Download or read book Next Generation Pressurized Oxy Coal Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) has developed a pressurized oxy-coal fired molten bed boiler (MBB) concept, in which coal and oxygen are fired directly into a bed of molten coal slag through burners located on the bottom of the boiler and fired upward. Circulation of heat by the molten slag eliminates the need for a flue gas recirculation loop and provides excellent heat transfer to steam tubes in the boiler walls. Advantages of the MBB technology over other boilers include higher efficiency (from eliminating flue gas recirculation), a smaller and less expensive boiler, modular design leading to direct scalability, decreased fines carryover and handling costs, smaller exhaust duct size, and smaller emissions control equipment sizes. The objective of this project was to conduct techno-economic analyses and an engineering design of the MBB project and to support this work with thermodynamic analyses and oxy-coal burner testing. Techno-economic analyses of GTI's pressurized oxy-coal fired MBB technology found that the overall plant with compressed CO2 has an efficiency of 31.6%. This is a significant increase over calculated 29.2% efficiency of first generation oxy-coal plants. Cost of electricity (COE) for the pressurized MBB supercritical steam power plant with CO2 capture and compression was calculated to be 134% of the COE for an air-coal supercritical steam power plant with no CO2 capture. This compares positively with a calculated COE for first generation oxy-coal supercritical steam power plants with CO2 capture and compression of 164%. The COE for the MBB power plant is found to meet the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) target of 135%, before any plant optimization. The MBB power plant was also determined to be simpler than other oxy-coal power plants with a 17% lower capital cost. No other known combustion technology can produce higher efficiencies or lower COE when CO2 capture and compression are included. A thermodynamic enthalpy and exergy analysis found a number of modifications and adjustments that could provide higher efficiency and better use of available work. Conclusions from this analysis will help guide the analyses and CFD modeling in future process development. The MBB technology has the potential to be a disruptive technology that will enable coal combustion power plants to be built and operated in a cost effective way, cleanly with no carbon dioxide emissions. A large amount of work is needed to quantify and confirm the great promise of the MBB technology. A Phase 2 proposal was submitted to DOE and other sponsors to address the most critical MBB process technical gaps. The Phase 2 proposal was not accepted for current DOE support.

Download or read book Design Integration Schemes and Optimization of Conventional and Pressurized Oxy coal Power Generation Processes written by Hussam Zebian and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efficient and clean electricity generation is a major challenge for today's world. Multivariable optimization is shown to be essential in unveiling the true potential and the high efficiency of pressurized oxy-coal combustion with carbon capture and sequestration for a zero emissions power plant (Zebian and Mitsos 2011). Besides the increase in efficiency, optimization with realistic operating conditions and specifications also shows a decrease in the capital cost. Elaborating on the concept of increasing the performance of the process and the power generation efficiency, as part of this Ph.D. thesis, new criteria for the optimum operation of regenerative Rankine cycles, are presented; these criteria govern the operation of closed and open feedwater heaters, and are proven (partly analytically and partly numerically) to result in more efficient cycle than the conventional rules of thumb currently practiced in designing and operating Rankine cycles. Simply said, the pressure and mass-flowrate of the bleed streams must be selected in a way to have equal pinch temperatures in the feedwater heaters. The criteria are readily applicable to existing and new power plants, with no associated costs or retrofitting requirements, contributing in significant efficiency increase and major economical and environmental advantages. A case study shows an efficiency increase of 0.4 percentage points without capital cost increase compared to a standard design; such an efficiency increase corresponds to an order of $40 billion in annual savings if applied to all Rankine cycles worldwide. The developed criteria allow for more reliable and trustworthy optimization, thus, four additional aspects of clean power generation from coal are investigated. First, design and optimization of pressurized oxy-coal combustion at the systems-level is performed while utilizing a direct contact separation column (DCSC) instead of a surface heat exchanger for more reliable and durable thermal recovery. Despite the lower effectiveness compared to a surface heat exchanger, optimization employing newly developed optimal operating criteria that govern the DCSC allow for an efficient operation, 3.8 percentage points higher than the basecase operation; the efficiency of the process utilizing a DCSC is smaller than that utilizing a surface heat exchanger but only by 0.32 percentage points after optimization. Optimization also shows a reduction in capital costs by process intensification and by not requiring the first flue gas compressor in the carbon sequestration unit. Second, in order to eliminate performance and economical risks that arise due to uncertainties in the conditions that a power generation process may be subjected to, the designs and operations that allow maximum overall performance of the process while facing all possible changes in operating condition are investigated. Therefore, optimization under uncertainty in coal type, ranging from Venezuelan and Indonesian coals to a lower grade south African Douglas Premium and Kleinkopje coal, and in ambient conditions, up to 10°C difference in the temperature of the cooling water, of the pressurized oxy-coal combustion are performed. Using hierarchic optimization and stochastic programing, the latter shown to be unnecessary, an ideally flexible design is attained, whereby the maximum possible performance of the process with any set of input parameters is attained by a single design. While in general a process designed for a specific coal has a low performance when the utilized coal is changed, for the pressurized oxy-coal combustion process presented herein, it is demonstrated that designing (and optimizing) while taking into consideration the different coal types utilized, results for each coal in performance that is equal to the maximum performance obtained by a design dedicated to that coal. The third aspect considered is flexibility with respect to load variation. Particularly with the increase of the power generation from intermittent renewable energy sources, coal power plants should operate at loads far from nominal, down to 35%. In general this results in efficiency significantly lower than the optimum. Therefore, while keeping the turbine expansion line design fixed to that of the nominal load in order to allow for a full range of thermal load operations, an elaborate study of the variations in thermal load for pressurized oxy-coal combustion is performed. Here too optimization of design and operation taking into consideration that load is not fixed results in a process that is flexible to the thermal load; the range of thermal load considered is 30..100%. The fourth aspect considered is a novel design for heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which is an essential part of coal power plants, particularly oxy-coal combustion. It is the site of high temperature thermal energy transfer, and is shown to have potential for significant improvements in its design and operation. A new design and operation of the HRSG that allow for simultaneous reduction in the area and the flow losses is proposed: the hot combustion gas is splitted prior to entering the HRSG and prior to dilution with the recycling flue gas to control its temperature as dictated by the HRSG maximum allowed temperature. The main combustion gas flow proceeds to the HRSG inlet and requires smaller amounts of dilution and recycling power requirements compared to the conventional no splitting operation. The splitted fraction is introduced downstream at an intermediate location in the HRSG; the introduction of the splitted gas results in increasing the temperature of the flue gas and the temperature difference between the hot and the cold streams of the HRSG, particularly avoiding small temperature differences which require the most heat transfer area. Results include area reduction by 37% without change in the compensation power requirements, or a decrease in the compensation power requirements by 18% (corresponding to 0.15 percent points of the cycle efficiency) while simultaneously reducing the area by 12%.

Download or read book Studies in Pressurized Oxy combustion written by Akshay Gopan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fossil fuels supply over 80% of the world's primary energy and more than two-thirds of the world's electricity. Of this, coal alone accounts for over 41% of the electricity supplied globally. Though coal is globally well-distributed and can provide stable and reliable energy on demand, it emits a large amount of carbon dioxide--a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Serious concerns over the implication of the increased global temperature have prompted the investigation into low carbon energy alternatives. The idea of capturing the carbon dioxide emitted from the combustion sources is considered as one of the viable alternatives. This would allow the utilization of vast and widespread fuel resources (coal, oil, gas and biomass) that are capable of delivering power on demand, while mitigating the potentially harmful impact of CO2. Support for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) for power plants is, however, limited due to the high cost of electricity associated with the currently available technologies. The ultimate requirement of high pressure CO2 for either sequestration or utilization has led to the investigation of pressurized oxy-combustion technologies. Since at higher pressure, the dew point of the flue gas is higher than at atmospheric pressure, pressurized oxy-combustion can be utilized to extract the latent heat of condensation of the flue gas moisture, leading to an increase in plant efficiency. A new staged, pressurized oxy-combustion (SPOC) process for power generation with carbon capture is presented in the first part of this dissertation. The proposed staged, pressurized oxy-combustion process not only extracts the latent heat of condensation of the flue gas moisture, but unlike first generation oxy-combustion or even other pressurized oxy-combustion processes, it also minimizes the recycle of flue gas. The net plant efficiency of this proposed process is more than 25% higher than that of first generation oxy-combustion. A detailed analysis of the capital and operating costs shows that the cost of electricity generated from this process would meet the U.S. Dept. of Energy target for power generation with carbon capture. The design of a low-recycle oxy-combustion boiler is not trivial. A number of designs have been proposed, but were deemed unfit for the utility industry due to much higher heat flux than could be safely tolerated by the boiler tubes. In the second part of this dissertation, a new burner and boiler design is proposed that could be utilized in the low-recycle SPOC process. The proposed burner/boiler design 1) accommodates low flue gas recycle without exceeding wall heat flux limits, 2) increases the share of radiative over convective heat transfer in the boiler, 3) significantly reduces ash fouling and slagging, and 4) is flexible in that it is able to operate under various thermal loads. The proposed burner design would also lead to reduced soot, as compared to a normal burner. These aspects of the burner/boiler design are investigated in the dissertation.

Download or read book Coal Fired Generation written by Paul Breeze and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-07-17 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal-Fired Generation is a concise, up-to-date and readable guide providing an introduction to this traditional power generation technology. It includes detailed descriptions of coal fired generation systems, demystifies the coal fired technology functions in practice as well as exploring the economic and environmental risk factors. Engineers, managers, policymakers and those involved in planning and delivering energy resources will find this reference a valuable guide, to help establish a reliable power supply address social and economic objectives. - Focuses on the evolution of the traditional coal-fired generation - Evaluates the economic and environmental viability of the system with concise diagrams and accessible explanations

Download or read book Oxy Fuel Combustion for Power Generation and Carbon Dioxide CO2 Capture written by L Zheng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-02-26 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxy-fuel combustion is currently considered to be one of the major technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants. The advantages of using oxygen (O2) instead of air for combustion include a CO2-enriched flue gas that is ready for sequestration following purification and low NOx emissions. This simple and elegant technology has attracted considerable attention since the late 1990s, rapidly developing from pilot-scale testing to industrial demonstration. Challenges remain, as O2 supply and CO2 capture create significant energy penalties that must be reduced through overall system optimisation and the development of new processes.Oxy-fuel combustion for power generation and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture comprehensively reviews the fundamental principles and development of oxy-fuel combustion in fossil-fuel fired utility boilers. Following a foreword by Professor János M. Beér, the book opens with an overview of oxy-fuel combustion technology and its role in a carbon-constrained environment. Part one introduces oxy-fuel combustion further, with a chapter comparing the economics of oxy-fuel vs. post-/pre-combustion CO2 capture, followed by chapters on plant operation, industrial scale demonstrations, and circulating fluidized bed combustion. Part two critically reviews oxy-fuel combustion fundamentals, such as ignition and flame stability, burner design, emissions and heat transfer characteristics, concluding with chapters on O2 production and CO2 compression and purification technologies. Finally, part three explores advanced concepts and developments, such as near-zero flue gas recycle and high-pressure systems, as well as chemical looping combustion and utilisation of gaseous fuel.With its distinguished editor and internationally renowned contributors, Oxy-fuel combustion for power generation and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture provides a rich resource for power plant designers, operators, and engineers, as well as academics and researchers in the field. - Comprehensively reviews the fundamental principles and development of oxy-fuel combustion in fossil-fuel fired utility boilers - Provides an overview of oxy-fuel combustion technology and its role in a carbon-constrained environment - Introduces oxy-fuel combustion comparing the economics of oxy-fuel vs. post-/pre-combustion CO2 capture

Download or read book Studies in Advanced Oxy combustion Technologies written by Fei Xia and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2013, approximately 87 percent of the total world energy came from combustion sources. While combustion is of critical significance, it poses serious issues. The rapid increase in energy consumption, primarily from increased fossil fuel use, has raised strong concerns over the current energy infrastructure, the emissions of particulate matter, CO, SO2, and NOx, as well as global warming due to the emission of CO2. Improving combustion efficiency and reducing combustion emissions are essential. This dissertation focuses on two areas: (1) Computational fluid dynamics simulations of a novel burner design for a new oxy-fuel technology with relatively high efficiency and low emissions, and (2) numerical studies of flame structure and soot inception, interpreted in the carbon-to-oxygen atom ratio space for laminar diffusion flames. Part I. Oxy-fuel combustion is considered a promising technology for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). One of the primary limitations on full-scale implementation of this technology is the significant increase in the cost of electricity due to a large reduction in plant efficiency and high capital costs. The fact that the CO2 captured must ultimately be pressurized for geo-sequestration or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) enables pressurized oxy-combustion to be implemented at no net pumping cost because the energy to pump oxygen is comparable to that to pump CO2. At higher pressure the latent heat of condensation of the moisture in the flue gas can be utilized in the Rankine cycle, increasing the plant efficiency. A new pressurized oxy-combustion technology, namely staged, pressurized oxy-combustion (SPOC) has been developed in which the flue gas recycle is minimized by means of fuel-staged combustion. As determined through ASPEN Plus modeling, this process increases the net plant efficiency by more than 5 percentage points, compared to first-generation oxy-combustion plants. In the SPOC process, pulverized coal is combusted at high-pressure with negligible recycle. A unique burner and boiler have been designed via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to effectively and safely burn coal under SPOC conditions. CFD is used to model the process and to determine the effects of operating conditions on the radiative and convective heat transfer in the boiler. It is shown through the simulations that a manageable wall heat flux can be achieved even with very high local gas temperatures. The system is also designed to minimize particle deposition to avoid slagging, fouling, and corrosion, and simulations of ash deposition indicate negligible deposition on the furnace wall. Radiation behavior is also studied to demonstrate radiative trapping effects. It is demonstrated, through both analytical and numerical studies, that the system pressurize is a critical tool to obtain an optically thick medium capable of trapping heat inside the furnace. It is further shown that for a sufficiently large optical thickness radiative trapping can occur, and this, combined with the diffusive-convective profiles of the temperature and absorption coefficient, allow us manage the wall heat flux. An average-temperature method is developed to approximate the heat flux and to study the dynamic relations of temperature and the absorption coefficient. The effects of ash particle size on radiative trapping are systematically studied. It is concluded that the wall heat flux is controlled by particle size as well as particle number concentration, in other words, by particle porosity and fragmentation. Ultimately, burners and boilers are designed to minimize the boiler heat transfer surface area, ash deposition, and fire-side corrosion for the SPOC system. Part II. Understanding the structure of diffusion flames is often complicated by the dependence of flame structure on the boundary conditions, such as composition, temperature, and flow field (e.g., strain rate in a counterflow flame.) The utility of interpreting flame results in the carbon-to-oxygen atom ratio (C/O ratio) space, as opposed to physical space or mixture fraction space, is evaluated. Flame and soot zone structures of counterflow diffusion flames are studied for C2H4 and C3H8 and interpreted in C/O ratio space as a function of the stoichiometric mixture fraction (Zst). The Burke-Schumann results expressed in C/O ratio space demonstrate how a clear and direct understanding of how structure is affected by Zst can be realized. In C/O ratio space, unlike physical or mixture fraction space, the flame location is independent of the stoichiometric mixture fraction. Numerical results with detailed chemical kinetics also indicate that C/O ratio space is a fundamental variable in the sense that, for a given fuel, the location of the flame zones and critical reactions is invariant with Zst and strain rate. Two zones are clearly observed, the radical pool zone and the soot precursor zone which is located on the fuel side of the flame. The onset threshold of soot precursors (C6H5 and C6H6) on the high temperature side of the soot precursor zone is characterized by the depletion of radicals. The role of the hydrogen radical in flame structure and soot inception is demonstrated by studying its production and consumption channels in C/O ratio space, as are the roles of C2H2 in soot precursor depletion and boundary coincidence. The kinetic ratio is used to study the characteristics of key chemical reactions and to identify regions of equilibrium for these reactions. Finally, a modified C/O ratio ((C/O)*) is given to interpret the physical meaning of C/O ratio. The numerical results in this work indicate and explain the advantages of applying C/O ratio space in the analysis of flame structure and soot precursor chemistry.

Download or read book Cleaner Combustion and Sustainable World written by Haiying Qi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-19 with total page 1306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cleaner Combustion and Sustainable World is the proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Coal Combustion which has a significant international influence. It concerns basic research on coal combustion and clean utilization, techniques and equipments of pulverized coal combustion, techniques and equipments of fluidized bed combustion, basic research and techniques of emission control, basic research and application techniques of carbon capture and storage (CCS), etc. Professor Haiying Qi and Bo Zhao both work at the Tsinghua University, China

Download or read book Particle Studies in the Lab and Pilot scale Coal Combustion Systems written by Dishant Khatri and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past century, coal contributed more to the global electricity supply than any other source. Currently, it alone accounts for over 35% of the global electricity supply. Though coal is globally well-distributed and can provide cheap, stable, and reliable energy on demand, it emits a large amount of carbon dioxide--a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Additionally, it is a major source of particulate matter (PM) pollution. Thus, in recent years, to reduce the impact of coal on climate, several policies have been introduced to phase out coal. However, replacing coal with intermittent renewables has led to a reduction in the reliability of the electricity grid. To protect the electricity grid, dispatchable, low-carbon sources are required, which will largely come from sustainable, stable, and reliable fossil-fuel sources. Based on the projections from the International Energy Agency (IEA), coal will continue to be a major source of energy in the long term due to its abundance and competitively low prices. The need of the hour is to focus on addressing the key challenges of coal combustion by developing technologies for sustainable coal utilization. This approach will help in harnessing abundant and cheap coal resources without compromising the environment.This dissertation investigates two key pathways for sustainable coal combustion: Improvement in the understanding of fundamental coal combustion processes, and the development of new coal combustion technologies.In the first pathway, the fundamentals of coal combustion processes were investigated at a lab-scale level. The early-stage coal combustion processes such as submicron PM formation, and particle ignition were studied in controlled combustion environments, similar to those experienced by coal particles in near-burner regions of industrial coal combustors. In industrial coal combustors, the coal particles experience either oxidizing environments or reducing-to-oxidizing environments at different oxygen concentrations. Studies that mimic the industrial coal combustors in controlled lab-scale environments are rare. Thus, in order to fill the research gap, a two-stage Hencken burner was used in this study to simulate the practical coal combustion environments. Additionally, the instrumentation for a better understanding of submicron PM formation and particle temperatures were developed and calibrated. These studies provide valuable insights into optimizing advanced burner designs, in-flame control of PM formation, improving combustion efficiency, and heat transfer to boiler tubes.It was observed that ash evolution, soot formation, and soot oxidation are the governing processes for submicron PM evolution during the early stages of pulverized coal combustion. The submicron total PM and submicron soot PM are the first-order functions of ambient oxygen concentration and gas temperature, whereas submicron ash PM is the first-order function of coal particle temperature. In high-temperature environments, when particles undergo reducing-to-oxidizing transition, the critical factor for ignition is the presence of oxygen, not the amount of oxygen.In the second pathway, this dissertation presents the development of a dry-feed pressurized oxy-combustion pilot-scale combustor as well as a high pressure-high temperature particle sampler to demonstrate combustion characteristics of a promising future coal combustion technology - Staged Pressurized Oxy-Combustion (SPOC). The SPOC process, developed by Washington University in St. Louis, is an oxy-coal combustion technology that employs coal combustion at elevated pressure. The technology allows for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture rates of 90% or higher with significant improvements in efficiency and costs for sustainable coal utilization. The developed pressurized oxy-combustion pilot-scale combustor was used to examine pulverized coal flame stability and shape, coal particle flame temperature, char burnout, and submicron PM formation at SPOC design conditions. The understanding of these coal combustion characteristics is important for the commercialization of SPOC technology.The experiments establish that the pressurized oxy-combustion pilot-scale combustor has exceptionally good coal flame stability at SPOC design conditions. The coal particle flame temperatures are highest near the burner and decrease downstream of the combustor. Complete char combustion can be achieved with only 0.8 vol % oxygen mole fraction in the flue gas, compared with a minimal value of 2.5 vol % in conventional atmospheric pressure pulverized coal combustors. The number particle size distribution (PSD) of submicron PM exhibits two distinct modes, ultrafine and intermediate mode; however, with increasing residence time, the ultrafine mode peak decreases, and the intermediate mode peak values decline steadily and become stable.The experimental observations in this dissertation aim to complement the development of existing and future sustainable coal combustion technologies.

Download or read book Simulation and Techno economic Analysis of Pressurized Oxy fuel Combustion of Petroleum Coke written by Hachem Hamadeh and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research presented in this thesis was part of the International Partnership for Carbon Neutral Combustion, which was sponsored by King Abdulla University of Science and Technology. The thesis focuses on oxy-fuel combustion under pressurized conditions and assesses the technical and economic viability of combusting petroleum coke (petcoke) for electricity generation, while capturing CO2. The technical evaluation was conducted through simulating, in Aspen PlusTM, an oxy-combustion power plant that uses petcoke as fuel. The basis for all simulations was a constant heat input of 1877 MWth, while a 3% (on dry basis) excess oxygen was maintain in the flue gas along with an adiabatic flame-temperature of 1866ʻC. Comparisons with the oxy-combustion of Illinois No. 6 coal showed that oxy-coal combustion was 0.6% points (on HHV basis) more efficient than oxy-petcoke combustion (29.0% versus 29.6%). However, operating oxy-petcoke combustion at elevated pressures improved the net efficiency to a maximum of just over 29.8% (on HHV basis) at 10 bar. A sensitivity analysis on the impact of operating pressure was conducted on the fuel intake, O2 required, recycle ratio and removal ratio of SOx and NOx via flash distillation; along with how the operating pressure within the carbon capture unit affects the recovery and purity of the CO2 being separated. The sensitivity analysis showed that pressure had minimal impact on the fuel intake and O2 required but affected recycle ratio by up to 3% points, while increasing pressure improved the removal ratio of SOx and NOx. As for the operating pressure of the carbon capture unit, the recovery and purity of the CO2 produced was preferred at 35 bar. In addition, a modification to the steam cycle is presented that utilizes the latent heat of the flue gas to heat the feed water, which improves the net efficiency of the power plant at all pressures by 1.9% points. As for the economic evaluation, the oxy-petcoke combustion power plant was assumed to be built in the US and in KSA. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for oxy-coal combustion was 11.6 [cent]/kWh (in 2017 USD) compared to 10.4 [cent]/kWh and 6.5 [cent]/kWh for atmospheric oxy-petcoke combustion in the US and in KSA, respectively. The LCOE further drops to a minimum of 9.2 [cent]/kWh in the US, or 5.7[cent]/kWh in KSA, when oxy-petcoke combustion takes place at 10 or 15 bar. However, based on a profitability analysis, operating at 10 bar has the highest net profit, highest net present value and lowest discounted payback period, compared to the plants operating at 1, 5 and 15 bar, whether in the US or in KSA. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted that showed that the cost of manufacturing (COM), LCOE and costs of CO2 avoided and CO2 capture are most sensitive to total capital cost, and to a lesser extent the cost of the fuel, which in this case is petcoke. Overall, the technical and economic evaluation help conclude that using petcoke as a fuel to generate electricity is viable in oil-refining countries like the US or KSA, in which pressurized oxy-petcoke combustion is better than atmospheric as the highest net efficiency and lowest LCOE are achieved at an operating pressure of 10 bar.

Download or read book Pressurized fluidized bed combustion written by National Research Development Corporation and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Clean Coal Engineering Technology written by Bruce G. Miller and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern over the effects of airborne pollution, green house gases, and the impact of global warming has become a worldwide issue that transcends international boundaries, politics, and social responsibility. The 2nd Edition of Coal Energy Systems: Clean Coal Technology describes a new generation of energy processes that sharply reduce air emissions and other pollutants from coal-burning power plants. Coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. When burned, it produces emissions that contribute to global warming, create acid rain, and pollute water. With all of the interest and research surrounding nuclear energy, hydropower, and biofuels, many think that coal is finally on its way out. However, coal generates half of the electricity in the United States and throughout the world today. It will likely continue to do so as long as it's cheap and plentiful [Source: Energy Information Administration]. Coal provides stability in price and availability, will continue to be a major source of electricity generation, will be the major source of hydrogen for the coming hydrogen economy, and has the potential to become an important source of liquid fuels. Conservation and renewable/sustainable energy are important in the overall energy picture, but will play a lesser role in helping us satisfy our energy demands today. Dramatically updated to meet the needs of an ever changing energy market, Coal Energy Systems, 2nd Edition is a single source covering policy and the engineering involved in implementing that policy. The book addresses many coal-related subjects of interest ranging from the chemistry of coal and the future engineering anatomy of a coal fired plant to the cutting edge clean coal technologies being researched and utilized today. A 50% update over the first edition, this new book contains new chapters on processes such as CO2 capture and sequestration, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems, Pulverized-Coal Power Plants and Carbon Emission Trading. Existing materials on worldwide coal distribution and quantities, technical and policy issues regarding the use of coal, technologies used and under development for utilizing coal to produce heat, electricity, and chemicals with low environmental impact, vision for utilizing coal well into the 21st century, and the security coal presents. - Clean Liquids and Gaseous Fuels from Coal for Electric Power - Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems - Pulverized-Coal Power Plants - Advanced Coal-Based Power Plants - Fluidized-Bed Combustion Technology - CO2 capture and sequestration

Download or read book Formation and Removal of SOx and NOx in Pressurized Oxy fuel Coal Combustion written by Muhammad Jahangir Malik and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions have driven extensive research in carbon capture, storage and sequestration. Oxy-fuel combustion is a promising technology in CO2 capture, as the combustion products consists primarily of CO2 and H2O with contaminants like NOx and SOx. More recently, oxy-fuel combustion under pressurized conditions has gained attention due to its overall higher net efficiency, while decreasing the auxiliary power consumption in the process. The need for a better understanding of the coal combustion in oxy-fuel conditions under elevated pressures and the formation of SOx and NOx in such conditions inspired this research project. In this thesis, the effect of pressurized oxy-fuel combustion on SOx and NOx formation from coal combustion and their removal from the flue gas was investigated. The combustion modelling for lignite coal was conducted in ANSYS Fluent, under oxy-fuel environment at atmospheric pressure and elevated pressures (5 atm, 10 atm, 15 atm). The results showed an increase in SO3 formation and rapid decrease in NO in the flue gas as the pressure was increased in the combustor. At 15 atm, the NOx emissions were found to be below 100 ppm, which is an acceptable concentration of NOx for CO2 transport and storage. In order to investigate the influence of pressure on SOx and NOx in the flue gas in the post-combustion zone, the system was subjected to a temperature profile representative of an actual plant boiler, where the residence time is around 2 seconds. The results showed that the rate of SO2 and NO oxidation to SO3 and NO2, respectively, were influenced by the rate of temperature decrease, and the effect of pressure was not as significant. It was observed that flue gas composition remained constant below 550 K, as all SO3 present in the flue gas converted to gaseous H2SO4. Lastly, simulations for SOx and NOx removal from flue gas via absorption were performed at 15 atm to purify the flue gas to meet the requirements for CO2 transportation. The results showed complete removal of SOx in the form of H2SO4 and SO42- and around 30% NOx removal, mostly in the form of HNO3. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the reflux ratio of liquid in the absorber and the results showed increased NOx removal at lower reflux ratio. The investigation helped conclude that pressurized oxy-fuel combustion results in lower SOx and NOx emissions, and require less sophisticated separation techniques to meet the pipeline threshold for CO2 transportation in storage and sequestration.

Download or read book New Trends in Coal Conversion written by Isabel Suarez-Ruiz and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-08-30 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Trends in Coal Conversion: Combustion, Gasification, Emissions, and Coking covers the latest advancements in coal utilization, including coal conversion processes and mitigation of environmental impacts, providing an up-to-date source of information for a cleaner and more environmentally friendly use of coal, with a particular emphasis on the two biggest users of coal—utilities and the steel industry. Coverage includes recent advances in combustion co-firing, gasification, and on the minimization of trace element and CO2 emissions that is ideal for plant engineers, researchers, and quality control engineers in electric utilities and steelmaking. Other sections cover new advances in clean coal technologies for the steel industry, technological advances in conventional by-products, the heat-recovery/non-recovering cokemaking process, and the increasing use of low-quality coals in coking blends. Readers will learn how to make more effective use of coal resources, deliver higher productivity, save energy and reduce the environmental impact of their coal utilization. - Provides the current state-of-the-art and ongoing activities within coal conversion processes, with an emphasis on emerging technologies for the reduction of CO2 and trace elements - Discusses innovations in cokemaking for improved efficiency, energy savings and reduced environmental impact - Include case studies and examples throughout the book

Download or read book Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide SCO2 Based Power Cycles written by Klaus Brun and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-01-09 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2) Based Power Cycles aims to provide engineers and researchers with an authoritative overview of research and technology in this area. Part One introduces the technology and reviews the properties of SCO2 relevant to power cycles. Other sections of the book address components for SCO2 power cycles, such as turbomachinery expanders, compressors, recuperators, and design challenges, such as the need for high-temperature materials. Chapters on key applications, including waste heat, nuclear power, fossil energy, geothermal and concentrated solar power are also included. The final section addresses major international research programs. Readers will learn about the attractive features of SC02 power cycles, which include a lower capital cost potential than the traditional cycle, and the compounding performance benefits from a more efficient thermodynamic cycle on balance of plant requirements, fuel use, and emissions. - Represents the first book to focus exclusively on SC02 power cycles - Contains detailed coverage of cycle fundamentals, key components, and design challenges - Addresses the wide range of applications of SC02 power cycles, from more efficient electricity generation, to ship propulsion

Download or read book Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification written by Marcio L. de Souza-Santos and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-06-07 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between theory and application, this reference demonstrates the operational mechanisms, modeling, and simulation of equipment for the combustion and gasification of solid fuels. Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification: Modeling, Simulation, and Equipment Operation clearly illustrates procedures to improve and optimize the de

Download or read book Combined Cycle Systems for Near Zero Emission Power Generation written by Ashok D Rao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-04-12 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combined cycle power plants are one of the most promising ways of improving fossil-fuel and biomass energy production. The combination of a gas and steam turbine working in tandem to produce power makes this type of plant highly efficient and allows for CO2 capture and sequestration before combustion. This book provides a comprehensive review of the design, engineering and operational issues of a range of advanced combined cycle plants.After introductory chapters on basic combined cycle power plant and advanced gas turbine design, the book reviews the main types of combined cycle system. Chapters discuss the technology, efficiency and emissions performance of natural gas-fired combined cycle (NGCC) and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) as well as novel humid air cycle, oxy-combustion turbine cycle systems. The book also reviews pressurised fluidized bed combustion (PFBC), externally fired combined cycle (EFCC), hybrid fuel cell turbine (FC/GT), combined cycle and integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) systems. The final chapter reviews techno-economic analysis of combined cycle systems.With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Combined cycle systems for near-zero emission power generation is a standard reference for both industry practitioners and academic researchers seeking to improve the efficiency and environmental impact of power plants. - Provides a comprehensive review of the design, engineering and operational issues of a range of advanced combined cycle plants - Introduces basic combined cycle power plant and advanced gas turbine design and reviews the main types of combined cycle systems - Discusses the technology, efficiency and emissions performance of natural gas-fired combined cycle (NGCC) systems and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems, as well as novel humid air cycle systems and oxy-combustion turbine cycle systems

Download or read book Coal Combustion and Gasification written by L.Douglas Smoot and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of coal is required to help satisfy the world's energy needs. Yet coal is a difficult fossil fuel to consume efficiently and cleanly. We believe that its clean and efficient use can be increased through improved technology based on a thorough understanding of fundamental physical and chemical processes that occur during consumption. The principal objective of this book is to provide a current summary of this technology. The past technology for describing and analyzing coal furnaces and combus tors has relied largely on empirical inputs for the complex flow and chemical reactions that occur while more formally treating the heat-transfer effects. GrOWing concern over control of combustion-generated air pollutants revealed a lack of understanding of the relevant fundamental physical and chemical mechanisms. Recent technical advances in computer speed and storage capacity, and in numerical prediction of recirculating turbulent flows, two-phase flows, and flows with chemical reaction have opened new opportunities for describing and modeling such complex combustion systems in greater detail. We believe that most of the requisite component models to permit a more fundamental description of coal combustion processes are available. At the same time there is worldwide interest in the use of coal, and progress in modeling of coal reaction processes has been steady.