Download or read book Measuring Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units Tires and Brakes written by Prem Lobo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 97: Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes presents the results of a comprehensive test program designed to measure particulate matter (PM) emissions from auxiliary power units and from tires and brakes during the landing phase of operations of in-service commercial aircraft. The research results are designed to provide a significant contribution to the characterization of emissions from these sources with the goal of helping airports improve the accuracy of their PM emissions inventories."--Publisher's description.
Download or read book Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units Tires and Brakes written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Aircraft Emissions written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This AIR describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from the main engines of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation for all segments of a flight. Piston engine aircraft emissions are not included in this AIR. Some information about piston engine aircraft emissions can be found in FOCA 2007. The principal purpose of the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.The pollutants considered in this document are: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Total unburned Hydrocarbons (THC) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Methane (CH4) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)As indicated above, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) are not individually accounted for; many of these are simply included as part of THC. Also, trace metals are not included other than those that may already be accounted for as part of PM emissions. Since the scope is limited to aircraft engine emissions only, emissions from Ground Service Equipment (GSE), roadway vehicles, power plants, training fires, etc., are not included within this document. Athough Auxilliary Power Units (APU), brakes, and tires are also part of the aircraft, their emissions (e.g., tire wear) are not within the scope of this document.The methods are based on aircraft performance and emissions modeling. This means that only the pollutants exiting the exhaust of an engine are considered. Any atmospheric effects including those that occur in the near-field (e.g., exhaust plume) and the subsequent atmospheric dispersion are not modeled. The exception to this is in the computation of PM emissions.In meeting the needs of modelers who may have varying fidelity requirements for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling, this document does not try to promote a single database and methodology. Therefore, several methods have been included in this document as indicated below with the emissions methods categorized by pollutants: Emissions Modeling Methods NOx, CO, and THC P3T3 Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt (DLR) Method International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Reference Method CO2, H2O, and SOx Fuel Composition Method (FCM) VOC, NMVOC, CH4 and NMTHC Derivative Factor Method (DFM) N2O Approximate Factor Method (AFM) PM2.5 and PM10 First Order Approximation (FOA) Aircraft Performance Methods Aircraft performance data from flight data recorders Manufacturer aircraft performance models SAE AIR 1845 combined with Eurocontrol's Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Eurocontrol's BADA Other aircraft performance models such as the Project Interactive Analysis and Optimisation (PIANO) toolBoth of these sets of emissions and aircraft performance methods are listed in the order in which they are presented in this document. And as previously indicated, the order generally denotes the level of accuracy where the first method in each section represents the most accurate method based on current understanding. The exceptions to this are:Emissions Methods BFFM2 DLRAircraft Performance SAE 1845 + BADA BADAThe ordering of these methods are arbitrary since they are considered comparable (e.g., BFFM2 is comparable to DLR). One other possible exception is the last listing under aircraft performance methods ("Other aircraft performance models"). The data from these other sources may be more accurate, comparable, or less accurate than the previously mentioned methods. This last category was added to include all other methods that were not based on manufacturer, SAE 1845, and BADA models.In order to provide a better understanding of the relative condition of these methods, they have been defined into development status (i.e., "mature" or "developing") and fidelity (i.e., "simple," "intermediate," or "advanced") categories as presented in Table 1. The "other" aircraft model category was not included in Table 1 since it is understood that it can be listed in any of the categories depending on which method/model is employed. The definitions for each of the categories are as follows: In modeling aircraft performance and emissions, the main focus is on a single flight. This includes the complete operation and movement of the aircraft from gate-to-gate: Main engine start-up Ground taxi-out and delay activities Takeoff: Runway roll Takeoff: Initial ascent Climbout En route/cruise Airborne delay activities Approach Landing roll Thrust reverser Ground taxi-in and delay activities Engine shut-downFor modeling purposes, these modes can generally be simplified so that they are equated to one of the four LTO modes. Depending on the method, the actual modeling of the gate-to-gate movement may involve a segment-by-segment approach where results can be integrated to obtain totals by mode and flight. Currently, the AIR does not address emissions during engine start-up and shut-down activities. Also, thrust reverse operations are not directly covered in this AIR. This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from operations of jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation. The procedures assume that reference emissions and performance data are available for each airplane involved. The fundamental element of the procedures is a method for deriving emissions indices for an airplane when performing any specified operation for a segment of a flight. The principal purpose of using the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.Rather than presenting one method, many viable methods are presented for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling with descriptions of the uncertainties involved. As a loose guide to the user, the methods are also ordered such that the most accurate methods are presented first in each section based on current understanding. This document is intended to be updated periodically. Hence, the methodology descriptions and uncertainty assessments will be modified accordingly as the various methods evolve and new information becomes available.
Download or read book Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing Volume 3 Particulate Matter Results written by Thomas Gerstle and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the product of a 2-year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from sixteen aircraft engines, two helicopter engines, and two auxiliary power units (APUs) burning JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this engine testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative engine load conditions. All testing was performed by the Environmental Quality Management Inc. (EQ) and Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston) team. Testing was conducted for criteria pollutants and select hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), e.g., aldehyde/ketones and semi volatile and volatile organic compounds.
Download or read book Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports written by Sandy Webb and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2008 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB¿s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports examines the state of industry research on aviation-related particulate matter emissions and explores knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged.
Download or read book PT6A 68 Emissions Measurement Program Summary written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Report is the product of a five year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from aircraft engines, auxiliary power units (APU's) burning JP-8. The purpose of the emissions testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative load conditions. This addendum is for the PT6A-68 aircraft engine test program. Testing was performed by Environmental Quality Management, Inc. (EQM). Testing was conducted for criteria and hazardous air pollutants.
Download or read book Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data written by Philip D. Whitefield and published by Transportation Research Board National Research. This book was released on 2008 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Review of Literature on Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft written by Roger L. Wayson and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-05-27 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Air Quality Facility of the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center is providing support to the Emissions Division of the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Environment and Energy (AEE-300). As part of this support, the Air Quality Facility is conducting a comprehensive review of past research in the area of aviation- related particulate matter. The purpose of this literature review is to allow an informed decision to be made on a possible first-order approximation to predict the mass of particulate emissions from aircraft until such time that measured data are available for most aircraft. Available references included in this report were collected from public and private libraries, technical journals, project reports, electronic literature searches, interviews, and other key sources. It should be noted that the literature review is not all- inclusive and that emphasis was placed on information concerning measured mass data from aircraft. Following the literature findings, a first order approximation methodology is suggested to estimate the mass of particulate matter (PM) emitted from aircraft based on available data.
Download or read book Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) consists of methodologies for the measurement of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions sampled at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. The methods describe means of sampling and measuring particle mass concentration, particle number concentration and reporting of emissions indices through the use of an appropriate sampling system and instrumentation that goes beyond the measurements of visible obscuration as described in ARP1179 for Smoke Number (SN). This ARP allows for repeatable and traceable measurements of nvPM mass and number concentrations at the end of the prescribed sampling system, and it provides technical details for the measurement of nvPM emissions required for engine certification consistent with ICAO Annex 16 Volume II (see 2.1.3.14).1.
Download or read book Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques written by E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (
Download or read book Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (
Download or read book Particulate Matter PM Emissions Analysis for Commercial Aircraft Operating in the Landing and Takeoff LTO Cycle written by Niharika Burla and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The UMR Mobile Aerosol Sampling System (MASS) has measured the particulate matter (PM) emissions from commercial aircrafts during the routine takeoff operation within 100m of a runway and 200m of a taxiway at a major US airport for two days in September 2004. The emissions were measured with 1s time resolution using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500). The plumes were measured for 2 days, from over 400 commercial aircrafts, ranging from 717's, 767's, MD-88's, to Turboprop's ... In order to interpret these PM data it is important to be able to uniquely identify a given aircraft with a specific emission plume. As is common at many airports departure frequency varies throughout the day. At high departure frequencies, the data gathered cannot be attributed to any specific single aircraft since the emission plumes arriving at the sampling system are convoluted by overlapping departures and from up;wind aircraft stopping and starting while taxiing forward in a line towards the number one departure slot. The data presented here are "first of a kind" PM measurements of advective plumes from commercial aircraft. Although it is planned to eventually interpret high frequency departure data, in this thesis only low frequency departure data specifically attributable to given aircraft will be studied"--Abstract, leaf iii.
Download or read book Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This SAE Aerospace Information Report consists of methodologies for measurements of nonvolatile exhaust particles at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. The described methods represent a means of determining particle mass concentration, particle number concentration, and reporting of emissions indices through the use of an appropriate sampling system and instrumentation that goes beyond the measurements of visible obscuration as described in ARP1179 for smoke number.
Download or read book Procedure for the Analysis and Evaluation of Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Engines written by E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 1533 is a procedure for the analysis and evaluation of the measured composition of the exhaust gas from aircraft engines. Measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbon, and the oxides of nitrogen are used to deduce emission indices, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and exhaust gas thermodynamic properties. The emission indices (EI) are the parameters of critical interest to the engine developers and the atmospheric emissions regulatory agencies because they relate engine performance to environmental impact.While this procedure is intended to guide the analysis and evaluation of the emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines, the methodology may be applied to the analysis of the exhaust products of any hydrocarbon / air combustor. Some successful applications include: Aircraft engine combustor development rig tests (aviation kerosene fueled) Stationary source combustor development rig tests (natural gas and diesel fueled) Afterburning military engine tests (JP fueled) Internal combustion aircraft engine diagnostics (AVGAS fueled)Each application may be characterized by very different measured emissions levels (parts per million versus percent by volume) but this common approach solves the same basic combustion chemical equation.This revision of ARP1533 assumes that major advances will occur in gas analysis technology in the near future. New instruments will be accepted by the regulatory agencies such that it will no longer be appropriate to specify the measurement method for each chemical species.The matrix method of solving the combustion chemical equation is recommended because of all the potential variations in exhaust gas measurement requirements. Changes in the fuel type, addition of diluents, addition of measured species, and options for wet or dry basis measurements are most easily handled by revising individual matrix row equations. Matrix solution software is widely available on personal computers. However, derivation of the algebraic solution of the chemical equation is retained for traceability to previous versions of this document. New sections have been added to this document that pertain to data quality checks, measurement uncertainty, and water content calculations.
Download or read book Aircraft Exhaust Nonvolatile Particle Matter Measurement Method Development written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides current practice measurement methods for quantifying nonvolatile particle matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This document contains detailed information for many instruments and techniques, described in AIR5892A, that have been applied in aircraft engine field tests since AIR5892A was first issued in April 2003. There are four sections, identified as Technical Appendices (TA), presenting measurement techniques, sampling, and quantification of nonvolatile particles. The sections are written in the format of Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents and intended to progress to recommended practices upon overcoming existing technical challenges. Many important technical advances have been accomplished that comprise the Aircraft Engine Exhaust Nonvolatile Particle Matter Measurement Method Development techniques described in TA A: Particle Mass,TA B: particle Number and Size,TA C: Particle Sampling, and TA D: Calculation of Particle Number and particle Mass Emission Indices.Various measurement methodologies and operability and compatibility issues are described within the TAs. The TAs briefly discuss degrees of sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, and test operations acceptability for each measurement discipline. They reflect that many important technical advances have been accomplished for measurement techniques of nonvolatile particles. Additional research is required to transition the TAs to Aerospace Recommended Practices. AIR6037 addresses aircraft exhaust nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) measurement method development. It continues the documentation of the state-of-the-art in sampling and measurement technologies, initially captured in AIR5892, issued in 2004. Many of the instruments, techniques, and methods described in AIR6037 had matured through application in aircraft engine field tests, generally occurring in the 2003 to 2008 time frame.AIR6037 consists of technical appendices describing the technical advancements in particle mass, number and size measurement, particle sampling, and calculation of particle number and mass emission indices.Research and test campaigns have continued since AIR6037 was issued, in 2010, driving further development of the sampling system and some of the measurement instruments. These developments are described in a subsequent aerospace information report, AIR6241, issued in 2013.Because further improvements to both sampling system and measurement instrument components are contained in AIR6241, SAE E-31 Committee members have recommended stabilizing AIR6037 in order to maintain it as useful technical documentation in the progression of AIR5892, AIR6037, and AIR6241 toward the development of ARP6320.
Download or read book Measurement and Control of Particulate Matter Emissions from Mobile Sources written by David Christopher Quiros and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlling mobile source emissions is a key strategy for reducing ambient particulate matter (PM) emissions and to comply with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The California Air Resources Board (ARB) has adopted new regulations, strengthened existing regulations, and implemented control programs for reducing emissions of PM from light-duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDT). Since model year (MY) 2007, all HDDTs are certified to a stringent PM emissions standard of 0.01 g PM per brake-horsepower-hour using diesel particulate filter (DPF) aftertreatment. Recently, ARB adopted the Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) III regulations, which will reduce the PM emissions for LDVs over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) to 3 mg/mi beginning with MY 2017, and to 1 mg/mi beginning with MY 2025. This dissertation discusses and investigates some of the key issues for reducing PM emissions from both HDDTs and LDVs. It is subdivided into the following five chapters: an introduction (Chapter 1), three chapters of original research (Chapters 2-4), and a discussion of the implications and conclusions of the work (Chapter 5). Chapter 2 evaluates PM emissions during a process called diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration, which is the periodic oxidization of accumulated soot into mostly carbon dioxide. The PM emissions released during this process are noteworthy and need to be controlled. However, the total PM emissions, following equal treatments of loading, decreased by over an order of magnitude between the MY 2007 and 2010 HDDT. Chapters 3 and 4 evaluate particle size distribution, effective density, and an alternative method called Integrated Particle Size Distribution (IPSD) to further support measurement of PM from vehicles emitting below 1 mg/mi. The evaluation of the IPSD method provided a better understanding of the variability of PM emissions of vehicles meeting the LEV III standards. The implementation of the 1 mg/mi standard is currently scheduled to begin with MY 2025 vehicles, and serves to prevent emissions backsliding associated with the introduction of newer and more fuel-efficient engine designs that could result in excess PM emissions. At the time of filing, Chapter 2 has been published in the Journal of Aerosol Science (JAS), Chapter 3 has been submitted to JAS, and Chapter 4 is in preparation for submission to Environmental Science & Technology.
Download or read book Non exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.