Download or read book Modeling Racial Differences in Colorectal Cancer Screening written by Ryan J. Ehrensberger and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite strong evidence that screening for Colorectal cancer (CRC) can reduce cancer incidence and mortality, screening adherence remains low. Racial differences in CRC incidence and mortality are well documented in the literature. Racial differences in CRC screening use remain mixed with most studies using race as an independent variable and focusing on racial differences in CRC screening rates. Few studies have examined correlates of CRC screening use, stratifying by race. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are racial differences in correlates of CRC screening, using the Health Belief Model as the theoretical framework. Data analyzed in this study came from the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) of the National Cancer Institute. White (n=1988) and non-white (562) respondents age & [greater or equal] 50 years, without a history of cancer were interviewed by phone. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of FOBT and endoscopy adherence stratified by race and screening test. Independent variables included age, gender, education, income, insurance status, regular care visit frequency, perceived risk of CRC, family history of cancer, CRC knowledge, cancer worry, perceptions of screening benefits, and perceptions of expense as a barrier. Predictors of adherence to FOBT for whites included being older and having at least 1 regular car visit. Predictors of FOBT adherence for non-whites included having health insurance. Endoscopy adherence for whites was significantly associated with being older, being female, and agreeing with perceptions of benefits to CRC screening. Predictors of endoscopy adherence for non-whites included being older, and disagreeing with perceptions of benefits to CRC screening. Such differences, if confirmed in future studies, may inform race-specific interventions to increase CRC screening utilization.
Download or read book Regional Racial and Gender Differences in Colorectal Cancer Screening in Multiple United States written by Fehmida Toor and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Applicability of the Preventive Health Model to Different Ethnic Groups in Colorectal Cancer Screening written by Fatme Fakhry and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average Risk Adults written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-04-11 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Cancer Policy Board and the Board on Science, Engineering, and Economic Policy convened a workshop in January 2004 on "Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening in Average-Risk Adults". The purpose of the workshop was to explore the reasons for differences among leading cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) models of CRC screening, which public health policy makers increasingly rely on to help them sift through the many choices confronting them. Participants discussed the results of a collaborative pre-workshop exercise undertaken by five research teams that have developed and maintained comprehensive models of CRC screening in average-risk adults, to gain insight into each model's structure and assumptions and possible explanations for differences in their published analyses. Workshop participants also examined the current state of knowledge on key inputs to the models with a view toward identifying areas where further research may be warranted. This document summarized the presentations and discussion at the workshop.
Download or read book Colorectal Cancer Screening written by Joseph Anderson, MD and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-23 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colorectal Cancer Screening provides a complete overview of colorectal cancer screening, from epidemiology and molecular abnormalities, to the latest screening techniques such as stool DNA and FIT, Computerized Tomography (CT) Colonography, High Definition Colonoscopes and Narrow Band Imaging. As the text is devoted entirely to CRC screening, it features many facts, principles, guidelines and figures related to screening in an easy access format. This volume provides a complete guide to colorectal cancer screening which will be informative to the subspecialist as well as the primary care practitioner. It represents the only text that provides this up to date information about a subject that is continually changing. For the primary practitioner, information on the guidelines for screening as well as increasing patient participation is presentedd. For the subspecialist, information regarding the latest imaging techniques as well as flat adenomas and chromoendoscopy are covered. The section on the molecular changes in CRC will appeal to both groups. The text includes up to date information about colorectal screening that encompasses the entire spectrum of the topic and features photographs of polyps as well as diagrams of the morphology of polyps as well as photographs of CT colonography images. Algorithms are presented for all the suggested guidelines. Chapters are devoted to patient participation in screening and risk factors as well as new imaging technology. This useful volume explains the rationale behind screening for CRC. In addition, it covers the different screening options as well as the performance characteristics, when available in the literature, for each test. This volume will be used by the sub specialists who perform screening tests as well as primary care practitioners who refer patients to be screened for colorectal cancer.
Download or read book Testing a Socio cultural Model of Colorectal Cancer Screening Among African Americans written by Jason Q. Purnell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death for African Americans, but screening consistent with American Cancer Society guidelines remains underutilized. Many of the theoretical models currently used to explain preventive health behavior do not include social and cultural factors relevant to this population, such as adoption of mainstream cultural norms (acculturation), mistrust of health care systems, group-level perceptions of susceptibility, and social support. The purpose of this study is to test a sociocultural model of intention to be screened for colorectal cancer among African Americans. The model proposes that sociodemographic variables, social support, socio-cultural factors, and perceived susceptibility are all predictors of the intention to undergo colorectal cancer screening for African Americans. The relationship between this set of variables and intentions is mediated by the perceived barriers and perceived benefits of screening. Data are presented on a sample of 198 African Americans recruited from churches, places of employment, and social/civic organizations in two large Midwestern cities. Structural equation modeling (LISREL) was used to test the model. The model exhibited good fit (RMSEA = .061) and socio-cultural variables added significantly to the prediction of intention to screen for colorectal cancer with perceived benefits and barriers as mediators. Specifically, individuals with more traditional acculturative strategies, less medical mistrust, and more perceived group susceptibility reported more intention to be screened as a function of greater perception of benefits of screening. Younger individuals and those with greater access to health care also reported more intention as a function of less perceived barriers to screening. However, socioeconomic status, social support, and individual susceptibility did not have significant indirect effects through benefits and barriers. Post-hoc analyses examining the model in greater detail and testing interactions among socio-cultural predictors are presented along with information on the sample's knowledge and past utilization of colorectal cancer screening. These results are discussed with reference to their implications for future research and interventions addressing African American colorectal cancer screening.
Download or read book Health Beliefs Knowledge and Perceived Barriers of Colorectal Cancer Screening Practices Among African Americans written by Cheryl Larkin Logan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research indicates that African Americans have the highest death rate and shortest survival rate of any ethnic or racial group in the Unites States for most cancers. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in men and women. The literature reveals that the primary cause of higher mortality and incidence rates is the lack of participation in colorectal cancer screening activities. This descriptive study examined the health beliefs, knowledge, and perceived barriers of colorectal cancer screening practices among African Americans. Using the Health Belief Model as the theoretical framework, and Champion's Health Belief Model scale, information regarding the health beliefs, knowledge, and perceived barriers of colorectal cancer screening among 13 African American men and women living in western North Carolina was obtained. The results of this study indicate that the majority of African Americans participated in sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy colorectal cancer screening and were knowledgeable about when this type of screening needs to begin and how often it should occur. Future research should be conducted replicating this study using a larger, representative sample in order to understand the relationship between colorectal knowledge and screening practices among African Americans. The aim is to increase colorectal cancer screening among African Americans and ultimately decrease the rate of mortality from this cancer.
Download or read book The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer written by William B. Coleman and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2016-11-11 with total page 868 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the concepts of molecular medicine and personalized medicine. Subsequent chapters cover the topics of genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, as the tools of molecular pathology and foundations of molecular medicine. These chapters are followed by a series of chapters that provide overviews of molecular medicine as applied broadly to neoplastic, genetic, and infectious diseases, as well as a chapter on molecular diagnostics. The volume concludes with a chapter that delves into the promise of molecular medicine in the personalized treatment of patients with complex diseases, along with a discussion of the challenges and obstacles to personalized patient care. The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer, Second Edition, is a valuable resource for oncologists, researchers, and all medical professionals who work with cancer.
Download or read book Colorectal Cancer Screening written by Evette D. Toney and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prevention and Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer written by Graeme P. Young and published by W.B. Saunders Company. This book was released on 1996 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an overview of the issues involved in prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer providing up-to-date, practical advice for clinicians. Possible management strategies for those at risk are provided, taking into account the biological principles of colorectal cancer development, epidemiological data and emerging genetic information, as well as social and environmental factors.
Download or read book Colorectal Cancer Screening Disparities Among Ethnic racial Groups in the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths, affecting both men and women of all race/ethnicities. Preventative measures such as screening have significantly contributed to an overall reduction of incidence and mortality rates; however the underutilization of CRC screening by high at risk populations continue to be a problem in the United States. Previous studies have continuously identified lower CRC screening rates among the uninsured, low income and less educated individuals. Using the most current available data on cancer screening from the National Health Interview Survey 2010, this study assessed up-to-date CRC screening adherence between ethnic/racial groups in order to identify any screening disparities that have historically been present among minority ethnic/racial groups. Understanding barriers to CRC screening among high at risk populations can lead to the development and implementation of culturally sensitive and cost-effective programs that may contribute to the overall reduction of cancer burden in the United States.
Download or read book Unequal Treatment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-02-06 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.
Download or read book Colorectal Cancer Screening written by Amy B. Knudsen and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IMPORTANCE: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is updating its 2016 recommendations for screening for colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE: To provide the USPSTF updated model-based estimates of the benefits, burden, and harms of colorectal cancer screening strategies that vary by the ages to begin and end screening, screening modality, and screening interval. Analyses also identify strategies that may provide an efficient balance of the colonoscopy burden and the life-years gained (LYG) from screening. DESIGN: Comparative modeling using 3 microsimulation models that simulate outcomes with and without colorectal cancer screening in a hypothetical cohort of previously unscreened average-risk U.S. 40-year-olds with no prior colorectal cancer diagnosis. EXPOSURES: Screening from ages 45, 50 or 55 years to ages 70, 75, 80, or 85 years with fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), multitarget stool DNA testing (FIT-DNA), flexible sigmoidoscopy (SIG) alone or in conjunction with interval FIT, computed tomographic colonography (CTC), or colonoscopy. Screening intervals varied by modality. All persons with an abnormal non-colonoscopy screening test were assumed to undergo follow up colonoscopy. Full adherence with all screening, follow up, and surveillance procedures was assumed. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Estimated LYG relative to no screening (benefit), lifetime number of colonoscopies (burden), lifetime number of complications from screening (harms), and balance of incremental burden and benefit (efficiency ratios). Efficient strategies were those that required fewer additional colonoscopies per LYG, relative to other strategies. RESULTS: Estimated LYG from screening ranged from 171 to 381 per 1000 40-year-olds. Lifetime colonoscopy burden ranged from 624 to 6817 per 1000 individuals, and screening complications ranged from 5 to 22 per 1000 individuals. Forty-nine screening strategies were found to be efficient options by all 3 models; in 41 of these strategies, screening began at age 45. No single age to end screening was predominant among the efficient strategies, although the estimated increases in LYG from continuing screening after age 75 were generally small. With the exception of a 5-year interval for CTC, no screening interval was predominant among the efficient strategies for each modality. Among the screening strategies highlighted in the 2016 USPSTF colorectal cancer screening recommendations, lowering the age to begin screening from 50 to 45 was estimated to result in 22 to 27 additional LYG, 2 to 3 fewer colorectal cancer cases, and 0.9 to 1 fewer colorectal cancer death, but it was also estimated to result in 0.1 to 2 additional complications, 161 to 784 additional colonoscopies, and 0 (with colonoscopy) to 3553 additional non-colonoscopy tests over the lifetimes of 1000 persons (ranges are across screening strategies, based on mean estimates across the 3 models). Sensitivity analyses indicated that there was little advantage to customizing screening by race and sex; the estimated numbers of LYG, colonoscopies, and complications were similar across race-sex groups, as were the efficient strategies and their ratios. Scenario analyses demonstrated that efficient strategies were similar across 3 scenarios for the population risk of colorectal cancer, including one in which the assumed risk increase was less conservative than the assumption for the base-case analysis. The effect of imperfect adherence on outcomes was estimated by comparing strategies with different ages to begin screening (to examine delays in uptake) or with strategies with different screening intervals (to examine delays in rescreening). For example, the models estimated that extending the interval of repeat colonoscopy screening from 10 to 15 years would result in a loss of 22 to 38 life years per 1000, and extending the interval of FIT screening from annual to triennial testing would result in a loss of 28 to 41 life years per 1000. LIMITATIONS: The models do not simulate the serrated polyp pathway to CRC. The models assume that the observed increase in colorectal cancer incidence among 20- to 44-year-olds in recent years is a cohort effect, and that the increase in risk will be carried forward as individuals age. They further assume that the increase in incidence is driven by an increased risk of developing adenomas, as opposed to faster or more frequent progression of adenomas to malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative modeling study suggests that colorectal cancer screening may lead to sizable reductions in the lifetime risks of developing and dying from colorectal cancer. Many screening strategies are estimated to provide an efficient balance of the burden and benefit of screening; these strategies encompass a range of screening modalities, intervals, and ages. However, when the benefits of screening are measured by the number of LYG, most of the efficient screening strategies identified by all 3 models specified screening starting at age 45. Starting screening at age 45 was generally estimated to result in more LYG and fewer colorectal cancer cases and deaths than similar strategies with screening starting at age 50 or age 55, albeit with a higher lifetime burden of both colonoscopy and non-colonoscopy testing and slightly higher lifetime risks of complications.
Download or read book Evaluation and Comparison of Theoretical Models Abilities to Explain and Predict Colorectal Cancer Screening Behaviors written by Anthony Molisani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common and second most deadly cancer in the United States. However, it is highly preventable and treatable if detected at the precancerous or local stage of development. There exists multiple screening methods each with varying sensitivity, required effort, and recommended frequency of use. Complete adherence to screening guidelines by the recommended, at-risk population would halve the current mortality rate. Unfortunately, screening adherence remains the lowest of all screened cancers with a median state screening adherence rate of about 65%. To understand what individual-level factors influence an individual's decision to be screened, health behavior theory is used. However, few studies have evaluated the performance of entire behavioral theories in their ability to explain CRC screening intentions and behaviors. METHOD: Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Attribution Theory were evaluated within the context of colorectal cancer screening using an online national sample (N=403) of at-risk individuals age 50 and older. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed for each evaluated construct of the theory. Structural equation models were created using the estimated constructs for each theory. Each theory was evaluated for the following screening use: colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), and general screening use. Fit statistics were estimated for each model. Models with acceptable fit were examined for significant pathways within the model as well as consistency of the model with the behavioral theory. RESULTS: All models displayed adequate fit statistics. While not all pathways were significant in each model, no estimate was the inverse in directionality to that hypothesized. This provides support that each theory lends some explanatory power and none of the theories evaluated detract from understanding CRC screening intentions and behaviors. Comparison of the models illustrates advantages to each theory and suggests potential integration of theories. CONCLUSION: The constructs of the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Attribution Theory all provide adequate explanations of individual-level CRC screening behavior influences. Although, further review and refinement of the theories is warranted and recommended.
Download or read book Fulfilling the Potential of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-05-07 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer ranks second only to heart disease as a leading cause of death in the United States, making it a tremendous burden in years of life lost, patient suffering, and economic costs. Fulfilling the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection reviews the proof that we can dramatically reduce cancer rates. The National Cancer Policy Board, part of the Institute of Medicine, outlines a national strategy to realize the promise of cancer prevention and early detection, including specific and wide-ranging recommendations. Offering a wealth of information and directly addressing major controversies, the book includes: A detailed look at how significantly cancer could be reduced through lifestyle changes, evaluating approaches used to alter eating, smoking, and exercise habits. An analysis of the intuitive notion that screening for cancer leads to improved health outcomes, including a discussion of screening methods, potential risks, and current recommendations. An examination of cancer prevention and control opportunities in primary health care delivery settings, including a review of interventions aimed at improving provider performance. Reviews of professional education and training programs, research trends and opportunities, and federal programs that support cancer prevention and early detection. This in-depth volume will be of interest to policy analysts, cancer and public health specialists, health care administrators and providers, researchers, insurers, medical journalists, and patient advocates.
Download or read book Configurational Comparative Methods written by Benoît Rihoux and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2009 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new addition to the Applied Social Research Methods series is unrivalled, it is written by leaders in the growing field of rigorous, comparative techniques.
Download or read book Data Mining written by Bhavani Thuraisingham and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-01-23 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on a data-centric perspective, this book provides a complete overview of data mining: its uses, methods, current technologies, commercial products, and future challenges. Three parts divide Data Mining: Part I describes technologies for data mining - database systems, warehousing, machine learning, visualization, decision sup
