Download or read book Modified Clays as Effective Soil Amendment to Reduce Leaching of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Contaminated Soils written by Chenyang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Repeated discharges of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) in designated firefighting training areas over decades are closely linked to severe soil and groundwater contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Increasingly stringent regulations require mitigation measures and treatment technologies that can effectively control the spread of PFASs or clean up impacted sites. A broad array of treatment technologies has been developed for treating contaminated water, while few have focused on effective soil treatment technologies that are available to contaminated site practitioners. The literature has documented that modified clays, produced by inserting organic cations (e.g. quaternary ammonium surfactant) in the exchange sites of extendable clays (e.g. smectite clays), can immobilize a range of organic contaminants in soil remediation. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of modified clays (bentonite-based materials) as a soil amendment in reducing the mobility or leachability of the dozens of PFASs detected in impacted soils, which may contribute to developing low-cost and easy-to-implement soil remediation technology. PFAS profiles of four AFFF-contaminated soils and the soil leachates were first characterized using UHPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to demonstrate the significant presence of anionic, cationic, neutral and zwitterionic PFAS. In the first stage, a soil leachability test modified based on the USEPA method 1311 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was used to determine the effect of sorbent dosage, equilibration time, and potential microbial activities using a heavily contaminated soil. The significant decrease (95~99%) in aqueous concentrations of anionic PFAS from the soil leachate, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane carboxylate (PFOA), can be achieved in 1-4 days with a dosage as low as 0.5% (w/w). There was also a significant decrease of several cationic and neutral/zwitterionic PFAS (70~99%), but a higher dosage was necessary to achieve removal similar to the anionic PFASs. Meanwhile, the solution pH and ionic strength of extraction fluids did not show any detectable impact on PFAS leachability. In the second stage, a comparative assessment was conducted among the modified clay, granular activated carbon (GAC), and biochar. Both modified clays and GAC achieved significant PFAS decrease in aqueous concentration whereas negligible PFASs decrease was found in biochar-amended soil leachates. Modified clays performed better than GAC in the uptake of anionic and neutral/ zwitterionic PFASs, while GAC was the most effective sorbent in preventing the leaching of cationic PFASs. In the third stage, the performance of modified clays on the cationic PFAS was improved by adding a natural bentonite clay, which can be attributed to the strong affinity of natural montmorillonite minerals for cationic PFASs. The findings suggest that the combined uses of natural and modified bentonite clay minerals present a viable low-cost and effective solution in soil remediation of PFASs"--
Download or read book Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Earthworms Eisenia Fetida from Sorbent amended Soils written by Julie Jarjour and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) for extinguishing fuel fires has introduced poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into different environmental media, including soil. Such contaminated sites are long-term sources of PFAS pollution, posing a threat to drinking water supplies in many locations. In situ soil stabilization using sorbent amendments, such as granular activated carbon and modified clay minerals, has demonstrated efficacy in immobilizing PFAS in contaminated soil. The measure is expected to be highly effective in reducing PFAS bioavailability to earthworms, the predominant soil invertebrates, but limited experimental evidence is available. Therefore, PFAS uptake from contaminated soils by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following amendment was studied to address the knowledge gap. Two different amendments were evaluated for this study: coal-based activated carbon (F400) and a new modified clay-based adsorbent (FLUORO-SORB100®). Surface soil was collected locally and spiked with PFAS at ~ 100 ng/g dry weight to simulate a moderately contaminated soil, to which the sorbents were amended at different concentrations (0-4 w/w%). A field-collected AFFF-impacted soil with high PFAS levels was tested at one amendment concentration (4 w/w%). The mixture of representative PFAS included 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), 6 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), and 3 (n:2) fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs). Earthworms were exposed to PFAS during the uptake phase test until the expected steady-state was reached (28 days). Both amendments resulted in reduced earthworm body burdens compared to the setup without amendment, with 4 w/w% amendment being the most effective, reducing body burdens of total PFAS by>95% in the spiked soil. Activated carbon performed slightly better at reducing body burdens in both soils in terms of total PFAS, possibly owing to minimal gut exposure; earthworms largely avoided ingesting the activated carbon probably due to its particle size. In clay-amended soil, both gut route and skin contact contributed to PFAS uptake by earthworms. Furthermore, a soil leaching test was performed at the end of the uptake phase to understand the mobility of PFAS following the soil amendment. The clay-based adsorbent performed better at immobilizing most analytes in the contaminated soil; however, in the spiked soil, clay was not as effective as activated carbon for short-chain PFCAs. Strong positive log-log relationships were observed between leachate concentrations and earthworm body burdens for most PFAS analytes in the spiked soil. The finding suggests that although the leaching test evaluates PFAS mobility, the PFAS leachate concentrations might be correlated with pore water concentrations, thus partly explain the extent of earthworm body burdens. Overall, this study allows for a risk-based assessment strategy for the use of amendments for mitigating PFAS pollution of soils"--
Download or read book Soil and Groundwater Remediation Technologies written by Yong Sik Ok and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-23 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers various soil and water treatment technologies due to increasing global soil and water pollution. In many countries, the management of contaminated land has matured, and it is developing in many others. Topics covered include chemical and ecological risk assessment of contaminated sites; phytomanagement of contaminants; arsenic removal; selection and technology diffusion; technologies and socio-environmental management; post-remediation long-term management; soil and groundwater laws and regulations; and trace element regulation limits in soil. Future prospects of soil and groundwater remediation are critically discussed in this book. Hence, readers will learn to understand the future prospects of soil and groundwater contaminants and remediation measures. Key Features: Discusses conventional and novel aspects of soil and groundwater remediation technologies Includes new monitoring/sensing technologies for soil and groundwater pollution Features a case study of remediation of contaminated sites in the old, industrial, Ruhr area in Germany Highlights soil washing, soil flushing, and stabilization/solidification Presents information on emerging contaminants that exhibit new challenges This book is designed for undergraduate and graduate courses and can be used as a handbook for researchers, policy makers, and local governmental institutes. Soil and Groundwater Remediation Technologies: A Practical Guide is written by a team of leading global experts in the field.
Download or read book Organoclay Treatment to Reduce Leachable Concentrations of Organic Pollutants in Contaminated Soils written by Julia M. Brixie and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Soil pollution a hidden reality written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-04-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.
Download or read book Biochar for Environmental Management written by Dr. Johannes Lehmann and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2009 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure, or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process.This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book The Use of Modified Clays for Solidification stabilization of Organics in Contaminated Soil written by Saeid Gitipour and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 1 Test No 106 Adsorption Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2000-01-21 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Test Guideline is aimed at estimating the adsorption/desorption behaviour of a chemical on different soil types. The goal is to obtain a sorption value which can be used to predict partitioning under a variety of environmental conditions; to ...
Download or read book Surface Complexation Modeling written by David A. Dzombak and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1991-01-16 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a description of the thermodynamic model, data treatment procedures and the thermodynamic constants for hydrous ferric oxide. Includes detailed coverage of the model and the parameter extraction procedure.
Download or read book Global Assessment of Soil Pollution written by Food and Agriculture Organization and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World soil health is under pressure from erosion, loss of soil organic carbon and biodiversity, pollution, and salinization. This report presents the status and drivers of global soil pollution, as well as recommendations to address the issue such as using bioremediation technologies.
Download or read book Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products written by Thomas P. Knepper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to their unparalleled effectiveness and efficiency, polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC) have become essential in numerous technical applications. However, many PFCs brought to market show limited biodegradability, and their environmental persistence combined with toxic and bioaccumulative potential have become a matter of concern in some instances. This volume highlights the synthesis of PFCs, focusing on substances with improved application and environmental properties, which are a challenge for synthetic chemists. Further, modern mass spectrometric techniques for the detection and identification of biotransformation products of PFCs are described. The sorption and leaching behavior of PFC in soil is also addressed in order to predict their fate in the environment. Several contributions discuss the monitoring of PFCs in European surface, ground and drinking waters, treatment options for PFC removal from drinking water, occurrence in food, and the human biomonitoring of PFCs.
Download or read book Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation written by Wei-Yin Chen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-02-13 with total page 2130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a mounting consensus that human behavior is changing the global climate and its consequence could be catastrophic. Reducing the 24 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions from stationary and mobile sources is a gigantic task involving both technological challenges and monumental financial and societal costs. The pursuit of sustainable energy resources, environment, and economy has become a complex issue of global scale that affects the daily life of every citizen of the world. The present mitigation activities range from energy conservation, carbon-neutral energy conversions, carbon advanced combustion process that produce no greenhouse gases and that enable carbon capture and sequestion, to other advanced technologies. From its causes and impacts to its solutions, the issues surrounding climate change involve multidisciplinary science and technology. This handbook will provide a single source of this information. The book will be divided into the following sections: Scientific Evidence of Climate Change and Societal Issues, Impacts of Climate Change, Energy Conservation, Alternative Energies, Advanced Combustion, Advanced Technologies, and Education and Outreach.
Download or read book The cost of inaction written by Gretta Goldenman and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-03-17 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.
Download or read book Polymer Based Advanced Functional Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Nithin Kundachira Subramani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer-based advanced functional materials are one of most sought after products of this global high performance material demand as polymer-based materials guarantee both processing ease and mechanical flexibilities. This volume provides a comprehensive and updated review of major innovations in the field of polymer-based advanced functional materials which focuses on constructive knowledge on advanced multifunctional materials and their resultant techno-commercial applications. The contents aim at restricting the coverage to energy and environment related applications as the said two are the most emerging application domains of polymer-based advanced functional materials. It highlights the cutting-edge and recent research findings of polymer based advanced functional materials in energy and environment sectors wherein each chapter focuses on a specific energy and environment related application of polymer-based advanced functional materials, their preparation technique, nature enhancement achieved and allied factors. This volume would be of great interest to researchers, academicians and professionals, involved in polymers, chemistry, energy and environmental research, and other allied domains.
Download or read book Use and Potential Impacts of AFFF Containing PFASs at Airports written by Andrew H. Thalheimer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 173: Use and Potential Impacts of AFFF Containing PFASs at Airports explores the potential environmental and health impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) typically found in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). The report describes methods that can be used to identify areas of potential concern at an airport and ways to implement management and remediation practices.
Download or read book Remediation Hydraulics written by Fred C. Payne and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-03-27 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In situ treatments involving the arrangement of contact between prospective reactants in complex porous media require a refined understanding of solute migration. However, the tools and methods used to predict and control fluid movement in the subsurface need significant improvement. Practitioners and regulators must develop novel methods to
Download or read book Advances in Water Purification Techniques written by Satinder Ahuja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Water Purification Techniques: Meeting the Needs of Developed and Developing Countries provides a variety of approaches to water purification that can help assist readers with their research and applications. Water contamination problems occur frequently worldwide, hence the most updated knowledge on water purification systems can be helpful in employing the right type of filter or other mechanism of decontamination. The problems with arsenic contamination of water in Bangladesh and the lead problem in Flint, Michigan remind us of the need to monitor water pollution rigorously, from both point and non-point sources. - Provides a valuable resource on how to solve water contamination problems or develop new approaches to water purification - Presents advanced methods for monitoring water contamination - Describes various approaches to water purification - Encourages new developments in water purification techniques - Includes methods for assessing and monitoring environmental contaminants - Covers recent advancement in molecular techniques
