Download or read book Nonequilibrium Vibrational Kinetics written by Mario Capitelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to the systematic treatment of nonequi 1 ibrium vibrational kinetics in molecular systems. Particular emphasis is given to the vibrational excitation of diatomic molecules by low-energy electrons in a discharge and by IR photons in laser-pumped systems. The book follows the different steps of the introduction, redistribution, loss, and chemical conversion of the vibrational quanta, from the points of view of the overall kinetics and the dynamics of elementary processes. These two aspects are balanced in a multidisciplinary approach. The different chapters give the basic instruments (theoretical and experimental) which are needed to understand the ki netics of nonequilibrium systems. The book will introduce the reader to different areas such as plasmachemistry, laser chemistry, IR and Raman spectroscopy, and relaxation phenomena, emphasizing how the vibrational energy affects such research fields. The chapters dedicated to collisional dynamics involving vibrational excited molecules provide an introduc tion to the modern techniques uti 1 ized in the scattering theory of inelastic and reactive collisions. The extension of the vibrational kinetics to polyatomic mole cules, discussed in Chap. 10, is the natural bridge between coll ision and coll i sionless regimes. In conclusion, we hope that the approach followed in this book will stimulate the collaboration of researchers coming from different research fields, which are too often completely separate.
Download or read book State to state Non equilibrium Vibrational Kinetics written by M. Capitelli and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Vibrational Kinetics of Carbon Monoxide at High Translational Mode Temperatures written by Karen Ann Meister and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Studies of Nonequilibrium Vibrational Kinetics of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in Optical Pumping Experiments written by Igor V Adamovich and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Non equilibrium Vibrational Kinetics Under Discharge and Hypersonic Flow Conditions written by M. Capitelli and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Non equilibrium Vibrational Kinetics in Nitrogen Glow Discharges written by Rajesh Nagpal and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Non equilibrium Kinetics of Reversible Bimolecular Reactions written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Non Equilibrium Reacting Gas Flows written by Ekaterina Nagnibeda and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-09 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the present monograph, we develop the kinetic theory of transport phenomena and relaxation processes in the flows of reacting gas mixtures and discuss its applications to strongly non-equilibrium conditions. The main attention is focused on the influence of non-equilibrium kinetics on gas dynamics and transport properties. Closed systems of fluid dynamic equations are derived from the kinetic equations in different approaches. We consider the most accurate approach taking into account the state-to-state kinetics in a flow, as well as simplified multi-temperature and one-temperature models based on quasi-stationary distributions. Within these approaches, we propose the algorithms for the calculation of the transport coefficients and rate coefficients of chemical reactions and energy exchanges in non-equilibrium flows; the developed techniques are based on the fundamental kinetic theory principles. The theory is applied to the modeling of non-equilibrium flows behind strong shock waves, in the boundary layer, and in nozzles. The comparison of the results obtained within the frame of different approaches is presented, the advantages of the new state-to-state kinetic model are discussed, and the limits of validity for simplified models are established. The book can be interesting for scientists and graduate students working on physical gas dynamics, aerothermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, non-equilibrium physical-chemical kinetics, and kinetic theory of gases.
Download or read book Chemical Kinetics written by Vivek Patel and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-02-29 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical Kinetics relates to the rates of chemical reactions and factors such as concentration and temperature, which affects the rates of chemical reactions. Such studies are important in providing essential evidence as to the mechanisms of chemical processes. The book is designed to help the reader, particularly students and researchers of physical science, understand the chemical kinetics mechanics and chemical reactions. The selection of topics addressed and the examples, tables and graphs used to illustrate them are governed, to a large extent, by the fact that this book is aimed primarily at physical science (mainly chemistry) technologists. Undoubtedly, this book contains "must read" materials for students, engineers, and researchers working in the chemistry and chemical kinetics area. This book provides valuable insight into the mechanisms and chemical reactions. It is written in concise, self-explanatory and informative manner by a world class scientists in the field.
Download or read book Fundamental Aspects of Plasma Chemical Physics written by Mario Capitelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2015-11-26 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describing non-equilibrium "cold" plasmas through a chemical physics approach, this book uses the state-to-state plasma kinetics, which considers each internal state as a new species with its own cross sections. Extended atomic and molecular master equations are coupled with Boltzmann and Monte Carlo methods to solve the electron energy distribution function. Selected examples in different applied fields, such as microelectronics, fusion, and aerospace, are presented and discussed including the self-consistent kinetics in RF parallel plate reactors, the optimization of negative ion sources and the expansion of high enthalpy flows through nozzles of different geometries. The book will cover the main aspects of the state-to-state kinetic approach for the description of nonequilibrium cold plasmas, illustrating the more recent achievements in the development of kinetic models including the self-consistent coupling of master equations and Boltzmann equation for electron dynamics. To give a complete portrayal, the book will assess fundamental concepts and theoretical formulations, based on a unified methodological approach, and explore the insight in related scientific problems still opened for the research community.
Download or read book NO Formation in One dimensional Nozzle Air Flow with State to state Nonequilibrium Vibrational Kinetics written by G. Colonna and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Processes in Partially Ionized Gases written by M. Capitelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NATO . Advanced Research Insti tute on Nonequilibrium Processes in Partially Ionized Gases was held at Acquafredda di Maratea during 4-17 June 1989. The Institute considered the interconnections between scattering and transport theories and modeling of nonequilibrium systems generated by electrical discharges, emphasizing the importance of microscopic processes in affecting the bulk properties of plasmas. The book tries to reproduce these lines. In particular several contributions describe scattering cross sections involving electrons interacting with atoms and molecules in both ground and excited states (from theoretical and experimental point of view), of energy transfer processes as well as reactive ones involving excited molecules colliding with atoms and molecules as well as with metallic surfaces. Other contributions deal with the basis of transport theories (Boltzmann and Monte Carlo methods) for describing the bulk properties of non equilibrium plasmas as well as with the modeling of complicated systems emphasizing in particular the strong coupling between the Boltzmann equation and excited state kinetics. Finally the book contains several contributions describing applications in different fields such as Excimer Lasers, Negative Ion Production, RF Discharges, Plasma Chemistry, Atmospheric Processes and Physics of Lamps. The Organizing Committee gratefully acknowledges the generous financial support provided by the NATO Science Committee as well as by Azienda Autonoma di Soggiorno e Turismo of Maratea, by University of Bari, by C. N. R. (Centro di Studio per la Chimica dei Plasmi and Comitato per la Chimica), by ENEA, by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and by US Army Research Office.
Download or read book Kinetics of Nonequilibrium Low Temperature Plasmas written by Leon Mikhaĭlovich Biberman and published by Springer. This book was released on 1987-09-30 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first research on plasma was done in connection with the study of electrical discharges in gases. The focus of attention for physicists was the partially ionized plasma, the kinetics of which is governed by various collisional and radiative processes. The choice of this area of research was motivated largely by the practical problems of that time the creation of gas-discharge light sources, rectifiers, and inverters. Since the early 1950s interest in plasma physics has risen sharply, particularly in the study of the completely ionized plasma with its various collective phenomena, insta bilities, and the interesting and sometimes unexpected effects attending the propagation of electromagnetic waves in such a plasma and the action on it of external electric and magnetic fields. Interest in hot plasmas has been stimulated not only by the diverse and novel physical phenomena, but also by the problems arising in connection with controlled nuclear fusion. The advent, in the early 1960s, of new technical fields such as gas-discharge lasers, magnetohydrodynamic generators, thermoemission converters, plasma chemistry, plasma propul sion devices, various methods in plasma technology, etc. , has led to increased interest in weakly ionized low-tempera ture plasmas. This is particularly true of nonequilibrium plasmas, which are characterized by an extraordinary diver sity of states and properties.
Download or read book Electron Loss Kinetics in Non self sustained Plasmas and the Effect of Vibrational Nonequilibrium written by Kraig Alan Frederickson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Kinetic rates pertinent to electron loss mechanisms within a non-self-sustained plasma are investigated. In an oxygen containing plasma the examined mechanism is three-body electron attachment to O2. When oxygen is absent from the gas, the dominant electron loss mechanism is electron-ion recombination. The equilibrium rate coefficients for three-body electron attachment to O2 are determined for the species-specific third body collision partner in an N2/O2 gas mixture at 300 K. These rate coefficients are compared to literature values and are found to be on the same order of magnitude but a factor of 2-4 larger. A state of vibrational nonequilibrium is then imposed upon the system wherein the vibrational level populations, which are highly non-Boltzmann, are characterized by a vibrational temperature (>2000 K) which is nearly an order of magnitude greater than the translational/rotational temperature (~350 K). It is demonstrated that the vibrational excitation activates the O2− electron detachment pathway, completely mitigating three-body electron attachment to O2. Lastly, a kinetic model is used to compare energy transfer rates in an RF coupled, laser sustained N2/CO molecular plasma. The plasma is generated and maintained by a cw CO gas laser that causes associative ionization of CO. An RF field coupled to the plasma increases the average electron energy of the system, reducing the electron-ion recombination rate. It is shown that while the rates used predict the vibrational level populations with reasonable accuracy, the agreement is not as good between the predicted and observed translational temperatures of the system.
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Effects of Vibrational Strong Coupling on Chemical Reactions written by Matthew Du and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An ongoing goal in chemistry is to develop cheaper and greener methods of catalysis. Recent experiments show modified reaction kinetics when placing molecules inside an optical cavity and achieving vibrational strong coupling (VSC). VSC occurs when N - 1 molecular vibrations strongly interact with a cavity photon mode to form two hybrid light-matter modes called polaritons, as well as N - 1 optically dark vibrational modes. Since the aforementioned changes in reactivity occur without external pumping, VSC holds promise as a future tool in industrial catalysis. However, VSC-modified chemistry is not well understood. Initial theoretical efforts demonstrate that transition-state theory (TST), the most commonly used reaction-rate theory, predicts negligible changes in reaction rate due to VSC for typical experimental conditions. Subsequent works have begun to consider how VSC influences reactions for which the assumptions of TST break down. In this dissertation, we theoretically explore how VSC affects reactions where thermalization occurs on a similar or longer time scale compared to reactive events. Such reactions, which include photochemical processes, can violate the TST assumption that internal thermal equilibrium is maintained throughout the reaction. First, we study thermally activated electron transfer. For two molecules under VSC, we find that thermalization can be accelerated by cavity decay, a dissipative channel available to polaritons but not the uncoupled molecular vibrations. As a result, nonequilibrium effects that impact the reaction rate are suppressed. For a disordered ensemble of many molecules, VSC yields dark modes that are delocalized across several molecules. We reveal an unconventional mechanism by which this delocalization suppresses reactive events but not vibrational decay, thus speeding up the reaction. We then investigate photochemistry under VSC. Specifically, we propose a "remote control" of chemistry, where photoexcitation of molecules in one optical cavity enhances the photoisomerization of molecules in another optical cavity. This idea challenges the standard paradigm that a catalyst must bind its substrate to change reactivity. Finally, we develop a comprehensive theory for a related phenomenon: polariton-assisted energy transfer between spatially separated molecules. This theory not only sheds light on experimental observations but even predicts a number of intriguing effects, including the role reversal of donor and acceptor chromophores.
Download or read book Kinetics and Energy Transfer in Nonequilibrium Fluid Flows written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical kinetics and energy transfer have been investigated for nonequilibrium fluid flow. The particular process of interest is ultraviolet emission from the A2 sigma + excited electronic state of NO, which is generated under nonequilibrium conditions in the bow shock waves of ascending missiles at 50 to 100 km altitude. A literature survey of the pertinent rate constants and mechanism for use in computer models of the process has been undertaken. Emission from NO has been studied in shock tubes, using shock heated air and other gas mixtures. Collisional quenching of the A2 sigma + state is the reverse of heavy particle excitation of the emission. Its temperature dependence has been studied in a heated cell and a shock tube. An attempt was made to determine the final vibrational state distribution in the ground electronic state, concluding that the NO is transferred into high vibrational levels.
Download or read book Classic and High Enthalpy Hypersonic Flows written by Joseph J.S. Shang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classic and High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flows presents a complete look at high-enthalpy hypersonic flow from a review of classic theories to a discussion of future advances centering around the Born-Oppenheim approximation, potential energy surface, and critical point for transition. The state-of-the-art hypersonic flows are defined by a seamless integration of the classic gas dynamic kinetics with nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, quantum transitions, and radiative heat transfer. The book is intended for graduate students studying advanced aerodynamics and taking courses in hypersonic flow. It can also serve as a professional reference for practicing aerospace and mechanical engineers of high-speed aerospace vehicles and propulsion system research, design, and evaluation. Features Presents a comprehensive review of classic hypersonic flow from the Newtonian theory to blast wave analogue. Introduces nonequilibrium chemical kinetics to gas dynamics for hypersonic flows in the high-enthalpy state. Integrates quantum mechanics to high-enthalpy hypersonic flows including dissociation and ionization. Covers the complete heat transfer process with radiative energy transfer for thermal protection of earth reentry vehicle. Develops and verifies the interdisciplinary governing equations for understanding and analyzing realistic hypersonic flows.
