Download or read book Nanoscale Modification of Key Surface Parameters to Augment Pool Boiling Heat Transfer and Critical Heat Flux in Water and Dielectric Fluids written by Eric Christopher Forrest and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) Results indicate that the low global warming potential fluorinated ketone may be a viable alternative in the cooling of electronic devices. Additionally, results demonstrate that enhancement of boiling heat transfer is possible for well-wetting dielectric fluids, with 40% enhancement in the critical heat flux using dilute suspensions of aluminum or silica nanoparticles in the fluorinated ketone.
Download or read book Effects of Surface Parameters on Boiling Heat Transfer Phenomena written by Bao Hoai Truong and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofluids, engineered colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles in fluid, have been shown to enhance pool and flow boiling CHF. The CHF enhancement was due to nanoparticle deposited on the heater surface, which was verified in pool boiling. However, no such work has been done for flow boiling. Using a cylindrical tube pre-coated with Alumina nanoparticles coated via boiling induced deposition, CHF of water was found to enhance up to 40% compared to that of the bare tube. This confirms that nanoparticles on the surface is responsible for CHF enhancement for flow boiling. However, existing theories failed to predict the CHF enhancement and the exact surface parameters attributed to the enhancement cannot be determined. Surface modifications to enhance critical heat flux (CHF) and Leidenfrost point (LFP) have been shown successful in previous studies. However, the enhancement mechanisms are not well understood, partly due to many surface parameters being altered at the same time, as in the case for nanofluids. Therefore, the remaining objective of this work is to evaluate separate surface effect on different boiling heat transfer phenomena. In the second part of this study, surface roughness, wettability and nanoporosity were altered one by one and respective effect on quenching LFP with water droplet was determined. Increase in surface roughness and wettability enhanced LFP; however, nanoporosity was most effective in raising LFP, almost up to 100°C. The combination of the micro posts and nanoporous coating layer proved optimal. The nanoporous layer destabilizes the vapor film via heterogeneous bubble nucleation, and the micro posts provides intermittent liquid-surface contacts; both mechanisms increase LFP. In the last part, separate effect of nanoporosity and surface roughness on pool boiling CHF of a well-wetting fluid, FC-72, was investigated. Nanoporosity or surface roughness alone had no effect on pool boiling CHF of FC-72. Data obtained in the literature mostly for microporous coatings showed CHF enhancement for well wetting fluids, and existing CHF models are unable to predict the enhancement.
Download or read book Nanofluid Boiling written by Ali Sadaghiani and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2024-05-29 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofluid Boiling presents valuable insights into boiling heat transfer mechanisms, offering state-of-the-art techniques for overcoming obstacles against nanofluid applications. In addition, the book points out emerging industrial applications and guides researchers and engineers in their research and design efforts. In addition, recommendations on future research directions and the design of systems involving nanofluids are presented at the end of each chapter. The book's authors comprehensively cover mechanisms, parametric effects and enhancement techniques in the boiling of nanofluids, providing updated, detailed information about recent developments and findings. - Reveals insights into the findings and mechanisms of boiling heat transfer in nanofluids, guiding researchers and engineers in their research and design efforts - Focuses on parametric effects such as nanofluid properties (size, concentration, nanoparticle type), preparation methods on heat transfer and critical heat flux mechanisms, bubble dynamics, flow patterns, and pressure drop - Presents readers with scaling effects (from macro to microscale) relevant to nanofluid boiling
Download or read book Enhancement of Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux in Dielectric Liquids written by Mehmet Arik and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nano engineering the Boiling Surface for Optimal Heat Transfer Rate and Critical Heat Flux written by Bren Andrew Phillips and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects on pool boiling characteristics such as critical heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient of different surface characteristics such as surface wettability, roughness, morphology, and porosity are not well understood. Layer-by-layer nanoparticle coatings were used to modify the surface of a sapphire heater to control the surface roughness, the layer thickness, and the surface chemistry. The surface was then tested in a water boiling test at atmospheric pressure while imaging the surface with high speed infrared thermography yielding a 2D time dependent temperature profile. The critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient were enhanced by over 100% by optimizing the surface parameters. It was found that particle size of the nanoparticles in coating, the coating thickness, and the wettability of the surface have a large impact on CHF and the heat transfer coefficient. Surfaces were also patterned with hydrophobic "islands" within a hydrophilic "sea" by coupling the Layer-by-layer nanoparticle coatings with an ultraviolet ozone technique that patterned the wettability of the surface. The patterning was an attempt to increase the nucleation site density with hydrophobic dots while still maintaining a large hydrophilic region to allow for rewetting of the surface during the ebullition cycle and thus maintaining a high critical heat flux. The patterned surfaces exhibited similar critical heat fluxes and heat transfer coefficients to the surfaces that were only modified with layer-by-layer nanoparticle coatings. However, the patterned surfaces also exhibited highly preferential nucleation from the hydrophobic regions demonstrating an ability to control the nucleation site layout of a surface and opening an avenue for further study.
Download or read book Pool Boiling Heat Transfer with Highly wetting Dielectric Fluids written by Seung Mun You and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia Of Two phase Heat Transfer And Flow Ii Special Topics And Applications A 4 volume Set written by John R Thome and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-08-26 with total page 1321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the two-set series is to present a very detailed and up-to-date reference for researchers and practicing engineers in the fields of mechanical, refrigeration, chemical, nuclear and electronics engineering on the important topic of two-phase heat transfer and two-phase flow. The scope of the first set of 4 volumes presents the fundamentals of the two-phase flows and heat transfer mechanisms, and describes in detail the most important prediction methods, while the scope of the second set of 4 volumes presents numerous special topics and numerous applications, also including numerical simulation methods.Practicing engineers will find extensive coverage to applications involving: multi-microchannel evaporator cold plates for electronics cooling, boiling on enhanced tubes and tube bundles, flow pattern based methods for predicting boiling and condensation inside horizontal tubes, pressure drop methods for singularies (U-bends and contractions), boiling in multiport tubes, and boiling and condensation in plate heat exchangers. All of these chapters include the latest methods for predicting not only local heat transfer coefficients but also pressure drops.Professors and students will find this 'Encyclopedia of Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Flow' particularly exciting, as it contains authored books and thorough state-of-the-art reviews on many basic and special topics, such as numerical modeling of two-phase heat transfer and adiabatic bubbly and slug flows, the unified annular flow boiling model, flow pattern maps, condensation and boiling theories, new emerging topics, etc.
Download or read book An Experimental Study of Sodium Pool Boiling Heat Transfer written by R. C. Noyes and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Multiscale Mechanistic Approach to Enhance Pool Boiling Performance for High Heat Flux Applications written by Arvind Jaikumar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The advent of cloud computing and the complex packaging architecture of next generation electronic devices drives methods for advanced thermal management solutions. Convection based single-phase cooling systems are inefficient due to their large pressure drops, fluid temperature differences and costs, and are incapable of meeting the cooling requirements in the high power density components and systems. Alternatively, phase-change cooling techniques are attractive due to their ability to remove large amounts of heat while maintaining uniform fluid temperatures. Pool boiling heat transfer mechanism centers on the nucleation, growth and departure of a bubble from the heat transfer surface in a stagnant pool of liquid. The pool boiling performance is quantified by the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) and Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTC) which dictate the operating ranges and efficiency of the heat transfer process. In this work, three novel geometries are introduced to modify the nucleation characteristics, liquid pathways and contact line motion on the prime heater surface for a simultaneous increase in CHF and HTC. First, sintered microchannels and nucleating region with feeder channels (NRFC) were developed through the mechanistic concept of separate liquid-vapor pathways and enhanced macroconvection heat transfer. A maximum CHF of 420 W/cm2 at a wall superheat of 1.7 °C with a HTC of 2900 MW/m2°C was achieved with the sintered-channels configuration, while the NRFC reached a CHF of 394 W/cm2 with a HTC of 713 kW/m2°C. Second, the scale effect of liquid wettability, roughness and microlayer evaporation was exploited to facilitate capillary wicking in graphene through interlaced porous copper particles. A CHF of 220 W/cm2 with a HTC of 155 kW/m2°C was achieved using an electrodeposition coating technique. Third, the chemical heterogeneity on nanoscale coatings was shown to increase the contribution from transient conduction mechanisms. A maximum CHF of 226 W/cm2 with a HTC of 107 kW/m2°C was achieved. The enhancement techniques developed here provide a mechanistic tool at the microscale and nanoscale to increase the boiling CHF and HTC."--Abstract.
Download or read book Exploring the Limits of Boiling and Evaporative Heat Transfer Using Micro Nano Structures written by Ming-Chang Lu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents a study exploring the limits of phase-change heat transfer with the aim of enhancing critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling and enhancing thermal conductance in heat pipes. The state-of-the-art values of the CHF in pool boiling and the thermal conductance in heat pipes are about two orders of magnitudes smaller than the limits predicted by kinetic theory. Consequently, there seems to be plenty of room for improvement. Pool boiling refers to boiling at a surface immersed in an extensive motionless pool of liquid. Its process includes heterogeneous nucleation, growth, mergence and detachment of vapor bubbles on a heating surface. It is generally agreed that the high heat transfer coefficient of boiling could be explained by the concept of single-phase forced convection, i.e., the motion of bubbles agitating surrounding liquid is similar to the process in single-phase forced convection. The occurrence of CHF results from a formation of a vapor film on the heater surface, which reduces the thermal conductance drastically and causes a huge temperature rise on the surface. Over the past few decades, researchers were struggling to identify the exact mechanism causing CHF. General observations are that both surface properties and pool hydrodynamics could affect the values of CHF. Nanowire array-coated surfaces having a large capillary force are employed to enhance the CHF. It has been shown that CHFs on the nanowire array-coated surface could be doubled compared to the values on a plain surface. The obtained CHF of 224 ± 6.60 W/cm̂2 on the nanowire-array coated surface is one of the highest values reported in the boiling heat transfer. To further enhance CHF, the mechanisms that govern CHF have been systematically explored. Experimental results show that the CHF on the nanowire array-coated surface are not limited by the capillary force. Instead, the CHF are dependent on the heater size. Corresponding experiments on plain surfaces with various heater sizes also exhibits similar heater-size dependence. The CHFs on nanowire array-coated surfaces and plain surfaces are consistent with the predictions of the hydrodynamic theory while a higher CHF is obtained on the nanowire array-coated surface as compared to the plain Si surface. This suggests that the CHFs are a result of the pool hydrodynamics while surface properties modify the corresponding hydrodynamic limits. A heat pipe is a device that transports thermal energy in a very small temperature difference and thereby producing a very large thermal conductance. It relies on evaporation of liquid at the heated end of the pipe, flow of vapor between the heated and cooled end, condensation at the other end, and capillary-driven liquid flow through a porous wick between the condenser and the evaporation. The large latent heat involved in evaporation and condensation leads to very large heat flows for a small temperature drop along the heat pipe. Despite the large thermal conductance, their operation is limited by such factors as capillary limit, boiling limit, sonic limit and entrainment limit, etc. Among these operational limits, capillary and boiling limits are most frequently encountered. The capillary limit determines the maximum flow rate provided by the capillary force of the wick structure whereas boiling limit is referred to a condition that liquid supply is blocked by vapor bubbles in the wick. Consequently, the wick structure is the key component in a heat pipe, which determines the maximum capillary force and the dominant thermal resistance. In a heat pipe using evaporation as the dominant heat transfer mechanism, a thin liquid film (̃ a few microns) extended from the solid structure in the wick causes the dominant thermal resistance. Therefore, if one reduces the pore size of a porous media, the thermal conductance could be enhanced by increasing the surface area of the thin liquid film. On the other hand, the classical thermodynamics depicts that the superheat required for evaporation is inversely proportional to the equilibrium radius of the meniscus. Consequently, enhancing thermal conductance via increasing the thin film area is contradictory to the effect of evaporation suppression for small pores. A hierarchical wick structure with multiple length scales that enhances dry-out heat flux and thermal conductance simultaneously in heat pipes was demonstrated. This hierarchical wick structure is composed of a large microchannel array to reduce flow resistance and small pin-fin arrays to provide a large capillary force. The enhancement of thermal conductance is achieved via a large number of pin-fins for increasing the total thin film area. A thermal conductance defined by the slope of the curve of ̃16.28 ± 1.33 W/cm̂2-K and a dry-out heat flux of 228.85 ± 10.73 W/cm̂2 were achieved by this design. Further, vapor transport resistance is minimized within the aligned-multi-scale wick structure. As a result, this wick does not pose a boiling limit. Artificial cavities were created in the wick structure to take the advantage of the high heat transfer coefficient of boiling heat transfer. The wick with artificial cavities successfully triggers boiling at a lower wall temperature resulting in a conductance of 9.02 ± 0.04 W/cm̂2-K compared to an evaporation mode of 3.54 ± 0.01 W/cm̂2-K. For a given heat flux, the wick with cavities effectively reduce wall temperature compared to a wick without cavities. Our experimental results display an enhancement of thermal conductance by using boiling heat transfer. This opens up a new direction for further enhancing thermal conductance in heat pipes by circumventing the limit in the evaporative heat transfer regime, in which further increase in surface area will eventually result in evaporation suppression in small pores.
Download or read book Enhanced Pool Boiling of Water with Open Microchannels Over Cylindrical Tubes written by Jeet S. Mehta and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Pool boiling is a stable and efficient method for transferring large quantities of heat. It is employed in a wide range of applications, including steam generation in boilers, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, cryogenic and many other industrial processes. The objective of this work was to investigate the augmentation in the boiling heat transfer rates with an array of open microchannels over a cylindrical tube. In order to develop high performance surfaces, rectangular and V-groove cross-sectional geometry microchannels were fabricated and tested over tubular test sections. These microchannels were manufactured in two configurations: circumferentially around the test section and axially along the length. The effects of the microchannel geometric parameters on pool boiling performance were studied under horizontal and vertical orientations. Twenty uniquely modified microchannel surfaces were designed, fabricated and tested. The best performance was obtained with a circumferential rectangular microchannel test section in the horizontal orientation. A maximum heat transfer coefficient of 129 kW/m2*K was achieved at a heat flux of 1095 kW/m2, while maintaining a wall superheat of 8.5 K. The overall enhancement factors obtained at the maximum heat flux condition, ranged between 1.9 and 3.4 in the horizontal orientation, and 2.1 and 3.1 in the vertical orientation. The critical heat flux for almost all the designed test surfaces was increased by a factor of at least 1.6 over a plain tube. Area normalized results indicated that factors other than area enhancement are responsible for augmenting the heat transfer performance. High-speed videography of bubbles nucleating, growing and departing from the heated surface was performed. The bubble behavior over these open microchannels was analyzed to understand the fundamental mechanism during pool boiling. The bubble interactions in and over the open microchannels, and the liquid rewetting phenomenon greatly influence the heat transfer performance for these surface."--Abstract.
Download or read book Photonically Enhanced and Controlled Pool Boiling Heat Transfer written by Nicholas Robert Glavin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high cooling requirements from modern day electronic devices have given rise to a need for alternative heat dissipation methods. State of the art liquid to vapor phase change cooling schemes provide a cooling rate orders of magnitude higher than current single phase systems. Boiling studies have long been performed with the goal to enhance critical boiling parameters such as heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF) by altering surface morphology. More recently, the desire for active control of boiling processes has been realized due to transient and dynamic changes in system cooling requirements. A means of controlling the boiling process by manipulating surface energy through light excitation can provide the necessary adaptive heat transfer properties. In this study, photonically controlled pool boiling studies are conducted on copper, titanium dioxide, and carbon nanotube (CNT) samples. A significant variance in both HTC and CHF upon light excitation is observed in all samples, with different physical and chemical mechanisms for the change in surface energy. Copper boiling samples were induced to a 35% decrease in CHF condition after several minutes using photonic energy via formation of hydrophobic nanoclusters of copper oxide. Photoactive titanium dioxide and CNT experiments showed a 16.8% decrease and 14.5% increase in HTC, respectively, upon light exposure. Small scale contact angle tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on irradiated samples provide an insight into surface changes due to boiling and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. In addition to photonically enhanced and controlled heat transfer experiments, a new technique for measuring liquid-solid contact during boiling using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is discussed.
Download or read book Nucleate Pool Boiling of Surface modified Nano porous Alumina written by Bong June Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In nucleate pool boiling, heat transfer augment is an important issue. Among various techniques for enhancement, porous surfaces with millimeter to micron-sized diameter have been studied in the past few decades. In this study, the nano porous surface (NPS) of alumina was created to address technical issues in submicron regime pool boiling. Especially, influence of surface modifications (structural and chemical treatments) of the NPS over heat transfer enhancement was the subject of the reported research. There are a few important aspects of the research reported in this dissertation: to develop the optimal NPS to increase heat transfer in nucleate pool boiling, to suggest the mechanistic model to explain heat transfer augment in submicron regime, and to assess the feasibility of the NPS for nucleate pool boiling enhancement. First of all, an optimal NPS with surface modifications for heat transfer in nucleate pool boiling was developed. The surface-modified NPS provides enlarged heating surface area, active nucleation site enhancement, and improvement of vapor-liquid menisci through reentrant-shaped cavities. Secondly, the mechanistic model suggested in this study explained that the combination of convection-driven and phase change-induced heat transfers and liquid thin film evaporation (LTFE) achieves heat transfer augment. Especially, the model supported the hypothesis that the NPS is appropriate to dissipate heat through the LTFE at lower heat flux regime. Lastly, this study shows that heat transfer enhancement phenomena of the NPS that was evaluated and quantified by using various physical and electrochemical methods. For instance, most contributing factor of the CHF enhancement was assumed the liquid spreading and the absorption-induced capillary pressure. They were assessed by using Apparent Water Contact Angle (AWCA) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of which trends were well matched with CHF experimental data.
Download or read book Nanofluid Boiling written by Ali Sadaghiani and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-06-28 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofluid Boiling presents valuable insights into boiling heat transfer mechanisms, offering state-of-the-art techniques for overcoming obstacles against nanofluid applications. In addition, the book points out emerging industrial applications and guides researchers and engineers in their research and design efforts. In addition, recommendations on future research directions and the design of systems involving nanofluids are presented at the end of each chapter. The book's authors comprehensively cover mechanisms, parametric effects and enhancement techniques in the boiling of nanofluids, providing updated, detailed information about recent developments and findings. Gives insights into nanofluid boiling heat transfer mechanisms Offers state-of-the-art techniques for overcoming challenges and difficulties in the applications of nanofluids Presents the most updated information about nanofluid boiling heat transfer, mechanisms of heat transfer, and critical heat flux enhancements Focuses on parametric effects, such as nanofluid properties (size, concentration, nanoparticle type), preparation methods on heat transfer and critical heat flux mechanisms, bubble dynamics, flow patterns and pressure drop
Download or read book Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluids written by Sung Joong Kim (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in water, and exhibit a very significant enhancement (up to 200%) of the boiling Critical Heat Flux (CHF) at modest nanoparticle concentrations (50.1% by volume). Since CHF is the upper limit of nucleate boiling, such enhancement offers the potential for major performance improvement in many practical applications that use nucleate boiling as their prevalent heat transfer mode. The nuclear applications considered are main reactor coolant for PWR, coolant for the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) of both PWR and BWR, and coolant for in-vessel retention of the molten core during severe accidents in high-power-density LWR. To implement such applications it is necessary to understand the fundamental boiling heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. The nanofluids considered in this study are dilute dispersions of alumina, zirconia, and silica nanoparticles in water. Several key parameters affecting heat transfer (i.e., boiling point, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension) were measured and, consistently with other nanofluid studies, were found to be similar to those of pure water. However, pool boiling experiments showed significant enhancements of CHF in the nanofluids. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) analyses revealed that buildup of a porous layer of nanoparticles on the heater surface occurred during nucleate boiling. This layer significantly improves the surface wettability, as shown by measured changes in the static contact angle on the nanofluid-boiled surfaces compared with the pure-water-boiled surfaces. It is hypothesized that surface wettability improvement may be responsible for the CHF enhancement.
Download or read book High pressure Pool Boiling and Physical Insight of Engineered Surfaces written by Nanxi Li and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boiling is a very effective way of heat transfer due to the latent heat of vaporization. Large amount of heat can be removed as bubbles form and leave the heated surface. Boiling heat transfer has lots of applications both in our daily lives and in the industry. The performance of boiling can be described with two important parameters, i.e. the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the critical heat flux (CHF). Enhancing the performance of boiling will greatly increase the efficiency of thermal systems, decrease the size of heat exchangers, and improve the safety of thermal facilities. Boiling heat transfer is an extremely complex process. After over a century of research, the mechanism for the HTC and CHF enhancement is still elusive. Previous research has demonstrated that fluid properties, system pressures, surface properties, and heater properties etc. have huge impact on the performance of boiling. Numerous methods, both active and passive, have been developed to enhance boiling heat transfer. In this work, the effect of pressure was investigated on a plain copper substrate from atmospheric pressure to 45 psig. Boiling heat transfer performance enhancement was then investigated on Teflon© coated copper surfaces, and graphene oxide coated copper surfaces under various system pressures. It was found that both HTC and CHF increases with the system pressure on all three types of surfaces. Enhancement of HTC on the Teflon© coated copper surface is contributed by the decrease in wettability. It is also hypothesized that the enhancement in both HTC and CHF on the graphene oxide coated surface is due to pinning from micro and nanostructures in the graphene oxide coating or non-homogeneous wettability. Condensation and freezing experiments were conducted on engineered surfaces in order to further characterize the pinning effect of non-homogeneous wettability and micro/nano structure of the surface.
Download or read book Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering written by and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook provides researchers, faculty, design engineers in industrial R&D, and practicing engineers in the field concise treatments of advanced and more-recently established topics in thermal science and engineering, with an important emphasis on micro- and nanosystems, not covered in earlier references on applied thermal science, heat transfer or relevant aspects of mechanical/chemical engineering. Major sections address new developments in heat transfer, transport phenomena, single- and multiphase flows with energy transfer, thermal-bioengineering, thermal radiation, combined mode heat transfer, coupled heat and mass transfer, and energy systems. Energy transport at the macro-scale and micro/nano-scales is also included. The internationally recognized team of authors adopt a consistent and systematic approach and writing style, including ample cross reference among topics, offering readers a user-friendly knowledgebase greater than the sum of its parts, perfect for frequent consultation. The Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering is ideal for academic and professional readers in the traditional and emerging areas of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, bioengineering, electronics fabrication, energy, and manufacturing concerned with the influence thermal phenomena.
