Download or read book Non Euclidean Geometry and Curvature written by James W. Cannon and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the final volume of a three volume collection devoted to the geometry, topology, and curvature of 2-dimensional spaces. The collection provides a guided tour through a wide range of topics by one of the twentieth century's masters of geometric topology. The books are accessible to college and graduate students and provide perspective and insight to mathematicians at all levels who are interested in geometry and topology. Einstein showed how to interpret gravity as the dynamic response to the curvature of space-time. Bill Thurston showed us that non-Euclidean geometries and curvature are essential to the understanding of low-dimensional spaces. This third and final volume aims to give the reader a firm intuitive understanding of these concepts in dimension 2. The volume first demonstrates a number of the most important properties of non-Euclidean geometry by means of simple infinite graphs that approximate that geometry. This is followed by a long chapter taken from lectures the author gave at MSRI, which explains a more classical view of hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry in all dimensions. Finally, the author explains a natural intrinsic obstruction to flattening a triangulated polyhedral surface into the plane without distorting the constituent triangles. That obstruction extends intrinsically to smooth surfaces by approximation and is called curvature. Gauss's original definition of curvature is extrinsic rather than intrinsic. The final two chapters show that the book's intrinsic definition is equivalent to Gauss's extrinsic definition (Gauss's “Theorema Egregium” (“Great Theorem”)).
Download or read book The Elements of Non Euclidean Geometry written by Julian Lowell Coolidge and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of Non Euclidean Geometry written by Boris A. Rosenfeld and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-08 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Russian edition of this book appeared in 1976 on the hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the historic day of February 23, 1826, when LobaeevskiI delivered his famous lecture on his discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. The importance of the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry goes far beyond the limits of geometry itself. It is safe to say that it was a turning point in the history of all mathematics. The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century marked the transition from "mathematics of constant magnitudes" to "mathematics of variable magnitudes. " During the seventies of the last century there occurred another scientific revolution. By that time mathematicians had become familiar with the ideas of non-Euclidean geometry and the algebraic ideas of group and field (all of which appeared at about the same time), and the (later) ideas of set theory. This gave rise to many geometries in addition to the Euclidean geometry previously regarded as the only conceivable possibility, to the arithmetics and algebras of many groups and fields in addition to the arith metic and algebra of real and complex numbers, and, finally, to new mathe matical systems, i. e. , sets furnished with various structures having no classical analogues. Thus in the 1870's there began a new mathematical era usually called, until the middle of the twentieth century, the era of modern mathe matics.
Download or read book In The Search For Beauty Unravelling Non euclidean Geometry written by Voldemar Smilga and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-11-22 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a popular book that chronicles the historical attempts to prove the fifth postulate of Euclid on parallel lines that led eventually to the creation of non-Euclidean geometry. To absorb the mathematical content of the book, the reader should be familiar with the foundations of Euclidean geometry at the high school level. But besides the mathematics, the book is also devoted to stories about the people, brilliant mathematicians starting from Pythagoras and Euclid and terminating with Gauss, Lobachevsky and Klein. For two thousand years, mathematicians tried to prove the fifth postulate (whose formulation seemed to them too complicated to be a real postulate and not a theorem, hence the title In the Search for Beauty). But in the 19th century, they realized that such proof was impossible, and this led to a revolution in mathematics and then in physics. The two final chapters are devoted to Einstein and his general relativity which revealed to us that the geometry of the world we live in is not Euclidean.Also included is an historical essay on Omar Khayyam, who was not only a poet, but also a brilliant astronomer and mathematician.
Download or read book Non Euclidean Geometry written by Roberto Bonola and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines various attempts to prove Euclid's parallel postulate -- by the Greeks, Arabs and Renaissance mathematicians. Ranging through the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, it considers forerunners and founders such as Saccheri, Lambert, Legendre, W. Bolyai, Gauss, Schweikart, Taurinus, J. Bolyai and Lobachewsky.
Download or read book Non Euclidean Geometry and Curvature written by James W. Cannon and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the final volume of a three volume collection devoted to the geometry, topology, and curvature of 2-dimensional spaces. The collection provides a guided tour through a wide range of topics by one of the twentieth century's masters of geometric topology. The books are accessible to college and graduate students and provide perspective and insight to mathematicians at all levels who are interested in geometry and topology. Einstein showed how to interpret gravity as the dynamic response to the curvature of space-time. Bill Thurston showed us that non-Euclidean geometries and curvature are essential to the understanding of low-dimensional spaces. This third and final volume aims to give the reader a firm intuitive understanding of these concepts in dimension 2. The volume first demonstrates a number of the most important properties of non-Euclidean geometry by means of simple infinite graphs that approximate that geometry. This is followed by a long chapter taken from lectures the author gave at MSRI, which explains a more classical view of hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry in all dimensions. Finally, the author explains a natural intrinsic obstruction to flattening a triangulated polyhedral surface into the plane without distorting the constituent triangles. That obstruction extends intrinsically to smooth surfaces by approximation and is called curvature. Gauss's original definition of curvature is extrinsic rather than intrinsic. The final two chapters show that the book's intrinsic definition is equivalent to Gauss's extrinsic definition (Gauss's "Theorema Egregium" ("Great Theorem"))
Download or read book Elementary Differential Geometry written by Christian Bär and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-05-06 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This easy-to-read introduction takes the reader from elementary problems through to current research. Ideal for courses and self-study.
Download or read book The Fourth Dimension and Non Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art revised edition written by Linda Dalrymple Henderson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-05-18 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-awaited new edition of a groundbreaking work on the impact of alternative concepts of space on modern art. In this groundbreaking study, first published in 1983 and unavailable for over a decade, Linda Dalrymple Henderson demonstrates that two concepts of space beyond immediate perception—the curved spaces of non-Euclidean geometry and, most important, a higher, fourth dimension of space—were central to the development of modern art. The possibility of a spatial fourth dimension suggested that our world might be merely a shadow or section of a higher dimensional existence. That iconoclastic idea encouraged radical innovation by a variety of early twentieth-century artists, ranging from French Cubists, Italian Futurists, and Marcel Duchamp, to Max Weber, Kazimir Malevich, and the artists of De Stijl and Surrealism. In an extensive new Reintroduction, Henderson surveys the impact of interest in higher dimensions of space in art and culture from the 1950s to 2000. Although largely eclipsed by relativity theory beginning in the 1920s, the spatial fourth dimension experienced a resurgence during the later 1950s and 1960s. In a remarkable turn of events, it has returned as an important theme in contemporary culture in the wake of the emergence in the 1980s of both string theory in physics (with its ten- or eleven-dimensional universes) and computer graphics. Henderson demonstrates the importance of this new conception of space for figures ranging from Buckminster Fuller, Robert Smithson, and the Park Place Gallery group in the 1960s to Tony Robbin and digital architect Marcos Novak.
Download or read book The Elements of Non Euclidean Geometry written by Duncan M'Laren Young Sommerville and published by . This book was released on 1914 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A New Perspective on Relativity written by Bernard H. Lavenda and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012 with total page 695 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Starting off from noneuclidean geometries, apart from the method of Einstein's equations, this book derives and describes the phenomena of gravitation and diffraction. A historical account is presented, exposing the missing link in Einstein's construction of the theory of general relativity: the uniformly rotating disc, together with his failure to realize, that the Beltrami metric of hyperbolic geometry with constant curvature describes exactly the uniform acceleration observed. This book also explores these questions: * How does time bend? * Why should gravity propagate at the speed of light? * How does the expansion function of the universe relate to the absolute constant of the noneuclidean geometries? * Why was the Sagnac effect ignored? * Can Maxwell's equations accommodate mass? * Is there an inertia due solely to polarization? * Can objects expand in elliptic geometry like they contract in hyperbolic geometry?
Download or read book A Simple Non Euclidean Geometry and Its Physical Basis written by I.M. Yaglom and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many technical and popular accounts, both in Russian and in other languages, of the non-Euclidean geometry of Lobachevsky and Bolyai, a few of which are listed in the Bibliography. This geometry, also called hyperbolic geometry, is part of the required subject matter of many mathematics departments in universities and teachers' colleges-a reflec tion of the view that familiarity with the elements of hyperbolic geometry is a useful part of the background of future high school teachers. Much attention is paid to hyperbolic geometry by school mathematics clubs. Some mathematicians and educators concerned with reform of the high school curriculum believe that the required part of the curriculum should include elements of hyperbolic geometry, and that the optional part of the curriculum should include a topic related to hyperbolic geometry. I The broad interest in hyperbolic geometry is not surprising. This interest has little to do with mathematical and scientific applications of hyperbolic geometry, since the applications (for instance, in the theory of automorphic functions) are rather specialized, and are likely to be encountered by very few of the many students who conscientiously study (and then present to examiners) the definition of parallels in hyperbolic geometry and the special features of configurations of lines in the hyperbolic plane. The principal reason for the interest in hyperbolic geometry is the important fact of "non-uniqueness" of geometry; of the existence of many geometric systems.
Download or read book Geometry with an Introduction to Cosmic Topology written by Michael P. Hitchman and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2009 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The content of Geometry with an Introduction to Cosmic Topology is motivated by questions that have ignited the imagination of stargazers since antiquity. What is the shape of the universe? Does the universe have and edge? Is it infinitely big? Dr. Hitchman aims to clarify this fascinating area of mathematics. This non-Euclidean geometry text is organized intothree natural parts. Chapter 1 provides an overview including a brief history of Geometry, Surfaces, and reasons to study Non-Euclidean Geometry. Chapters 2-7 contain the core mathematical content of the text, following the ErlangenProgram, which develops geometry in terms of a space and a group of transformations on that space. Finally chapters 1 and 8 introduce (chapter 1) and explore (chapter 8) the topic of cosmic topology through the geometry learned in the preceding chapters.
Download or read book Fueling Innovation and Discovery written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-08-02 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mathematical sciences are part of everyday life. Modern communication, transportation, science, engineering, technology, medicine, manufacturing, security, and finance all depend on the mathematical sciences. Fueling Innovation and Discovery describes recent advances in the mathematical sciences and advances enabled by mathematical sciences research. It is geared toward general readers who would like to know more about ongoing advances in the mathematical sciences and how these advances are changing our understanding of the world, creating new technologies, and transforming industries. Although the mathematical sciences are pervasive, they are often invoked without an explicit awareness of their presence. Prepared as part of the study on the Mathematical Sciences in 2025, a broad assessment of the current state of the mathematical sciences in the United States, Fueling Innovation and Discovery presents mathematical sciences advances in an engaging way. The report describes the contributions that mathematical sciences research has made to advance our understanding of the universe and the human genome. It also explores how the mathematical sciences are contributing to healthcare and national security, and the importance of mathematical knowledge and training to a range of industries, such as information technology and entertainment. Fueling Innovation and Discovery will be of use to policy makers, researchers, business leaders, students, and others interested in learning more about the deep connections between the mathematical sciences and every other aspect of the modern world. To function well in a technologically advanced society, every educated person should be familiar with multiple aspects of the mathematical sciences.
Download or read book The Poincare Conjecture written by Donal O'Shea and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2009-05-26 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Henri Poincaré was one of the greatest mathematicians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He revolutionized the field of topology, which studies properties of geometric configurations that are unchanged by stretching or twisting. The Poincaré conjecture lies at the heart of modern geometry and topology, and even pertains to the possible shape of the universe. The conjecture states that there is only one shape possible for a finite universe in which every loop can be contracted to a single point. Poincaré's conjecture is one of the seven "millennium problems" that bring a one-million-dollar award for a solution. Grigory Perelman, a Russian mathematician, has offered a proof that is likely to win the Fields Medal, the mathematical equivalent of a Nobel prize, in August 2006. He also will almost certainly share a Clay Institute millennium award. In telling the vibrant story of The Poincaré Conjecture, Donal O'Shea makes accessible to general readers for the first time the meaning of the conjecture, and brings alive the field of mathematics and the achievements of generations of mathematicians whose work have led to Perelman's proof of this famous conjecture.
Download or read book The Elements of Non Euclidean Geometry written by Julian Lowell Coolidge and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-07-08 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Julian Lowell Coolidge Ph.D. - Harvard University Contents: CHAPTER I FOUNDATION FOR METRICAL GEOMETRY IN A LIMITED REGION Fundamental assumptions and definitions Sums and differences of distances Serial arrangement of points on a line Simple descriptive properties of plane and space CHAPTER II CONGRUENT TRANSFORMATIONS Axiom of continuity Division of distances Measure of distance Axiom of congruent transformations Definition of angles, their properties Comparison of triangles Side of a triangle not greater than sum of other two Comparison and measurement of angles Nature of the congruent group Definition of dihedral angles, their properties CHAPTER III THE THREE HYPOTHESES A variable angle is a continuous function of a variable distance Saccheri's theorem for isosceles birectangular quadrilaterals The existence of one rectangle implies the existence of an infinite number Three assumptions as to the sum of the angles of a right triangle Three assumptions as to the sum of the angles of any triangle, their categorical nature Definition of the euclidean, hyperbolic, and elliptic hypotheses Geometry in the infinitesimal domain obeys the euclidean hypothesis CHAPTER IV THE INTRODUCTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE Limit of ratio of opposite sides of diminishing isosceles quadrilateral Continuity of the resulting function Its functional equation and solution Functional equation for the cosine of an angle Non-euclidean form for the pythagorean theorem Trigonometric formulae for right and oblique triangles CHAPTER V ANALYTIC FORMULAE Directed distances Group of translations of a line Positive and negative directed distances Coordinates of a point on a line Coordinates of a point in a plane Finite and infinitesimal distance formulae, the non-euclidean plane as a surface of constant Gaussian curvature Equation connecting direction cosines of a line Coordinates of a point in space Congruent transformations and orthogonal substitutions Fundamental formulae for distance and angle CHAPTER VI CONSISTENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AXIOMS Examples of geometries satisfying the assumptions made Relative independence of the axioms CHAPTER VII THE GEOMETRIC AND ANALYTIC EXTENSION OF SPACE Possibility of extending a segment by a definite amount in the euclidean and hyperbolic cases Euclidean and hyperbolic space Contradiction arising under the elliptic hypothesis New assumptions identical with the old for limited region, but permitting the extension of every segment by a definite amount Last axiom, free mobility of the whole system One to one correspondence of point and coordinate set in euclidean and hyperbolic cases Ambiguity in the elliptic case giving rise to elliptic and spherical geometry Ideal elements, extension of all spaces to be real continua Imaginary elements geometrically defined, extension of all spaces to be perfect continua in the complex domain Cayleyan Absolute, new form for the definition of distance Extension of the distance concept to the complex domain Case where a straight line gives a maximum distance CHAPTER VIII THE GROUPS OF CONGRUENT TRANSFORMATIONS Congruent transformations of the straight line ,, ,, ,, hyperbolic plane ,, ,, ,, elliptic plane ,, ,, ,, euclidean plane ,, ,, ,, hyperbolic space ,, ,, ,, elliptic and spherical space Clifford parallels, or paratactic lines CHAPTER IX POINT, LINE, AND PLANE TREATED ANALYTICALLY CHAPTER X THE HIGHER LINE GEOMETRY CHAPTER XI THE CIRCLE AND THE SPHERE CHAPTER XII CONIC SECTIONS CHAPTER XIII QUADRIC SURFACES CHAPTER XIV AREAS AND VOLUMES Volume of a cone of revolution, a sphere, the whole of elliptic or of spherical space CHAPTER XV INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY CHAPTER XVI DIFFERENTIAL LINE-GEOMETRY CHAPTER XVII MULTIPLY CONNECTED SPACES CHAPTER XVIII THE PROJECTIVE BASIS OF NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY CHAPTER XIX THE DIFFERENTIAL BASIS FOR EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
Download or read book Non Euclidean Geometry written by H.S.M. Coxeter and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 1965-12-15 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The name non-Euclidean was used by Gauss to describe a system of geometry which differs from Euclid's in its properties of parallelism. Such a system was developed independently by Bolyai in Hungary and Lobatschewsky in Russia, about 120 years ago. Another system, differing more radically from Euclid's, was suggested later by Riemann in Germany and Cayley in England. The subject was unified in 1871 by Klein, who gave the names of parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptic to the respective systems of Euclid-Bolyai-Lobatschewsky, and Riemann-Cayley. Since then, a vast literature has accumulated. The Fifth edition adds a new chapter, which includes a description of the two families of 'mid-lines' between two given lines, an elementary derivation of the basic formulae of spherical trigonometry and hyperbolic trigonometry, a computation of the Gaussian curvature of the elliptic and hyperbolic planes, and a proof of Schlafli's remarkable formula for the differential of the volume of a tetrahedron.
Download or read book Metric Spaces of Non Positive Curvature written by Martin R. Bridson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A description of the global properties of simply-connected spaces that are non-positively curved in the sense of A. D. Alexandrov, and the structure of groups which act on such spaces by isometries. The theory of these objects is developed in a manner accessible to anyone familiar with the rudiments of topology and group theory: non-trivial theorems are proved by concatenating elementary geometric arguments, and many examples are given. Part I provides an introduction to the geometry of geodesic spaces, while Part II develops the basic theory of spaces with upper curvature bounds. More specialized topics, such as complexes of groups, are covered in Part III.
