Download or read book Myocardial torsion written by Jorge C. Trainini and published by Editorial Biblos. This book was released on 2020-04-02 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myocardial Torsion is a book different from others, simply because this book is unique, unusual, and I dare say with admiration, it is a curious book, partly magical, full of personality, for initiatory readers, revealing, provocative, challenging. The book has the infrequent peculiarity of being based, to a great extent, on original personal and multidisciplinary investigations, granting it an important extra value. The authors define their purpose since the firsts pages of the book: to provide solidity, validity and even more to Torrent Guasp's concepts. This is certainly a different book in its structure, content and elaboration. It is a text that the reader may admire or criticize, that may create skepticism or surprise at the new data it propose, but wich undoudtedly will leavenobody indifferent, and that is something few books can achieve.

Download or read book Fulcrum and Torsion of the Helical Myocardium written by Jorge C. Trainini and published by Editorial Biblos. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new book, Trainini and his team attempt a step forward and make a series of proposals that come to complete cardiac anatomy, physiology and mechanics. Reading this new investigation is a pleasure that demands continuous attention, so that our "neuronal boxes" do not rebel against the effort it means to sometimes destroy what we have firmly installed in them. The text should be read slowly, as it was never easy to tread in swamp-limited grounds and, as in the ascent to the summit of a difficult mountain, stop now and then to take a breath and enjoy the view as we get near the peak, where we will see the final landscape of the new vision. Then we will be conscious that the effort was worthwhile.

Download or read book Myocardial Imaging written by Thomas H. Marwick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, echocardiography has evolved from a qualitative diagnostic tool into a complex and sophisticated technique that is able to provide accurate, quantitative information driving the management of most cardiac diseases. Despite the availability, affordability and scientific value of advanced echocardiography techniques such as Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and Speckle Tracking, there has been a lack of accessible information about their use in real-life medical practice. This practical book is the first comprehensive resource with truly international authorship covering the theory and clinical applications of advanced myocardial imaging as a diagnostic, monitoring and prognostic tool. • Edited by internationally recognized experts in cardiac imaging, Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking collates the latest research into a specific, in-depth resource. • The book focuses on how to use advanced cardiac imaging techniques in everyday clinical practice, presenting relevant material in a logical format. • Each chapter covers a different clinical application of TDI and Speckle Tracking techniques and is illustrated with full color images and tables, allowing quick and easy reference to clinically appropriate information. • It is accompanied by an invaluable CD of video clips that illustrate concepts in the text and provide real examples of echocardiography in practice. • Clear, concise key facts and summaries throughout the book enable fast decisions at point of care. This book is an invaluable resource for cardiologists, sonographers or other healthcare professionals who want to get the most out of the new technology available on echo machines.

Download or read book Heart Mechanics written by El-Sayed H. Ibrahim and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 1267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on research and clinical trials, this book details the latest research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tagging technology related to heart mechanics. It covers clinical applications and examines future trends, providing a guide for future uses of MRI technology for studying heart mechanics.

Download or read book Pathophysiology Risk Factors and Management of Chronic Heart Failure written by Ram B. Singh and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2024-04-04 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Risk factors, and Mechanisms is the first of two separate but closely related volumes which aim to provide an inclusive overview on Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). This first volume is focused on the epidemiology, classification, molecular mechanisms, pathophysiology, causes, identification and interactions of heart failure. It will explain the uncertainties and issues in Heart Failure by helping readers understand the physiopathology of CHF in the light of behavioural risk factors. 2D and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography have been used to quantify regional alterations of longitudinal strain and area strain, through their polar projection, which allows a further evaluation of both the site and extent of myocardial damage. The analysis of strain can identify subclinical cardiac failure (myocyte remodelling) which is a major issue in CHF. Myocardial Strain, measure by speckle tracking echocardiography, is frequently attenuated in these conditions and can be utilized for the evaluation of disease progression and the effect of therapeutic interventions as well as prevention because it could be a manifestation of behavioural risk factors. These 2 separate volumes serves as essential references to both researchers and practicing clinicians, proposing novel methods of research by using behavioural and environmental risk factors as intervention agent, as well as discussing deficiency in the present approaches in management of HF and proposing new methods of early diagnosis and therapies for the clinical management of CHF. - Includes a number new and controversial topics: Roles of both behavioural and nutritional risk factors in CHF; considering behavioural intervention which may change the remodelling, as well as nutrient supplementation or change of diet in preventing CHF or converting resistant HF in to HF responding to therapy; Evidence-based knowledge on CHF, with an emphasis on viewing CHF as a disease of the brain and contribution from other systems; Pre–Heart failure which can be prevented to restore normal cardiomyocyte function; Pathogenesis of HF in chronic kidney disease; 2D and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography - Includes never-published tables and figures to aid understanding of the topics - Contributions from international leading experts in the field, written with the aim of serving both researchers and practicing clinicians

Download or read book Multimodality Imaging Innovations In Adult Congenital Heart Disease written by Pastora Gallego and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-16 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on congenital heart disease (CHD) and emerging imaging technologies. It covers all clinically relevant aspects of the fascinating new cardiac imaging technologies, including a comprehensive explanation of their basic principles, practical aspects of novel clinical applications, and detailed descriptions of specific uses in the broad spectrum of clinically important adult CHD. Innovations and emerging technologies for diagnosis and therapeutics, evaluation and treatment are continually evolving, and due to these advances in non-invasive diagnosis, there has been a significant improvement in the survival rates for CHD patient. Novel approaches to trans-catheter interventions and advances in echocardiography, MRI and CT imaging are being developed and incorporated into routine clinical practice, while emerging three-dimensional printing technologies are fundamentally affecting patient care, research, trainee education, and interactions between multidisciplinary teams, patients, and caregivers. In addition, translational technologies on the horizon promise to take this nascent field even further. Exploring the applicability of these emerging technologies in improving our understanding of complex congenital cardiac defect anatomy and physiology will provide new treatment options for this unique population. Written by experts in the field who are also involved in patient care, this book discusses the practical application of innovations in advanced multimodality imaging in the daily clinical routine and offers tips and tricks for beginners.

Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Myocardial Deformation and Scarring in Coronary Artery Disease written by Johan Kihlberg and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although improved treatments have reduced the rates of acute complications from myocardial infarction, sequelae such as heart failure and sudden death threaten the future wellbeing of those patients. Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction is related to cardiovascular risk factors and the effect of the infarct on left ventricular function. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is necessary to determine the size of the infarct scar and can with great precision determine left ventricular volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction, and deformation (strain and torsion). The purpose of this thesis was to improve on CMR methods to facilitate image acquisition and post processing in patients with high risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In Paper 1, a three-dimensional phase-sensitive inversion-recovery (3D PSIR) sequence was modified to measure T1 during a single breath hold. The measured T1 values were used to extrapolate a map of T1 relaxation, which avoided the time-consuming manual determination of the inversion time. The data collection consisted of phantom experiments, Monte Carlo simulations of the effect of various heart rates, and clinical investigation of 18 patients with myocardial infarction. Scar images created with the modified sequence were compared to those created with the standard sequence. The 3D PSIR sequence was able to measure T1 relaxation with a high accuracy up to 800 ms, which is in the suitable range for scar imaging. Simulated arrhythmias showed that the method was robust and able to tolerate some variation in heart rate. The modified sequence provides measurements of inversion time that can be used to facilitate standard scar imaging or to reconstruct synthetic scar images. Images of infarct scar obtained with the 3D PSIR sequence bore striking similarity to images obtained with the standard sequence. In Paper 2, 125 patients with high risk of CAD were investigated using the displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) sequence. Image segments with infarct scar area >50% (transmurality) could be identified with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 80% based on circumferential strain calculated from the DENSE measurements. The DENSE sequence was also applied in other directions, but its sensitivity and specificity to detect scar was lower than when used for circumferential strain. In Paper 3, 90 patients with high risk of CAD were examined by DENSE, tagging with harmonic phase (HARP) imaging and cine imaging with feature tracking (FT), to detect cardiac abnormalities as manifested in end-systolic circumferential strain. Circumferential strain calculated with DENSE had higher sensitivity and specificity than the competing methods to detect infarction with transmurality >50%. Global circumferential strain measured by DENSE correlated better with global parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction, myocardial wall mass, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume; than strain measured by FT or HARP. In Paper 4, myocardial torsion was investigated using DENSE, HARP, and FT in 48 patients with high risk of CAD. Torsion measured by each of the three methods was correlated with other global measures such as left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass, and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. The torsion measurements obtained with DENSE had a stronger relationship with left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass, and volumes than those obtained with HARP or FT. DENSE was superior to the other methods for strain and torsion measurement and can be used to describe myocardial deformation quantitatively and objectively.

Download or read book Handbook of Vascular Motion written by Christopher Cheng and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-15 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Vascular Motion provides a comprehensive review of the strategies and methods to quantify vascular motion and deformations relevant for cardiovascular device design and mechanical durability evaluation. It also explains the current state of knowledge of vascular beds that are particularly important for the medical device industry. Finally, it explores the application of vascular motion to computational simulations, benchtop testing and fatigue analysis, as well as further implications on clinical outcomes, product development and business. - PROSE Book Award Nominee in the "Single Volume Reference Book" category - Describes methods to quantify vascular motion and deformations including choosing what data to collect, relevant medical imaging, image processing, geometric modeling, and deformation quantification techniques - Includes deformations for vascular beds of particular importance in medical devices including the coronary arteries and heart, arteries of the head and neck, thoracic aorta and arch branches, abdominal aorta and visceral branches, lower extremity arteries, inferior vena cava, and lower extremity veins - Explains how to convert raw deformations into boundary conditions suitable for durability evaluation, provides examples of using this information for computational simulations, benchtop testing, and fatigue analysis, and illustrates examples of how vascular motion affect clinical outcomes, product development, and business

Download or read book Heart Diseases Advances in Research and Treatment 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-21 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heart Diseases—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Myocardial Ischemia. The editors have built Heart Diseases—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Myocardial Ischemia in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Heart Diseases—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Download or read book Ventricular Geometry in Post Myocardial Infarction Aneurysms written by Srilakshmi Adhyapak and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The topic of heart failure although extensively researched and reported, has several gray areas. This is especially seen in determining strategies for combating advanced heart failure. The global burden of ischemic heart disease is increasing at an alarming rate to almost pandemic proportions. Even in the presence of state-of the art technology for prompt and successful coronary reperfusion, the population progressing to ischemic cardiomyopathy is substantial. The treatment strategies for ischemic cardiomyopathy do not always ensure optimal clinical results, the reasons for which are varied. The proper patient selection is vital as is the tailoring of suitable therapy. The approach is thus multi-pronged, of which surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) has a definite role. Despite various randomized studies like the STICH-hypothesis 2, where there was a huge selection bias, with patients subjected to an erroneous technique of SVR, with inadequate ventricular remodelling assessment. The present need is to understand the unique anatomy of the left ventricle, its function and perturbations with the onset of heart failure, in order to plan therapeutic strategies to restore near normal anatomy and function. A study of the hemodynamics in ischemic cardiomyopathy is essential, as it differs in certain aspects from other causes of heart failure like idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and valvular heart diseases. Since information on these aspects are scattered in various scholarly articles, a concise source in the form of a book would be appropriate and useful for both cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. This project represents a concise review of normal and abnormal cardiac anatomy and physiology, the evolution of SVR to EVLPP with validation of near normal ventricular restoration, plus act as a reference guide for cardiac surgeons with interest in SVR.

Download or read book Systolic and Diastolic Function of the Heart written by Neil B. Ingels and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter 22: Crossbridge and Muscle Properties, Energetics, and Pressure-Volume Area -- Chapter 23: Constancy and Variability of Oxygen Costs of Mechanical Energy (PVA) and Contractility (Emax) -- Chapter 24: Tight Coupling between Regional Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Contractile Function -- Chapter 25: Force-Frequency Relation, Force-Interval Relation, and Mechanical Restitution -- Chapter 26: Elastance-Based Mechanical Restitution Provides Data from the Intact Heart Not Available from Any Other Technique -- Chapter 27: Contractility Indices -- Chapter 28: Searching for Indices of Contractility Is Counterproductive -- Chapter 29: Rapid Contractile Upregulation Rematches Stroke Work to Increased Afterload Independent of Ventricular Geometry, Afterload-Related Coronary Perfusion Pressure Fluctuations and Baseline Contractile State -- Chapter 30: Wall Thickening, Shears, and Cleavage Planes -- Chapter 31: Mechanisms of Large Ventricular Wall Shortening and Thickening -- Chapter 32: Twisting, Torsion, and Other Shears -- Chapter 33: Ventricular Twist and Its Relationship to Pressure Volume and Shortening -- Chapter 34: Differences in Systolic and Diastolic Torsional Deformation of the Left Ventricle -- Chapter 35: Coronary Flow, Systolic Perfusion, and the "Gregg Phenomenon -- Chapter 36: Intramyocardial Hydraulic Regulation of Cardiac Mechanics and Energetics -- Chapter 37: Left Ventricular Afterload and Arterial Coupling -- Indexes -- Author Index -- Affiliation Index -- Subject Index

Download or read book Feigenbaum s Echocardiography written by William F. Armstrong and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2010 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thoroughly revised Seventh Edition of Feigenbaum's Echocardiography reflects recent changes in the technology and clinical use of echocardiography. Highlights include over 1,600 illustrations, 600 in full color; detailed discussions on the use of three-dimensional echocardiography and perfusion imaging; and new information on the mechanics and utility of Strain and Strain rate imaging. Many new images complement the state-of-the-art information on technological advances. Current AHA/ACC guidelines are included for each chapter. An accompanying DVD contains tutorials on echo interpretation with voiceover and animations.

Download or read book Physiology of Sport and Exercise written by W. Larry Kenney and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2015-05-19 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note: This text was replaced with a seventh edition. This version is available only for courses using the sixth edition and will be discontinued at the end of the semester. Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Sixth Edition With Web Study Guide, frames research findings in physiology in a reader-friendly format, making this textbook a favorite of instructors and students alike. This resource offers a simple way for students to develop an understanding of the body’s abilities to perform various types and intensities of exercise and sport, to adapt to stressful situations, and to improve its physiological capacities. Written by a team of distinguished researchers, all past presidents of the American College of Sports Medicine, this updated sixth edition has been enhanced with new elements to facilitate learning comprehension. The redesigned photos, illustrations, and medical artwork of the fifth edition that clarified difficult concepts and illustrated how the body performs are now complemented by new digital components. Seven animations have been added, bringing the total to 25 and providing a dynamic way to experience course material. The 60 audio clips provide explanations of complex physiological processes to aid students’ understanding of important illustrations in the text, and approximately 20 video clips from leaders in the field discuss recent developments and real-world applications to help students connect theoretical and practical concepts. Corresponding icons throughout the text notify students when digital elements are available to complement the materials. In addition to the improved digital components, Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Sixth Edition, features new and updated content based on the latest research in the field: • Updated information on high-intensity interval training (HIIT), interactions between resistance training and diet, and the relationship between protein intake and muscle synthesis • A reorganized chapter on ergogenic aids and a clearer organization of prohibited versus legal substances • Extensively revised chapters on physical activity and disease, including updated treatment guidelines and understandings of metabolism and disease processes • New information on the health effects of prolonged sitting as well as osteoporosis, bone health, and effects of exercise during menopause • A series of 76 Research Perspectives emphasizing new and emerging findings in the field Ease of reading has been the cornerstone of this popular text. The sixth edition of Physiology of Sport and Exercise continues to offer comprehensive coverage of the complex relationship between human physiology and exercise while maintaining an engaging and student-friendly tone. Unique learning features allow students to build their knowledge as they discover the depth and breadth of this fascinating field of study. The book’s accessible layout, including chapter-opening outlines and review boxes throughout each chapter, will help students focus on the major concepts addressed. Study questions and a list of key terms at the end of the chapter increase students’ opportunities for recall and self-testing. A comprehensive glossary and lists of common abbreviations and conversions provide easy reference for students as they complete labs and assignments. To expand the material and provide an enriched learning experience, both students and instructors can take advantage of the web-based ancillaries that accompany the text. In addition to new animations, videos, and audio clips, the web study guide includes comprehension quizzes to provide immediate feedback to students on their knowledge retention as well as end-of-unit mastery checks that students can use for evaluating their progress. Instructors are provided with access to an instructor guide, test package, ready-to-use chapter quizzes, and a presentation package plus image bank. The presentation package includes PowerPoint slides with key points and content, which can be modified to suit a variety of class structures. An image bank features all of the graphics, artwork, and content photos from the text for easy insertion into tests, quizzes, handouts, and other course materials. Digital extras—composed of the animations, videos, and audio clips that students find in the web study guide—bolster comprehension of challenging concepts. Physiology of Sport and Exercise has been a cornerstone textbook of the engaging field of exercise physiology. Through dynamic and interactive learning activities, easy-to-follow layouts, and research-oriented content, students and instructors will find this an invaluable resource for their continued education.

Download or read book Kaplan s Cardiac Anesthesia E Book written by Joel A. Kaplan and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-04-11 with total page 1231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimize perioperative outcomes with Kaplan’s Cardiac Anesthesia! Dr. Joel L. Kaplan and a host of other authorities help you make the best use of the latest techniques and navigate your toughest clinical challenges. Whether you are administering anesthesia to cardiac surgery patients or to cardiac patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, you’ll have the guidance you need to avoid complications and ensure maximum patient safety. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Compatible with Kindle®, nook®, and other popular devices. Update your understanding of cardiovascular and coronary physiology, and the latest advances in molecular biology and inflammatory response mechanisms. Master the newest approaches to perioperative assessment and management, including state-of-the art diagnostic techniques. Tap into the latest knowledge about 2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiography, anesthesia delivery for minimally invasive/robotic cardiac surgery, assist devices and artificial hearts, cardiac pacing, cardiac resynchronization therapy, ablation techniques, and more. Access the complete contents online at Expert Consult, plus additional online-only features including an ECG atlas...videos that demonstrate 2-D and 3-D TEE techniques in real time...and an Annual Year End Highlight from the Journal of Cardiovascular Anesthesia that’s posted each February. Clearly visualize techniques with over 800 full-color illustrations.

Download or read book Coronary Artery Disease and the Myocardial Ischemic Cascade An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America written by U. Joseph Schoepf and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-04-07 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State of the Art CT and MR Imaging of Coronary Artery Disease and the Myocardial Ischemic Cascade is covered extensively in this issue of Radiologic Clinics. Articles will include: Imaging Coronary Artery Disease and the Myocardial Ischemic Cascade; CT Imaging of Coronary Artery Plaque; Coronary CT Angiography in Clinical Practice; Beyond Stenosis Detection: CT Approaches for Determining the Functional Relevance of Coronary Artery Disease; CT Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease; Cardiac CT for the Evaluation of the Acute Chest Pain Syndrome; Current State of the Art Cardiovascular MRI Techniques for Assessment of Ischemic Heart Disease; Global and Regional Functional Assessment of Ischemic Heart Disease with Cardiac MRI; MRI of the Coronary Vasculature: Imaging the Lumen, Wall and Beyond; Delayed Enhanced Viability Imaging: Techniques and Clinical Applications; Tissue Characterization of the Left Ventricular Myocardium: State of the Art Techniques and Emerging Clinical Utility; Stress Cardiac MRI: the Role of Stress Functional Assessment and Perfusion Imaging in the Evaluation of Ischemic Heart Disease, and much more!

Download or read book Dynamic Echocardiography E Book written by Roberto Lang and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-07-19 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dynamic Echocardiography combines textbook, case-based, and multimedia approaches to cover the latest advances in this rapidly evolving specialty. The experts at the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) present new developments in 3D echocardiography, aortic and mitral valve disease, interventional and intraoperative echocardiography, new technologies, and more. You’ll have everything you need to apply the latest techniques in echocardiography and get the best results...in print and online at www.expertconsult.com. Stay current on aortic and mitral valve disease, prosthetic heart valve disease, interventional and intraoperative echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, CAD, complications of MI, pericardial disease and intracardiac masses, myocardial diseases, heart failure filling pressures, CRT, CHD, and new technologies. Understand the advantages of 3D echocardiography and see how to effectively use this novel technique. Appreciate the visual nuances and details of echocardiography thanks to beautiful, full-color illustrations. Tap into the expertise of authorities from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Download or read book Vascular Diseases Advances in Research and Treatment 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 1014 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vascular Diseases—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Vascular Diseases. The editors have built Vascular Diseases—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Vascular Diseases in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Vascular Diseases—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.