Download or read book Methane Cycling in Humid Tropical Forests written by Yit Arn Teh and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Microbial Regulation of Global Biogeochemical Cycles written by Johannes Rousk and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients are increasingly affected by human activities. So far, modeling has been central for our understanding of how this will affect ecosystem functioning and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. These models have been forced to adopt a reductive approach built on the flow of carbon and nutrients between pools that are difficult or even impossible to verify with empirical evidence. Furthermore, while some of these models include the response in physiology, ecology and biogeography of primary producers to environmental change, the microbial part of the ecosystem is generally poorly represented or lacking altogether. The principal pool of carbon and nutrients in soil is the organic matter. The turnover of this reservoir is governed by microorganisms that act as catalytic converters of environmental conditions into biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. The dependency of this conversion activity on individual environmental conditions such as pH, moisture and temperature has been frequently studied. On the contrary, only rarely have the microorganisms involved in carrying out the processes been identified, and one of the biggest challenges for advancing our understanding of biogeochemical processes is to identify the microorganisms carrying out a specific set of metabolic processes and how they partition their carbon and nutrient use. We also need to identify the factors governing these activities and if they result in feedback mechanisms that alter the growth, activity and interaction between primary producers and microorganisms. By determining how different groups of microorganisms respond to individual environmental conditions by allocating carbon and nutrients to production of biomass, CO2 and other products, a mechanistic as well as quantitative understanding of formation and decomposition of organic matter, and the production and consumption of greenhouse gases, can be achieved. In this Research Topic, supported by the Swedish research councils' programme "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Landscape" (BECC), we intend to promote this alternative framework to address how cycling of carbon and nutrients will be altered in a changing environment from the first-principle mechanisms that drive them – namely the ecology, physiology and biogeography of microorganisms – and on up to emerging global biogeochemical patterns. This novel and unconventional approach has the potential to generate fresh insights that can open up new horizons and stimulate rapid conceptual development in our basic understanding of the regulating factors for global biogeochemical cycles. The vision for the research topic is to facilitate such progress by bringing together leading scientists as proponents of several disciplines. By bridging Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry, connecting microbial activities at the micro-scale to carbon fluxes at the ecosystem-scale, and linking above- and belowground ecosystem functioning, we can leap forward from the current understanding of the global biogeochemical cycles.
Download or read book Carbon Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Forest Soils written by Robert G. Qualls and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-06-21 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of carbon stored in the soils of the world is stored in forests. The refractory nature of some portions of forest soil organic matter also provides the slow, gradual release of organic nitrogen and phosphorus to sustain long term forest productivity. Contemporary and future disturbances, such as climatic warming, deforestation, short rotation sylviculture, the invasion of exotic species, and fire, all place strains on the integrity of this homeostatic system of C, N, and P cycling. On the other hand, the CO2 fertilization effect may partially offset losses of soil organic matter, but many have questioned the ability of N and P stocks to sustain the CO2 fertilization effect. Despite many advances in the understanding of C, N, and P cycling in forest soils, many questions remain. For example, no complete inventory of the myriad structural formulae of soil organic N and P has ever been made. The factors that cause the resistance of soil organic matter to mineralization are still hotly debated. Is it possible to “engineer” forest soil organic matter so that it sequesters even more C? The role of microbial species diversity in forest C, N, and P cycling is poorly understood. The difficulty in measuring the contribution of roots to soil organic C, N, and P makes its contribution uncertain. Finally, global differences in climate, soils, and species make the extrapolation of any one important study difficult to extrapolate to forest soils worldwide.
Download or read book Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change written by Mark Bush and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated and expanded second edition of a much lauded work provides a current overview of the impacts of climate change on tropical forests. The authors also investigate past, present and future climatic influences on the ecosystems with the highest biodiversity on the planet. Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change, Second Edition, looks at how tropical rain forest ecology is altered by climate change, rather than simply seeing how plant communities were altered. Shifting the emphasis on to ecological processes, e.g. how diversity is structured by climate and the subsequent impact on tropical forest ecology, provides the reader with a more comprehensive coverage. A major theme of the book is the interaction between humans, climate and forest ecology. The authors, all foremost experts in their fields, explore the long term occupation of tropical systems, the influence of fire and the future climatic effects of deforestation, together with anthropogenic emissions. Incorporating modelling of past and future systems paves the way for a discussion of conservation from a climatic perspective, rather than the usual plea to stop logging. This second edition provides an updated text in this rapidly evolving field. The existing chapters are revised and updated and two entirely new chapters deal with Central America and the effect of fire on wet forest systems. In the first new chapter, the paleoclimate and ecological record from Central America (Lozano, Correa, Bush) is discussed, while the other deals with the impact of fire on tropical ecosystems. It is hoped that Jonathon Overpeck, who has been centrally involved in the 2007 and 2010 IPCC reports, will provide a Foreword to the book.
Download or read book Tropical Agriculture in Transition Opportunities for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by Reiner Wassmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Production from tropical agricultural systems will need to increase to satisfy the rising food demand of an increasing population coupled with changes in consumption patterns. At the same time, the agricultural sector is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG) in many developing countries, which can be attributed mainly to land-use change and methane emissions from rice and livestock. But how can we reconcile less GHG emissions from tropical agricultural systems while increasing productivity? Due to the interactive nature of these issues, this book is compiled of articles on natural resource management, as well as the socio-economic aspects of GHG mitigation. The scope of mitigation options in tropical agriculture is discussed for three different activities: (a) agroforestry; (b) rice-based production systems; (c) pasture/animal husbandry. Agronomic solutions alone will not be sufficient, as the institutional and economic frameworks within which farmers operate dictate whether a recommended agronomic management practice is acceptable. The prevention of deforestation, and the re-forestation of degraded land, could become key elements to national climate protection programs of some developing countries. Alternative management practices in rice-based and pasture systems may offer win-win options to reduce emissions and improve resource-use efficiencies.
Download or read book Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change written by Mark B. Bush and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this book is to provide a current overview of the impacts of climate change on tropical forests, to investigate past, present, and future climatic influences on the ecosystems with the highest biodiversity on the planet.Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change will be the first book to examine how tropical rain forest ecology is altered by climate change, rather than simply seeing how plant communities were altered. Shifting the emphasis onto ecological processes e.g. how diversity is structured by climate and the subsequent impact on tropical forest ecology, provides the reader with a more comprehensive coverage. A major theme of this book that emerges progressively is the interaction between humans, climate and forest ecology. While numerous books have appeared dealing with forest fragmentation and conservation, none have explicitly explored the long term occupation of tropical systems, the influence of fire and the future climatic effects of deforestation, coupled with anthropogenic emissions. Incorporating modelling of past and future systems paves the way for a discussion of conservation from a climatic perspective, rather than the usual plea to stop logging.
Download or read book Analysis of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Cycling in Forest Soils Using Stable Carbon Isotopes written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the role of forests in the cycling of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is of importance to the elucidation of global greenhouse gas budgets. Previous studies have shown aerated forests soils to be net sinks of atmospheric CH4 and sources of carbon dioxide. While much research has focused on the role of forest soils as CO2 sources and CH4 sinks, few studies have utilized 13C-isotope studies to clarify the nature of subsurface CO2 production and CH4 consumption. The present study, carried out in 3 temperate forest environments on Vancouver Island during 2006 and 2007, and a boreal forest in northern Quebec in 2005, is intended to address this paucity of information. The isotope and concentration data corroborates previous studies in suggesting that both temperate and boreal forest environments act as net CH4 sinks and CO2 sources. No clear evidence of methanogenesis is apparent in either Vancouver Island or northern Quebec, where the isotopic composition of subsurface CH4 is influenced by diffusive and biological fractionation. Near-surface photosynthetic uptake may have a strong influence on the isotopic composition of soil CO2 and the resultant fluxes, acting to reduce apparent fluxes due to CO2 consumption. Intra-site variability of CH4 and CO2 fluxes indicates that the use of two static chambers in a single site, while sufficient for the confirmation of gas uptake or emission, may be less adequate in the determination of actual rates of efflux/influx. Future studies should address this by either sampling a larger area, installing a greater number of chambers, or by utilizing entirely different methods, such as the use of eddy covariance techniques.
Download or read book Trace Gas Exchange in Forest Ecosystems written by R. Gasche and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes the current knowledge on the exchange of trace gases between forests and the atmosphere with the restriction that exclusively carbon and nitrogen compounds are included. For this purpose the volume brings together and interconnects knowledge from different disciplines of biological and atmospheric sciences. It covers microbial and plant processes involved in the production and consumption of these trace gases; the exchange processes between forest soils and vegetation on the one hand, and the atmosphere on the other hand; the fate of the trace gases exchanged inside the atmosphere as well as environmental influences on the exchange of trace gases between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. With this interdisciplinary approach the volume provides the background for an evaluation of the exchange of trace gases between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere and man-made disturbances of this exchange.
Download or read book Microbial Role in the Carbon Cycle in Tropical Inland Aquatic Ecosystems written by André Megali Amado and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquatic microorganisms are tidily related to the carbon cycle in aquatic systems, especially in respect to its accumulation and emission to atmosphere. In one hand, the autotrophs are responsible for the carbon input to the ecosystems and trophic chain. On the other hand, the heterotrophs traditionally play a role in the carbon mineralization and, since microbial loop theory, may play a role to carbon flow through the organisms. However, it is not yet clear how the heterotrophs contribute to carbon retention and emission especially from tropical aquatic ecosystems. Most of the studies evaluating the role of microbes to carbon cycle in inland waters were performed in high latitudes and only a few studies in the tropical area. In the prospective of global changes where the warm tropical lakes and rivers become even warmer, it is important to understand how microorganisms behave and interact with carbon cycle in the Earth region with highest temperature and light availability. This research topic documented microbial responses to natural latitudinal gradients, spatial within and between ecosystems gradients, temporal approaches and temperature and nutrient manipulations in the water and in the sediment.
Download or read book Analysis of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Cycling in Forest Soils Using Stable Carbon Isotopes written by Kern Young Lee and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the role of forests in the cycling of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is of importance to the elucidation of global greenhouse gas budgets. Previous studies have shown aerated forests soils to be net sinks of atmospheric CH4 and sources of carbon dioxide. While much research has focused on the role of forest soils as CO2 sources and CH4 sinks, few studies have utilized 13C-isotope studies to clarify the nature of subsurface CO2 production and CH4 consumption. The present study, carried out in 3 temperate forest environments on Vancouver Island during 2006 and 2007, and a boreal forest in northern Quebec in 2005, is intended to address this paucity of information. The isotope and concentration data corroborates previous studies in suggesting that both temperate and boreal forest environments act as net CH4 sinks and CO2 sources. No clear evidence of methanogenesis is apparent in either Vancouver Island or northern Quebec, where the isotopic composition of subsurface CH4 is influenced by diffusive and biological fractionation. Near-surface photosynthetic uptake may have a strong influence on the isotopic composition of soil CO2 and the resultant fluxes, acting to reduce apparent fluxes due to CO2 consumption. Intra-site variability of CH4 and CO2 fluxes indicates that the use of two static chambers in a single site, while sufficient for the confirmation of gas uptake or emission, may be less adequate in the determination of actual rates of efflux/influx. Future studies should address this by either sampling a larger area, installing a greater number of chambers, or by utilizing entirely different methods, such as the use of eddy covariance techniques.
Download or read book The Biogeochemistry of Submerged Soils written by Guy Kirk and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-06-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Submerged soils and the wetlands they support are of huge practical importance: in global element cycles, as centres of biodiversity, in global food production. They are also uniquely interesting scientifically because of their peculiar biogeochemistry and the adaptations of plants and microbes to it. This book describes the physical, chemical and biological processes operating in submerged soils and governing their properties. It describes the transport processes controlling the fluxes of gases and solutes through the soil; the interchange of solutes between solid, liquid and gas phases; reduction and oxidation processes; biological processes in the soil and overlying water; and processes in the roots and rhizospheres of wetland plants. The dynamics of nutrients, toxins, pollutants and trace gases are then discussed in terms of these processes and in relation to wetland productivity and global element cycles. Written by a renowned expert in the field, this work will be invaluable to earth, environmental and agricultural scientists concerned with natural or man-made wetlands, and to advanced undergraduate and graduate studen ts of these topics.
Download or read book Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems written by Klaus Lorenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-25 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems is a comprehensive book describing the basic processes of carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems, their contribution to carbon sequestration and implications for mitigating abrupt climate change. This book provides the information on processes, factors and causes influencing carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Drawing upon most up-to-date references, this book summarizes the current understanding of carbon sequestration processes in forest ecosystems while identifying knowledge gaps for future research, Thus, this book is a valuable knowledge source for students, scientists, forest managers and policy makers.
Download or read book Tropical Forests and Adaptation to Climate Change written by Carmenza Robledo and published by CIFOR. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Global Carbon Cycle written by Christopher B. Field and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2012-09-26 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While a number of gases are implicated in global warming, carbon dioxide is the most important contributor, and in one sense the entire phenomena can be seen as a human-induced perturbation of the carbon cycle. The Global Carbon Cycle offers a scientific assessment of the state of current knowledge of the carbon cycle by the world's leading scientists sponsored by SCOPE and the Global Carbon Project, and other international partners. It gives an introductory over-view of the carbon cycle, with multidisciplinary contributions covering biological, physical, and social science aspects. Included are 29 chapters covering topics including: an assessment of carbon-climate-human interactions; a portfolio of carbon management options; spatial and temporal distribution of sources and sinks of carbon dioxide; socio-economic driving forces of emissions scenarios. Throughout, contributors emphasize that all parts of the carbon cycle are interrelated, and only by developing a framework that considers the full set of feedbacks will we be able to achieve a thorough understanding and develop effective management strategies. The Global Carbon Cycle edited by Christopher B. Field and Michael R. Raupach is part of the Rapid Assessment Publication series produced by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), in an effort to quickly disseminate the collective knowledge of the world's leading experts on topics of pressing environmental concern.
Download or read book Methane and Carbon Dioxide Cycling in Soils of the Harvard Forest written by Alexa Jaeger and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil is Earth's largest terrestrial carbon pool (Oertel et al., 2016) and can act as a net source of greenhouse gases (GHG). However, if organic material accumulates in soils faster than it is converted to CO2 by cellular respiration, soil becomes a smaller GHG source and even has the potential to become a GHG sink. Not much is known about factors that drive soil to be a source or a sink of GHG. Soil temperature and moisture have both been shown to correlate with CH4 emissions and temperature has been shown to correlate with CO 2 emissions (Jacinthe et al., 2015). Currently these relationships are not well constrained, particularly in upland soils, which are soils found at elevations between 100 and 500 m (Carating et al., 2014). Soil from the Harvard Forest was collected and used in two in-lab flux experiments to constrain the effect that soil moisture has on i.) the rate of CH4 and CO2 production/consumption and ii.) the fraction of injected CH4 that is oxidized to CO2 by soil microbes. The first experiment involved injecting vials containing soil samples with CH4 , taking an initial measurement with a residual gas analyzer (RGA), incubating for three days, and taking final measurements using the RGA. The results of this experiment indicated that cellular respiration is an important carbon source in these soils, with more CO2 coming from cellular respiration than from the oxidation of CH4. The second experiment involved injecting vials containing soil samples with CH4 and 14CH4 as a tracer, incubating for six days, and analyzing CO2 from each sample using a scintillation counter. This experiment showed a weak trend indicating that increased soil moisture may result in decreased CH4 oxidation. Results showed that decays per minute from the samples were lower than in a control. These results indicated that not all CO 2 from each sample was successfully captured and analyzed using the methods here. So while the trend may hold true, it should be supported by reconducting the experiment using a more reliable means of CO2 capture. The unexpected results from both experiments indicated that there is still much to be learned about the reactions that occur in these soils and how to perfect laboratory methods to study them.
Download or read book Biogeochemical Cycling in an Annual Grassland Matrix written by Wendy Wen-Ting Chou and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Microbial Communities in Tropical Ecosystems written by Silvia Pajares and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-01-13 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical ecosystems are different in important ways from those of temperate regions. They are a major reservoir of plant and animal biodiversity and play important roles in global climate regulation and biogeochemical cycling. They are also under great threat due to the conversion of tropical ecosystems to other uses. Thus, in the context of global change, it is crucial to understand how environmental factors, biogeographic patterns, and land use changes interact to influence the structure and function of microbial communities in these ecosystems. The contributions to this Research Topic showcase the current knowledge regarding microbial ecology in tropical ecosystems, identify many challenges and questions that remain to be addressed and open up new horizons in our understanding of the environmental and anthropological factors controlling microbial communities in these important ecosystems.
