Download or read book Mesure de d formation l chelle nanom trique par microscopie lectronique en transmission written by Armand Béché and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce travail de thèse est basé sur l'étude des déformations dans les matériaux à l'échelle nanométrique. En effet, depuis une dizaine voire une quinzaine d'années, le développement de nouveaux matériaux structuraux ou destinés à l'industrie de la microélectronique nécessite la maîtrise des phénomènes de déformation à une telle échelle. La demande de caractérisation se trouve donc en forte croissance, avec des contraintes de plus en plus forte en termes de résolution spatiale et de sensibilité en déformation. La mise au point et/ou l'amélioration de techniques repondant à ces critères est donc nécessaire. Le microscope électronique en transmission étant l'un des seuls instruments capables de mesurer quantitativement des déformations à l'échelle nanométrique, quatre différentes techniques liées à cet appareil ont été étudiées : la technique des moirés, la diffraction en faisceau convergent, la nanodiffraction et l'holographie en champ sombre. La disponibilité du microscope de dernière génération FEI Titan a permis d'obtenir des résultats marquants pour chacune de ces techniques. Les quatre techniques étudiées font l'objet d'une étude poussée sur leur résolution, leur sensibilité en déformation, leurs limites d'utilisation, leur mode d'acquisition et les contraintes qu'elles imposent dans la préparation d'échantillons. Ainsi, la technique des moirés possède une résolution de l'ordre de la vingtaine de nanomètre avec une sensibilité de 4.10^-4 mais nécessite des échantillons particuliers. La diffraction en faisceau convergent est la technique possédant la meilleure résolution spatiale (1 à 2 nm) combinée à une excellente sensibilité en déformation (2.10^-4). Cependant, l'inhomogénéité du champ de déplacement dans l'épaisseur de l'échantillon, phénomène très présent dans les lames minces, rend cette méthode difficile à utiliser de façon courante. La nanodiffraction est probablement la technique la plus facile à mettre en place et s'applique à la plus grande partie des matériaux ou objets. Elle possède une résolution intéressante (jusqu'à 3 nm) mais une sensibilité en déformation limitée à 6.10^-4 dans le meilleur des cas. Pour finir, l'holographie en champ sombre, technique très récente, offre une bonne résolution (autour de 4 ou 5 nm) avec une excellente sensibilité en déformation (2.10^-4). Ces quatre techniques sont comparées entre elles sur des échantillons le permettant.
Download or read book Quantum Mechanics Volume 3 written by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-12-16 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new, third volume of Cohen-Tannoudji's groundbreaking textbook covers advanced topics of quantum mechanics such as uncorrelated and correlated identical particles, the quantum theory of the electromagnetic field, absorption, emission and scattering of photons by atoms, and quantum entanglement. Written in a didactically unrivalled manner, the textbook explains the fundamental concepts in seven chapters which are elaborated in accompanying complements that provide more detailed discussions, examples and applications. * Completing the success story: the third and final volume of the quantum mechanics textbook written by 1997 Nobel laureate Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and his colleagues Bernard Diu and Franck Laloë * As easily comprehensible as possible: all steps of the physical background and its mathematical representation are spelled out explicitly * Comprehensive: in addition to the fundamentals themselves, the books comes with a wealth of elaborately explained examples and applications Claude Cohen-Tannoudji was a researcher at the Kastler-Brossel laboratory of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris where he also studied and received his PhD in 1962. In 1973 he became Professor of atomic and molecular physics at the Collège des France. His main research interests were optical pumping, quantum optics and atom-photon interactions. In 1997, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, together with Steven Chu and William D. Phillips, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Bernard Diu was Professor at the Denis Diderot University (Paris VII). He was engaged in research at the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High Energy where his focus was on strong interactions physics and statistical mechanics. Franck Laloë was a researcher at the Kastler-Brossel laboratory of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. His first assignment was with the University of Paris VI before he was appointed to the CNRS, the French National Research Center. His research was focused on optical pumping, statistical mechanics of quantum gases, musical acoustics and the foundations of quantum mechanics.
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Download or read book Review of Research on Laterites written by Roger Maignien and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background, definition and scope of the problem; Morphological and analytical characteristics of laterites; Global distribution of laterites; Origin of laterites; Classification of laterites.
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Download or read book Nuclear Computational Science written by Yousry Azmy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-04-15 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear engineering has undergone extensive progress over the years. In the past century, colossal developments have been made and with specific reference to the mathematical theory and computational science underlying this discipline, advances in areas such as high-order discretization methods, Krylov Methods and Iteration Acceleration have steadily grown. Nuclear Computational Science: A Century in Review addresses these topics and many more; topics which hold special ties to the first half of the century, and topics focused around the unique combination of nuclear engineering, computational science and mathematical theory. Comprising eight chapters, Nuclear Computational Science: A Century in Review incorporates a number of carefully selected issues representing a variety of problems, providing the reader with a wealth of information in both a clear and concise manner. The comprehensive nature of the coverage and the stature of the contributing authors combine to make this a unique landmark publication. Targeting the medium to advanced level academic, this book will appeal to researchers and students with an interest in the progression of mathematical theory and its application to nuclear computational science.
Download or read book The Physics of Nuclear Reactors written by Serge Marguet and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-26 with total page 1462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume offers readers a progressive and highly detailed introduction to the complex behavior of neutrons in general, and in the context of nuclear power generation. A compendium and handbook for nuclear engineers, a source of teaching material for academic lecturers as well as a graduate text for advanced students and other non-experts wishing to enter this field, it is based on the author’s teaching and research experience and his recognized expertise in nuclear safety. After recapping a number of points in nuclear physics, placing the theoretical notions in their historical context, the book successively reveals the latest quantitative theories concerning: • The slowing-down of neutrons in matter • The charged particles and electromagnetic rays • The calculation scheme, especially the simplification hypothesis • The concept of criticality based on chain reactions • The theory of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactors • The problem of self-shielding • The theory of the nuclear reflector, a subject largely ignored in literature • The computational methods in transport and diffusion theories Complemented by more than 400 bibliographical references, some of which are commented and annotated, and augmented by an appendix on the history of reactor physics at EDF (Electricité De France), this book is the most comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to and reference resource in neutronics and reactor theory.
