Download or read book Molecular and Cellular Markers in Skeletal Muscle Damage After Acute Voluntary Exercise Containing Eccentric Muscle Contractions written by Satu O.A. Koskinen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In eccentric muscle contraction, the muscle is lengthening while contracting. For example, in downhill walking, the thigh muscles are contracting eccentrically. It is well known that unaccustomed eccentric exercise causes pain and may lead to inflammation reactions on muscles few days after the exercise. The theme of the present chapter is molecular and cellular markers in skeletal muscle damage after voluntary exercise containing eccentric muscle contractions. The chapter contains three topics: In the first topic, the damaging process followed by regeneration is demonstrated with antibody stainings of connective tissue, plasma membrane, and cytoskeletal proteins. The second topic is infiltration of inflammatory cells in damaged skeletal muscle. Neutrophils are usually the first inflammatory cells mostly present in the injured tissues; however, neutrophils are not present in exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. Finally, the relationship between skeletal muscle damage and systematic markers, serum creatine kinase and voluntary maximal force production, is described.
Download or read book Muscle Cell and Tissue written by Kunihiro Sakuma and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to complete tissue regeneration, various cells (neuronal, skeletal and smooth) interact coordinately with each other. This book, Muscle Cell and Tissue - Current Status of Research Field, deals with current progress and perspectives in a variety of topics on the skeletal and smooth muscle, stem cells, regeneration, disease or therapeutics. Novel applications for cell and tissue engineering including cell therapy, tissue models and disease pathology modeling are introduced. This book also deals with the differentiation/de-differentiation process of vascular smooth muscle cells in health and disease. Furthermore, natural products to reverse metabolic syndromes are descriptively reviewed. These chapters can be interesting for graduate students, teachers, physicians, executives and researchers in the field of molecular biology and regenerative medicine.
Download or read book Whole body Electromyostimulation A Training Technology to Improve Health and Performance in Humans written by Wolfgang Kemmler and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-08 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-05-24 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year workers' low-back, hand, and arm problems lead to time away from jobs and reduce the nation's economic productivity. The connection of these problems to workplace activities-from carrying boxes to lifting patients to pounding computer keyboards-is the subject of major disagreements among workers, employers, advocacy groups, and researchers. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace examines the scientific basis for connecting musculoskeletal disorders with the workplace, considering people, job tasks, and work environments. A multidisciplinary panel draws conclusions about the likelihood of causal links and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies. The panel also offers recommendations for what actions can be considered on the basis of current information and for closing information gaps. This book presents the latest information on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of musculoskeletal disorders and identifies factors that influence injury reporting. It reviews the broad scope of evidence: epidemiological studies of physical and psychosocial variables, basic biology, biomechanics, and physical and behavioral responses to stress. Given the magnitude of the problem-approximately 1 million people miss some work each year-and the current trends in workplace practices, this volume will be a must for advocates for workplace health, policy makers, employers, employees, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, and labor officials.
Download or read book Skeletal Muscle Muscular Dystrophy written by Donald Fischman and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Histologically, muscle is conveniently divided into two groups, striated and nonstriated, based on whether the cells exhibit cross-striations in the light microscope (Figure 3). Smooth muscle is involuntary: its contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Striated muscle includes both cardiac (involuntary) and skeletal (voluntary). The former is innervated by visceral efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, whereas the latter is innervated by somatic efferent fibers, most of which have their cell bodies in the ventral, motor horn of the spinal cord. Smooth muscle is designed to have slow, relatively sustained contractions, while striated muscle contracts rapidly and usually phasically. Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells are mononucleated, whereas skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are multinucleated. [In aging hearts or hypertrophied hearts, cardiac muscle cells are often binucleated.] Multinucleation of skeletal muscle arises during development by the cytoplasmic fusion of muscle precursor cells, myoblasts. Adult skeletal muscle cells do not divide; that is also true of most cardiac myocytes. However, skeletal muscle exhibits a considerable amount of regeneration after injury. This is because adult skeletal muscle contains a stem cell, the satellite cell, which lies beneath the basement membrane surrounding the muscle fibers. [The multinucleation of cardiac muscle arises from karyokinesis without cytokinesis.] A diagrammatic series of enlargements of skeletal muscle are shown in Figure 4. A bundle of muscle fibers (fasciculus) is cut from the deltoid muscle. Each muscle cell is termed a myofiber or muscle fiber. Each muscle fiber contains contractile organelles termed myofibrils, which contain the contractile units of muscle termed sarcomeres. The sarcomeres are composed of myofilaments, which in turn are composed of contractile proteins. Muscle connective tissue layers are organized in concentric layers that are important in the entry and exit of vessels and nerves to and from the tissue. These are shown in Figure 5. The outermost layer is the epimysium or muscle sheath. Connective tissue septae (perimysium) run radially into the muscle tissue, dividing it into muscle fascicles. The deepest layer, surrounding each of the muscle fibers is the endomysium. The endomysium is in direct contact with a basal lamina that ensheathes each muscle fiber. It surrounds the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber termed the sarcolemma.
Download or read book Muscle Regeneration written by Alexander Mauro and published by Raven Press (ID). This book was released on 1979 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cellular and Molecular Changes Following Skeletal Muscle Damage written by Robert D. Hyldahl and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skeletal muscle is dynamic and actively regenerates following damage or altered functional demand. Regeneration is essential for the maintenance of muscle mass and, when dysregulated as a result of disease or aging, can lead to losses in functional capacity and increased mortality. Limited data exist on the molecular mechanisms that govern skeletal muscle regeneration in humans. Therefore, the overall objective of this dissertation was to characterize early molecular alterations in human skeletal muscle to strenuous exercise known to induce a muscle regenerative response. Thirty-five subjects completed 100 eccentric (muscle lengthening) contractions (EC) of the knee extensors with one leg and muscle biopsies were taken from both legs 3 h post-EC. The sample from the non-EC leg served as the control. A well-powered transcriptomic screen and network analysis using Ingenuity Pathway software was first conducted on mRNA from the biopsy samples. Network analysis identified the transcription factor NF-kappaB (NF-kB) as a key molecular element affected by EC. Conformational qRT-PCR confirmed alterations in genes associated with NF-kappaB. A transcription factor ELISA, using nuclear extracts from EC and control muscle samples showed a 1.6 fold increase in NF-kB DNA binding activity following EC. Immunohistochemical experiments then localized the majority of NF-kB positive nuclei to cells in the interstitium, which stained positive for markers of pericyte cells and not satellite cells. To ascertain the mechanistic significance of NF-kB activation following muscle damage, in vitro analyses were carried out using a novel primary pericyte/myoblast co-culture model. Primary pericyte/myoblast co-culture experiments demonstrated that pericytes, transfected with a DNA vector designed to drive NF-kB activation, enhanced proliferation and inhibited myogenic differentiation of co-cultured skeletal muscle myoblasts. Furthermore, reduced NF-kB activation led to enhanced myogenic potential of primary pericytes. Taken together, the data in this dissertation suggest that NF-kB dependent signaling in pericytes regulates myogenic differentiation in a cell- and non-cell autonomous manner and may affect the early regenerative response following muscle damage by inhibiting differentition and promoting proliferation of muscle satellite cells.
Download or read book The Resolution of Inflammation written by Adriano Rossi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-17 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the resolution of inflammation and on new developments in this area, including pro-resolution mediators, apoptosis, macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, possible novel drug developments.
Download or read book Cellular Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Damage and Adaptation Following Eccentric Contractions written by Todd Aaron McBride and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exercise Metabolism written by Mark Hargreaves and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2006 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference for biochemists, sport nutritionists, exercise physiologists, and graduate students in those disciplines. Provides information on the metabolic processes that take place during exercise, examining in depth the mobilization and utilization of substrates during physical activity. Focuses primarily on the skeletal muscle, but also discusses the roles of the liver and adipose tissue. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Disorders of Voluntary Muscle written by George Karpati and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-07-12 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rewritten and redesigned, this remains the one essential text on the diseases of skeletal muscle.
Download or read book Stretch Intensity and the Inflammatory Response A Paradigm Shift written by Nikos C. Apostolopoulos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-27 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this manuscript, practitioners and students who are concerned with sports and rehabilitation medicine, kinesiology, as well as coaches and athletes, are introduced to numerous concepts, including mechanotransduction, inflammation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, calpains, the extracellular matrix, neutrophils and macrophages, and their relevance to stretching, particularly stretching intensity. Although the quantitative parameters of training, duration, and frequency are important, it is the qualitative criterion of intensity (“how much”) that the author suggests is ultimately of greater concern. Intensity, the rate and magnitude of force, may be responsible for the proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation of the musculoskeletal tissues from training, competition, or rehabilitation from injuries. Research suggests that too much force results in the stimulation of an inflammatory response, one associated with a biochemical feedback emerging from a mechanical stimulus. The intent of this manuscript is twofold: to initiate the discussion of the importance of stretching intensity with regard to proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation, and to suggest that researchers need to explore its potential role in addressing numerous inflammatory (RA) and non-inflammatory (OA, recurrent tendinitis etc.) musculoskeletal conditions as well.
Download or read book ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION INDUCED written by Wai Ella Yeung and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Eccentric Contraction-induced Injury in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle" by Wai, Ella, Yeung, 楊慧, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled "Eccentric contraction-induced injury in mammalian skeletal muscle " submitted by Ella Wai YEUNG for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong in February, 2003 Eccentric contractions, in which muscles are lengthened during contraction, may injure skeletal muscle but the mechanism(s) for this remain uncertain. The hypothesis tested is that alterations in intracellular concentrations + + of ions such as Na or H may underlie some of the functional impairment. The initial phase of eccentric contraction-induced injury was investigated: the influence of eccentric contraction on developed force, intracellular pH, Na homeostasis and T-tubule morphology was examined; the roles of these changes in the development of muscle damage are discussed. Single fibres from the flexor brevis muscle of mice or small bundles of fibres from the soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscle of rats were dissected. Muscles underwent either 10 isometric tetani (controls) or 10 eccentric tetani, during which a 30 or 40 % stretch of the optimal length (L ) was applied. Eccentrically-contracted muscles showed 3 characteristic features of stretch- induced damage: (i) reduced maximal force, (ii) greater reduction of force at low stimulation frequencies, (iii) shift in L to a longer muscle length. Ten isometric o tetani or stretches of resting fibres reproduced none of these features. Intracellular pH ( pH ) was determined in rat soleus muscle with the fluorescent indicator BCECF. The resting pH was more acidic after eccentric contractions (6.80 0.06) than after isometric contractions (6.97 0.04). The rate of pH recovery following an acid load was reduced from 0.022 + 0.003 units i -1 -1 min following isometric contractions to 0.013 + 0.002 units min following eccentric contractions. The results suggested that the ability of the muscle to regulate pH was impaired after eccentric contractions, which may partially explain the reduction in force. T-tubule morphology and function were studied in single mouse muscle fibres with confocal microscopy. Following eccentric contractions, vacuoles connected to the T-tubules appeared, and the diffusion of an extracellular marker (sulforhodamine B) from the T-tubules was slowed to a half time 6.3 2.4 min, compared to 18 1 s in isometric controls. [Na ] measurements were performed with the fluorescent indicator SBFI or sodium green. Isometric tetani had no detectable effect on [Na ] (7.2 0.5 mM), whereas eccentric contraction increased [Na ] to 16.3 1.6 mM. Confocal i images showed a uniform increase in [Na ] after eccentric tetani with no localized elevations of [Na ]. Gadolinium, a blocker of stretch-sensitive channels prevented the rise of [Na ] and reduced the force deficit after eccentric damage. The slow extrusion of intracellular protons following eccentric contractions may be explained by the rise in [Na ] which would be expected to + + reduce the inward Na gradient and hence slow proton efflux. The Na may enter by very small and widely distributed membrane tears, or alternatively through stretch-sensitive channels which remain open for many minutes after eccentric contractions. The vacuoles may result from osmotic stresses involved in pumping out the excess Na . Th
Download or read book Monitoring Metabolic Status written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-08-29 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. military's concerns about the individual combat service member's ability to avoid performance degradation, in conjunction with the need to maintain both mental and physical capabilities in highly stressful situations, have led to and interest in developing methods by which commanders can monitor the status of the combat service members in the field. This report examines appropriate biological markers, monitoring technologies currently available and in need of development, and appropriate algorithms to interpret the data obtained in order to provide information for command decisions relative to the physiological "readiness" of each combat service member. More specifically, this report also provides responses to questions posed by the military relative to monitoring the metabolic regulation during prolonged, exhaustive efforts, where nutrition/hydration and repair mechanisms may be mismatched to intakes and rest, or where specific metabolic derangements are present.
Download or read book Molecular Exercise Physiology written by Adam Sharples and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-05-11 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised and expanded, the second edition of Molecular Exercise Physiology offers a student-friendly introduction. It introduces a history documenting the emergence of molecular biology techniques to investigate exercise physiology, the methodology used, exercise genetics and epigenetics, and the molecular mechanisms that lead to adaptation after different types of exercise, with explicit links to outcomes in sport performance, nutrition, physical activity and clinical exercise. Structured around key topics in sport and exercise science and featuring contributions from pioneering scientists, such as Nobel Prize winners, this edition includes new chapters based on cutting-edge research in epigenetics and muscle memory, satellite cells, exercise in cancer, at altitude, and in hot and cold climates. Chapters include learning objectives, structured guides to further reading, review questions, overviews of work by key researchers and box discussions from important pioneers in the field, making it a complete resource for any molecular exercise physiology course. The book includes cell and molecular biology laboratory methods for dissertation and research projects in molecular exercise physiology and muscle physiology. This book is essential reading for upper-level undergraduate or postgraduate courses in cellular and molecular exercise physiology and muscle physiology. It is a valuable resource for any student with an advanced interest in exercise physiology in both sport performance and clinical settings.
Download or read book Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles written by Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2012-04-10 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richly illustrated and presented in clear, concise language, Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles is an essential resource for those seeking advanced knowledge of muscle biomechanics. Written by leading experts Vladimir Zatsiorsky and Boris Prilutsky, the text is one of the few to look at muscle biomechanics in its entirety—from muscle fibers to muscle coordination—making it a unique contribution to the field. Using a blend of experimental evidence and mechanical models, Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles provides an explanation of whole muscle biomechanics at work in the body in motion. The book first addresses the mechanical behavior of single muscles—from the sarcomere level up to the entire muscle. The architecture of human muscle, the mechanical properties of tendons and passive muscles, the biomechanics of active muscles, and the force transmission and shock absorption aspects of muscle are explored in detail. Next, the various issues of muscle functioning during human motion are addressed. The transformation from muscle force to joint movements, two-joint muscle function, eccentric muscle action, and muscle coordination are analyzed. This advanced text assumes some knowledge of algebra and calculus; however, the emphasis is on understanding physical concepts. Higher-level computational descriptions are placed in special sections in the later chapters of the book, allowing those with a strong mathematical background to explore this material in more detail. Readers who choose to skip over these sections will find that the book still provides a strong conceptual understanding of advanced topics. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles also contains numerous special features that facilitate readers’ comprehension of the topics presented. More than 300 illustrations and accompanying explanations provide an extensive visual representation of muscle biomechanics. Refresher sidebars offer brief reminders of mathematical and biomechanical concepts, and From the Literature sidebars present practical examples that illustrate the concepts under discussion. Chapter summaries and review questions provide an opportunity for reflection and self-testing, and reference lists at the end of each chapter provide a starting point for further study. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles offers a thorough explanation of whole muscle biomechanics, bridging the gap between foundational biomechanics texts and scientific literature. With the information found in this text, readers can prepare themselves to better understand the latest in cutting-edge research. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles is the third volume in the Biomechanics of Human Motion series. Advanced readers in human movement science gain a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanics of human motion as presented by one of the world’s foremost researchers on the subject, Dr. Vladimir Zatsiorsky. The series begins with Kinematics of Human Motion, which details human body positioning and movement in three dimensions; continues with Kinetics of Human Motion, which examines the forces that create body motion and their effects; and concludes with Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles, which explains the action of the biological motors that exert force and produce mechanical work during human movement.
Download or read book Science Theory and Clinical Application in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy Applied Science and Theory written by Ola Grimsby and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2008-09-16 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long awaited textbook from The Ola Grimsby Institute provides decades of clinical experience and reasoning, with both historical and current evidence, with rationale for both passive and active treatments in orthopaedic manual therapy. Practical guidelines for joint mobilization and exercise rehabilitation are presented with this logical and exciting work. Incorporating experience and science, this book provides new approaches and treatment principles to make what you already do more effective. Extensive Content: Over 535 pages and 275 illustrations, photographs and tables Ola Grimsby and his co-authors have compiled a significant resource for the practicing physical therapist, manual therapist or osteopath.
