulate host antiviral responses during persistent infection stage. These results suggest that the PRRSV dsRNA functions as a mediator for viral persistence. The viral dsRNA persistence in germinal centers of lymphoid tissues may reveal a novel mechanism for PRRSV to escape antiviral immune responses. In summary, this study investigated two novel pathogenic mechanisms of PRRSV infection, which could provide insights on the development of effective control strategies.
Download or read book Pathogenic mechanism of porcine viral disease written by Mengmeng Zhao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Swine virus diseases pose a significant threat to the pig industry due to their highly contagious nature and ability to cause immense harm. Once a pig is infected, the risk extends to the entire farm or even a larger area. In recent years, there has been an emergence and re-emergence of disease pathogens that have been able to overcome existing immune defense mechanisms through continuous recombination and evolution. As a result, current immune prevention and control measures have become ineffective. Notable examples of these diseases include African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV). These viruses constantly mutate under various selection pressures, including immunity within the host body and vaccine-induced immunity. Furthermore, with the increase in international trade, the spread of these viruses has become more rapid and extensive. Moreover, it is worth noting that similar virus strains originating from different regions have the potential to undergo recombination, resulting in the emergence of recombinant mutant strains. These mutant strains can pose a challenge to existing immune prevention and control measures, thereby adding complexity to the ongoing efforts in disease prevention and control.
Download or read book Emerging Swine Infectious Diseases written by Tao Lin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-10 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As major threats to the global swine industry, swine infectious diseases caused significant economic losses and potential public health issues. During the past three decades, many swine infectious diseases emerged in the field, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and its novel isolates with distinct pathogenicity, high pathogenic variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) and influenza viruses, which lead to tremendous economic losses worldwide. A few novel pathogens identified recently, such as Senecavirus A, atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), PCV-3, PCV4, PDCoV, SADS-CoV, influenza D, constitute a new challenge. Although significant effects have been made to study these emerging infectious diseases, there are still gaps in many aspects, such as the pathogenesis mechanisms, structure and function of viral proteins, protective immunity, and viral evolution. For disease control, new approaches for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are urgently required. To fill these gaps of knowledge, we encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in the below aspects: - Genomic structure and function - Virus-host interaction - Viral and/or host dependency for virulence and transmissibility of the disease - Antiviral countermeasures - Vaccine design - Disease control programs
Download or read book Innate Immune Modulation and Pathogenic Basis for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus written by Hanzhong Ke and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Virologic and Pathogenic Characteristics of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Variants written by BongKyun Park and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immune Evasion Mechanisms of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus written by Romeo E. Sanchez (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus PRRSV Control of the Host Innate Immune Response written by Christopher Overend and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polymicrobial Diseases written by Kim A. Brogden and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymicrobial diseases, those involving more than one etiologic agent, are more common than is generally realized and include respiratory diseases, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hepatitis, periodontal diseases, multiple sclerosis, genital infections, intra -- abdominal infections, and pertussis.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines written by R. Pandey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccines have historically been considered to be the most cost-effective method for preventing communicable diseases. It was a vaccine that enabled global eradication of the dreaded disease smallpox. Mass immunization of children forms the anchor of the strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) to attain "health for all" status by the year 2000. Vaccinology is undergoing a dimensional change with the advances that have taken place in immunology and genetic engineering. Vaccines that confer short or inadequate immunity or that have side effects are being replaced by better vaccines. New vaccines are being developed for a variety of maladies. Monoclonal antibodies and T cell clones have been employed to delineate the immunodeterminants on microbes, an approach elegantly complemented by computer graphics and molecular imaging techniques. Possibilities have opened for obtaining hitherto scarce antigens of parasites by the DNA recombinant route. Better appreciation of the idiotypic network has aroused research on anti idiotypic vaccines. Solid-phase synthesis of peptides is leading to an array of synthetic vaccines, an approach that is expected to attain its full potential once the sequences activating suppressor cells are discovered and the rules for presentation of antigens to T and B cells are better worked out. A new breed of vaccines is on the horizon that seeks to control fertility. Originally conceived to intercept a step in the reproductive process, they are conceptual models for developing approaches to regulate the body's internal processes.
Download or read book Clinical Pathogenic and Immunologic Investigation of Severe Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in Swine written by Kochakorn Direksin and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pathogenesis of the Respiratory Form of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Conventionsl Swine written by Vickie L. Cooper and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Nidoviruses written by Stanley Perlman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-11-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is based on the 10th International Nidovirus Symposium: Towards Control of SARS and other Nidovirus Diseases. The volume includes articles by all of the major contributors to this burgeoning area of research which summarize the work presented at the meeting. This represents the only comprehensive book to cover this field in the last five years.
Download or read book Porcine Viruses written by Hovakim Zakaryan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of the current knowledge written by prominent scientists.
Download or read book Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome New Insights for the Healthcare Professional 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-07-22 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Additional Research in a concise format. The editors have built Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Additional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Emerging Viral Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event.
Download or read book Diseases of Swine written by Jeffrey J. Zimmerman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a fully revised Eleventh Edition of the definitive reference to swine health and disease Diseases of Swine has been the definitive reference on swine health and disease for over 60 years. This new edition has been completely revised to include the latest information, developments, and research in the field. Now with full color images throughout, this comprehensive and authoritative resource has been redesigned for improved consistency and readability, with a reorganized format for more intuitive access to information. Diseases of Swine covers a wide range of essential topics on swine production, health, and management, with contributions from more than 100 of the foremost international experts in the field. This revised edition makes the information easy to find and includes expanded information on welfare and behavior. A key reference for anyone involved in the swine industry, Diseases of Swine, Eleventh Edition: Presents a thorough revision to the gold-standard reference on pig health and disease Features full color images throughout the book Includes information on the most current advances in the field Provides comprehensive information on swine welfare and behavior Offers a reorganized format to make the information more accessible Written for veterinarians, academicians, students, and individuals and agencies responsible for swine health and public health, Diseases of Swine, Eleventh Edition is an essential guide to swine health. "The 11th edition of Diseases of Swine continues to serve as the gold-standard resource for anything and everything related to swine herd health...this edition does an outstanding job of keeping up with the advanced diagnostic technologies and the latest research on new or emerging diseases and syndromes...there is no other informational resource that comes close to providing the depth or quality of information on the topic of swine diseases as does this book"
Download or read book Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses written by Yashpal Singh Malik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, which is the first volume of the book series-Livestock Diseases and Management, summarizes the prominence and implications of the emerging and transboundary animal viruses. Although the livestock plays an important role in the economy of many countries, the emerging and transboundary animal viral diseases possess a serious risk to the animal-agriculture sector and food security globally. The book describes the precise and up-to-date information on animal viral diseases which have emerged in the recent past or are re-emerging due to various environmental factors and those which are not bounded in restricted national boundaries and attained the transboundary status. The chapters summarize the recent advancements in the molecular state-of-art tools towards the development of diagnostics, prophylactics, and therapeutics of these viruses. It also explicitly describes the challenges imposed by the emerging and transboundary viral infections and our preparedness to counter them.
