Download or read book Miocene Oreodonts in the American Museum written by American Museum of Natural History and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Miocene Oreodonts in the American Museum Bulletin of the AMNH V 51 Article 1 written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Merychyus Verrucomalus a New Species of Oreodont Mammalia Artiodactyla from the Middle Miocene Runningwater Formation American Museum Novitates written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Merychyus verrucomalus a new species of oreodont from the Middle Miocene Runningwater Formation written by Stevens and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Merychyus Verrucomalus a New Species of Oreodont Mammalia Artiodactyla from the Middle Miocene Runningwater Formation written by Margaret Skeels Stevens and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History written by American Museum of Natural History and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprises articles on geology, paleontology, mammalogy, ornithology, entomology, and anthropology.
Download or read book Fossil Vertebrates in the American Museum of Natural History written by American Museum of Natural History. Dept. of Vertebrate Palaeontology and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fossil Vertebrates in the American Museum of Natural History written by American Museum of Natural History. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology and published by . This book was released on 1909 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 1 Terrestrial Carnivores Ungulates and Ungulate Like Mammals written by Christine M. Janis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-05-28 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed as a source and reference for people interested in the history and fossil record of North American tertiary mammals. Each chapter covers a different family or order, and includes information on anatomical features, systematics, the distribution of the genera and species at different fossil localities, and a discussion of their paleobiology. Many of these groups have never been covered in this fashion before.
Download or read book New Merycoidodonts from the Miocene of Montana written by Earl Douglass and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Age of Mammals in Europe Asia and North America written by Henry Fairfield Osborn and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contributions to Palaeontology written by Carnegie Institution of Washington and published by . This book was released on 1930 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History written by American Museum of Natural History and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprises articles on geology, paleontology, mammalogy, ornithology, entomology, and anthropology.
Download or read book Oreodont Adaptation Evolution and Extinction in Oligocene Miocene North America written by Claire Cleveland and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is an examination of oreodont adaptation and evolution in North America. Over millions of years from the late Eocene to the early Pliocene, closed-canopy forests under warm and wet conditions transitioned to open grasslands under cool and dry conditions with low-frost winters. This was likely the most significant ecological transition during the Cenozoic and caused profound changes to all types of mammals. Oreodonts, herbivorous ungulates most closely related to camelids, were abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread across North America before going extinct in the late Miocene. The extinction of such an abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread clade by chance was unlikely. Grasses began to dominate open habitat in central western North America for the first time in the latest Oligocene, but Miocene oreodonts never adapted hypsodonty, high crowned teeth, or cursoriality, long, unguligrade-form limbs, that were inferred adaptations to grazing. For over a century, oreodont extinction was explained by their lack of adaptation to grazing and openness. To test the hypothesis that oreodonts did not adapt to grazing and openness, morphologic variation in oreodonts was quantified in Chapter Two using traditional measurement methods across a broad suite of grazing traits, not just hypsodonty and limb length proportion. Then, in Chapter Three, a subset of skull measurements from Chapter Two were used to develop three-dimensional models of oreodont skulls using trilateration, a method applied here for the first time. Trilateration is a mathematical method that uses only the measurements of distances between points to identify point coordinates in three-dimensional space. This method allowed for the removal of body size from interpretations of morphological variation and provided deeper insights into coordinated changes between measured traits. Trilateration also provided an alternative to existing methods that were too costly and time consuming for the large number of specimens and large size of specimens required in this research. In both Chapter Two and Chapter Three, Principal Component Analysis was used to construct an ecological morphospace, identify which traits were driving the greatest variation in body form, and assess if trends toward more grazing-type body forms were observed. Chapter Four investigated additional lines of evidence to explain oreodont extinction through a review of the literature. Oreodonts went extinct through a series of extirpations that occurred from north to south on the Columbia Plateau ca. 15 Ma, the Central High Plains ca. 9 Ma., and southern California ca. 7 Ma. Based on the north to south pattern of extirpation then extinction in oreodonts, five questions were asked: (1) Were regional histories in western central North America similar or distinct? (2) Did grasses appear, expand, and dominate landscapes earlier in the north where the first oreodont extirpation occurred on the Columbia Plateau then in the Central High Plains, and finally in southern California where oreodonts went extinct? (3) Did seasonality with the introduction of frost arrive earlier where oreodont extirpations occurred first and last where their final extinction occurred? (4) Did true-ruminants arrive earlier in the north where oreodont extirpation occurred first and last in the south where their extinction occurred? (5) Might tectonism have caused the isolation of oreodont populations into smaller groups that put them at higher risk for extinction? Results from investigations of morphological variation and comparisons of the timing of oreodont extirpations with the paleontological record do not support the hypothesis that oreodonts went extinct due to grassland expansion. Oreodont extinction was a complex process, as are most extinctions, and is likely best explained by a combination of an overall reduction in forage, increased seasonality associated with reduction of winter resources, and competition with true-ruminants. These results have broad implications that challenge existing explanations for the near mass extinction of terrestrial mammals during the Miocene that depend on the appearance, expansion, and dominance of grassland habitats.
Download or read book Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico written by Spencer G. Lucas and published by New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. This book was released on with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Greenhouse of the Dinosaurs written by Donald R. Prothero and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Donald R. Prothero's science books combine leading research with first-person narratives of discovery, injecting warmth and familiarity into a profession that has much to offer nonspecialists. Bringing his trademark style and wit to an increasingly relevant subject of concern, Prothero links the climate changes that have occurred over the past 200 million years to their effects on plants and animals. In particular, he contrasts the extinctions that ended the Cretaceous period, which wiped out the dinosaurs, with those of the later Eocene and Oligocene epochs. Prothero begins with the "greenhouse of the dinosaurs," the global-warming episode that dominated the Age of Dinosaurs and the early Age of Mammals. He describes the remarkable creatures that once populated the earth and draws on his experiences collecting fossils in the Big Badlands of South Dakota to sketch their world. Prothero then discusses the growth of the first Antarctic glaciers, which marked the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and shares his own anecdotes of excavations and controversies among colleagues that have shaped our understanding of the contemporary and prehistoric world. The volume concludes with observations about Nisqually Glacier and other locations that show how global warming is happening much quicker than previously predicted, irrevocably changing the balance of the earth's thermostat. Engaging scientists and general readers alike, Greenhouse of the Dinosaurs connects events across thousands of millennia to make clear the human threat to natural climate change.
