Download or read book Maternal DHA Impact on Child Neurodevelopment written by Asim K. Duttaroy and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-07 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this Special Issue, we focus on maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (ARA), on children’s neurodevelopment. During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both DHA and ARA are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles, and their levels in the signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously studied. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not yet clearly known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of ARA in addition to DHA to support optimal brain development and growth in an infant, and functional roles in the brain.

Download or read book Maternal DHA Impact on Child Neurodevelopment written by Asim K. Duttaroy and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this Special Issue, we focus on maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (ARA), on children's neurodevelopment. During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both DHA and ARA are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles, and their levels in the signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously studied. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not yet clearly known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of ARA in addition to DHA to support optimal brain development and growth in an infant, and functional roles in the brain.

Download or read book Impact of Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid DHA Supplementation in the Form of a Functional Food During Pregnancy on Infant Neurodevelopment written by Michelle Price Judge and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Randomised Controlled Trial of DHA rich Fish Oil Supplementation During Pregnancy and Subsequent Development of Attention Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Early Childhood written by Jacqueline F. Gould and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last trimester of pregnancy is the period during which the fetal brain is growing at its greatest velocity, particularly the frontal lobes and hippocampus. This is also the peak period for the accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neural tissues. The amount of DHA required by the fetus is thought to exceed the DHA intake of women of child-bearing age who consume a Western-style diet. This has led to the belief that maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy will enhance child cognitive development in these populations. Cohort studies have supported this belief by linking intake of foods rich in DHA (primarily seafood) during pregnancy to enhanced child cognitive development. However, only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) can establish causality. In this thesis I report a comprehensive systematic review of the current RCTs of DHA supplementation during pregnancy (Chapter 1) using procedures described by the Cochrane collaboration and the PRISMA statement. Results of globalised standard assessments in the reviewed RCTs were compared in meta analyses. No effect of DHA supplementation was found in any age group, except in the 2-5 year-olds where the LCPUFA group was advantaged. A risk of bias assessment revealed that the majority of the trials were of poor quality, particularly those in which there was a finding of significance. Furthermore the majority of trials used standardised tests of global development or cognition. Fetal DHA availability is thought to primarily effect the frontal lobes and hippocampus, which are responsible for higher order cognitive skills known as Executive Functions (EFs). The global assessments used in the RCTs capture performance across multiple neural systems simultaneously and lack the sensitivity to detect development in specific areas of cognition. Thus, global tests may not be suitable for detecting subtle effects of DHA supplementation on neurodevelopment. There has been a call for nutrition researchers to use specialised measures of cognitive functions that are appropriate for assessing the specific neural systems thought to be effected by an intervention, rather than global measures. I addressed the need for a specialised measure of frontal lobe and hippocampus development in a RCT of DHA supplementation during pregnancy. The systematic review identified the DOMInO Trial as being a high-quality trial with a lower risk of bias compared with the other published RCTs. No one task can represent overall executive functioning abilities so I applied a range of specialised, age-appropriate assessments of EFs in two-year-old children. Attention, working memory (WM) and inhibitory control (IC) were the EFs selected for assessment in a subgroup of healthy, term-born toddlers (aged 27-months) from the DOMInO Trial. Two tests, the Attention Assessment involving three measures of attention, and the Working Memory and Inhibitory Control (WMIC) Assessment were identified from the developmental psychology literature. The Attention Assessment involved providing the child with toys to play with and measuring their attention (looking) to the toy(s) in three different scenarios; 1. the child had one toy to play with and their attention to the toy was measured in the absence of any competition for attention or distractions, 2. the child had five toys to play with and the number of times their attention switched between the toys competing for attention was measured, 3. the child had one toy to play with while a television in the periphery offered a distraction, and the time the child took to be distracted, from the toy, by the television was measured. The WMIC Assessment involved training a child to search for a hidden figurine in a specific location in a large box of lentils, and then hiding the figurine in an alternate location and delaying them from retrieving the figurine. Accuracy of searching for the figurine hidden in the alternate location was measured. There was no effect of supplementation on the primary outcomes; latency to be distracted during Focused attention (Attention Assessment), and accuracy of searching for a hidden figurine during Test Trials (WMIC Assessment). The majority of the secondary outcomes supported the findings of null effect in the primary outcomes. There was one outcome in which there was a possible benefit of supplementation, but the effect was small and is likely to be due to chance. I conducted a large number of comparisons (n=18 pre-specified) on a relatively small sample (n=~152 per task) which increases the risk of a Type I error (finding a difference that is the result of chance). Furthermore, no other benefit was shown in any other outcomes, primary, secondary or exploratory. Associations between cord plasma DHA and outcomes of the Attention and WMIC assessments were inconsistent, indicating no true association. Overall, the results of the two assessments I used suggest no effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on the cognitive development of healthy, otherwise well-nourished term-born children. The findings of the specialised attention and WMIC assessments used in my study support the findings of global tests used in other RCTs of DHA supplementation during pregnancy. Increasing fetal exposure to DHA may not enhance cognitive development because growth of the brain is protected during in-utero development. Maternal stores of DHA, up-regulation of DHA synthesis and preferential transfer of DHA across the placenta during pregnancy may protect neurological structures from suboptimal development so that greater fetal exposure to DHA does not enhance child cognitive development. Future research will be needed to determine whether specific at-risk sub-groups, such as children from pregnancies with placental insufficiency or who are growth restricted in utero, benefit from DHA supplementation during pregnancy.

Download or read book Omega Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health written by Ronald Ross Watson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has clearly established a link between omega fatty acids and general health, particularly cardiovascular health. Omega Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, Second Edition, illustrates the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in longevity, cognitive impairment and structure and function of the brain's neurons and also the adverse effects of omega-6 fatty acids on neurological function. This book encompasses some of the most recent research on the links between omega fatty acids and the developing brain, aging, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, including the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on hippocampal neurogenesis, substantia nigra modulation, migraine headaches, the developing brain in animals, sleep and neurodegenerative diseases. This completely updated second edition focuses on the counterbalancing dietary and tissue omega-6 fatty acids as well as it studies the effects in pregnancy and early infancy, animal model studies and autoimmune neurological diseases. - Provides a comprehensive introduction to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in neurological health and directions for future research - Features novel focus on the adverse effects of omega-6 fatty acids on neurological function and the counterbalancing of dietary and tissue omega-6 - Illustrates the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in longevity and cognitive impairment - Features new chapters on early effects in pregnancy and early infancy, animal model studies and autoimmune neurological diseases - Discusses links between omega fatty acids and the developing brain, aging, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, including the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplements

Download or read book Seafood Choices written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-03-09 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fragmented information that consumers receive about the nutritional value and health risks associated with fish and shellfish can result in confusion or misperceptions about these food sources. Consumers are therefore confronted with a dilemma: they are told that seafood is good for them and should be consumed in large amounts, while at the same time the federal government and most states have issued advisories urging caution in the consumption of certain species or seafood from specific waters. Seafood Choices carefully explores the decision-making process for selecting seafood by assessing the evidence on availability of specific nutrients (compared to other food sources) to obtain the greatest nutritional benefits. The book prioritizes the potential for adverse health effects from both naturally occurring and introduced toxicants in seafood; assesses evidence on the availability of specific nutrients in seafood compared to other food sources; determines the impact of modifying food choices to reduce intake of toxicants on nutrient intake and nutritional status within the U.S. population; develops a decision path for U.S. consumers to weigh their seafood choices to obtain nutritional benefits balanced against exposure risks; and identifies data gaps and recommendations for future research. The information provided in this book will benefit food technologists, food manufacturers, nutritionists, and those involved in health professions making nutritional recommendations.

Download or read book A Randomised Controlled Trial of DHA rich Fish Oil Supplementation During Pregnancy and Subsequent Development of Language in Early Childhood written by Nicola R. Gawlik and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is no more important period in human development than conception through early childhood in maximizing developmental potential. It is during the last trimester of pregnancy when brain development accelerates (1, 2) and where accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neural tissues occurs most rapidly (1, 3). Dietary intake and maternal stores of DHA during pregnancy and lactation have important implications for the developing brain. Uncertainty surrounding the ability of Westernised diets to fulfill requirements of DHA during pregnancy has raised concern for the developmental outcome of children raised in this dietary context (4). Some children in Australia have very limited language ability, impacting both the individual and society. Intervention for language development during the early years should be a primary focus for research. The role that DHA might play presents as a compelling area of investigation undertaken in this thesis. This thesis contains a literature review, including a systematic review and meta-analysis, and also proposes a theoretical framework from which to understand the potential variation in language development as a function not only of DHA but also of interacting biological and social variables (Chapter 1). The methods used in the current study are detailed (Chapter 2). Within a randomised controlled trial design (Chapter 3) the current study investigates whether DHA supplementation during the prenatal period has an effect on language development at 4 years of age. Interactions between DHA and other individually contributing factors posed by the bio-ecological model (Chapter 4) and relationships between markers of DHA and language development (Chapter 5) are examined. A model proposed to provide a broader or more comprehensive conceptualization of the role of DHA within the larger system of influences on language development was tested (Chapter 6). The current study found no significant effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on children's language development at 4 years of age as measured by the primary outcome of the current study: mean Core Language Scores, assessed using the second edition of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool. There were no significant interactions between treatment group and child sex, maternal age, in utero exposure to maternal cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption, or maternal depression. There was, however, a significant interaction for maternal education. There was also no significant relationship between markers of DHA status and language development for the whole group, and no significant difference in language development between those with cord blood DHA in the 25th and 75th percentile. There were, however, both significant positive and negative relationships between the number of fish meals and DHA foods (respectively) the child consumed in the month prior to the 4-year assessment and language development at 4 years of age. Findings from structural equation modelling analyses provided no support for understanding the relationship between DHA and children's language development through focusing on the relationships proposed by the bio-ecological model. Overall, findings suggest that prenatal DHA supplementation does not benefit children's language development. Longer-term follow-up of early DHA supplementation is required to determine whether delayed effects emerge.

Download or read book Handbook of Nutrition Diet and Epigenetics written by Vinood B. Patel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multivolume reference work addresses the fact that the well being of humankind is predicated not only on individuals receiving adequate nutrition but also on their genetic makeup. The work includes more than 100 chapters organized in the following major sections: Introduction and Overview; Epigenetics of Organs and Diseases in Relation to Diet and Nutrition; Detailed Processes in Epigenetics of Diet and Nutrition; Modulating Epigenetics with Diet and Nutrition; and Practical Techniques. While it is well known that genes may encode proteins responsible for structural and dynamic components, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that nutrition itself may alter the way in which genes are expressed via the process of epigenetics. This is where chemically imposed alteration in the DNA sequence occurs or where the functional expression of DNA is modulated. This may include changes in DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, chromatin, histone acetylation or methylation, and genomic imprinting. Knowledge regarding the number of dietary components that impact on epigenetic processes is increasing almost daily. Marshalling all the information on the complex relationships between diet, nutrition, and epigenetic processes is somewhat difficult due to the wide myriad of material. It is for this reason that the present work has been compiled.

Download or read book Nutritional Care of Preterm Infants written by B. Koletzko and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved conditions of care for premature infants have led to markedly increased survival rates over the last few decades, particularly in very low and extremely low birth weight infants. Nutritional measures play a central role in the long-term outcome, health and quality of life of these premature infants. In this publication, leading experts from all 5 continents present the most recent evidence and critical analyses of nutrient requirements and the practice of nutritional care (with the focus on very low birth weight infants) to provide guidance for clinical application. After the introductory chapters, covering nutritional needs and research evidence in a more general manner, topics such as amino acids and proteins, lipids, microminerals and vitamins, parenteral and enteral nutrition as well as approaches to various disease conditions are addressed. Due to its focus on critical appraisals and recommendations, this book is of interest not only for the researcher who wants to keep up to date, but also for the clinician faced with premature infants in his practice.

Download or read book The Role of Pregnancy Nutrition in Maternal and Offspring Health written by Ekaterina Maslova and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In pregnancy, maternal nutrition sustains and nourishes the developing child. Imbalances in either the direction of nutritional excess or deficiency can have adverse consequences for child health. In addition, more research now suggests that good pregnancy nutrition influences child health beyond pregnancy and delivery. This includes modifying the risk of child health outcomes as they enter childhood and adulthood through influences on placental development, hormonal pathways, and organ structure and function. Poor pregnancy nutrition may also compromise maternal health during pregnancy, which may have long-term consequences for women’s health. Understanding the biological and social mechanisms operating during pregnancy can help in the design of better clinical and public health interventions. This Special Issue on “The Role of Pregnancy Nutrition in Maternal and Offspring Health” includes etiological and mechanistic studies of pregnancy nutrition with short- and long-term maternal and child health outcomes, including original research, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Together, this body of work provides important insights into the influence of dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on pregnancy outcomes, and long-term neurodevelopmental, respiratory, and metabolic health in the children. It also highlights nutritional consequences for specific groups of women, including those with pregnancy complications and eating disorders.

Download or read book Effects of Omega 3 Fatty Acids on Child and Maternal Health written by U.s. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-06-29 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the scientific-medical literature to identify, appraise, and synthesize the human evidence for the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on child and maternal health. It has been posited that the accretion of omega-3 fatty acids within the maternal biological system has the potential to influence both maternal health during pregnancy and fetal health. Likewise, it has been hypothesized that their accumulation within the post-delivery child's biological system can affect its development and health. Birth weight is the most important factor affecting neonatal morbidity and mortality, and is thus an outcome worth monitoring. Moreover, premature infants are at risk of injury to every organ system in the newborn period. Of greatest concern for infants who survive are the risks of developing permanent neurocognitive deficits that impact their lifelong health and functional capacity. Results of studies conducted on residents of the Faroe Islands suggest that marine diets, which contain omega-3 fatty acids, increase birth weight either by prolonging pregnancy8 or by increasing the fetal growth rate. Additionally, it has been hypothesized that marine oils may lower risks of certain complications of pregnancy, in particular preterm delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension, given that some of omega-3 fatty acids' presumed mechanisms of action overlap with those of aspirin. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) have been identified as important structural components of the highly specialized membrane lipids of the human central nervous system, with phospholipids of brain gray matter containing high proportions of DHA. DHA has also been observed to be the major long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC PUFA) in the outer segments of the retina's rods and cones. Based on observational studies, it has been shown that human milk fed infants have improved neurocognitive development compared to formula fed infants; it was hypothesized that one of the contributing factors may be the availability of long-chain derivatives of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) that is present only in human milk. This difference in fatty acids intake is reflected in lower erythrocyte membrane phospholipid DHA in infants fed formula.18 Until the recent availability of infant formula with added omega-3 LC PUFAs, standard infant formula was devoid of these fatty acids. The likely significance of omega-3 fatty acids for child health is therefore suggested by the observations that (a) the human brain and retina each contain considerable amounts of omega-3 fatty acids; (b) the children delivered at term receive an important supply of omega-3 fatty acids, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy; and (c) due to a shortened gestational period, a child delivered prematurely receives less exposure to omega-3 fatty acids content than does the term child. Not surprisingly, the observation concerning preterm infants has afforded considerable empirical study of the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on the health of such infants.

Download or read book The Effects of High dose Fish Oil Supplementation During Early Infancy on Neurodevelopment and Language written by Suzanne Jacqueline Meldrum and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] This thesis addresses the role of fish oil supplementation during early infancy for optimal neurodevelopment. Fish oil is high in omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), including docosahexanoic acid (DHA) which is found in high concentrations within the brain and retina, and affects a number of processes during early development. From the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy til the end of the second year of life, the brain content of DHA increases by 30 fold (Martinez 1994; Lauritzen, Hansen et al. 2001), and DHA is functionally important for membrane biogenesis, and such events as neurogenesis, neuronal migration and outgrowth (Innis 2007). While n-3 LCPUFA are desaturated internally from the precursor ALA, several authors have argued that the conversion to LCPUFA is low within infants (Carnielli, Wattimena et al. 1996; Salem, Wegher et al. 1996; Carnielli, Simonato et al. 2007), and not sufficient to meet the high demands for n-3 LCPUFA during the critical early stages of development. The potentially low levels of infant desaturation of n-3 LCPUFA together with the decline in the consumption of n-3 LCPUFA due to increasing Western dietary patterns have led to concerns for the quantity supplied during early development. Adequate intake for pregnant and lactating women has been recommended to be between 200-300mg per day (Simopoulos, Leaf et al. 1999; Koletzko, Cetin et al. 2007); however median intakes of DHA can be as low as 30 50mg (Meyer, Mann et al. 2003; Makrides 2009). Breast milk DHA is similarly affected by maternal diet, and countries that experience typically low levels of DHA within breast milk are Western nations such as the USA (0.2%), Canada (0.14%) and Australia (0.25%). Infant formulas fortified with LCPUFA are commercially available in Australia. They are typically supplemented with LCPUFA to a level similar to mean breast milk levels. Fortification is not required for all formulas however, and such products are typically sold at a higher cost. It has therefore been proposed that Australian infants may not receive adequate LCPUFA to support optimal CNS function, and investigations have been undertaken to examine whether supplementation with LCPUFA is required to achieve optimal CNS function. While the functional effects of n-3 LCPUFA have been explored in many randomised controlled trials of LCPUFA supplementation in term infants , no consistent evidence has been provided determining whether supplementation has beneficial effects (Simmer 2008; Hoffman, Boettcher et al. 2009). There are a number of proposed reasons for the lack of definitive findings in previous research trials including insufficient dosages and limited methods of developmental assessment. This study address the role of high-dose fish oil supplementation for the first six months of life for optimal neurodevelopment, using both standardised measures of global neurodevelopment, and specific assessments measuring communication and child behaviour. Prospective cohorts of 420 pregnant women with a history of allergic disease were recruited during their last trimester. Their infants were randomised to receive fish oil (containing at least 250mg DHA and 60mg EPA per day) or placebo (olive oil) daily, independent of feeding methods...

Download or read book Omega 6 3 Fatty Acids written by Fabien De Meester and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-13 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last several years developing human research suggests that a component of omega-3 fatty acids, long chain ones, contribute particularly to health benefits. Omega-6/3 Fatty Acids: Functions, Sustainability Strategies and Perspectives focuses on developing information on this newly recognized key component. This volume uniquely, and for the first time, focuses on sustainability of natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids variants including long chain ones, and on ways to increase their use and availability to reduce major diseases. The authors review cardiovascular disease, neurological changes and mental health and other diseases like diabetes where long chain omega-3 fatty acids play protective roles from recent human trials. Each chapter evaluates developing information on the possible mechanistic role of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. After showing their requirement and involvement in health promotion there are reviews of various sources and ways to protect and promote them. Authors provide support for the benefits and sources of long chain omega-3 fatty acids and their increased dietary intake that reduce various physical and mental illnesses. Omega-6/3 Fatty Acids: Functions, Sustainability and Perspectives is a unique and important new volume that provides the latest data and reviews to physicians who need to assess serum omega-6/3 and fatty acids to help diagnose risks and change diets and to inform industry and the scientific community with reviews of research for actions including new studies and therapies.

Download or read book Perinatal Biochemistry written by Emilio Herrera and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-08-14 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intrauterine development and birth constitute an uninterrupted sequence of events that have a molecular physiologic background. Perinatal Biochemistry presents a comprehensive review of this subject. Specific topics addressed include maternal metabolism during pregnancy, maternal insulin resistance, embryonic and fetal metabolism and fuel consumption, the fetal pancreas, growth factors, brain metabolism, and biochemical adaptations to early extrauterine life. The book will be useful to biochemists and physiologists interested in perinatology; clinicians working in areas related to maternal health, gestational development, and delivery; gynecologists, neonatologists; pediatricians; endocrinologists; and internists.

Download or read book Maternal Prenatal Stress and Child Neurodevelopment written by Tanya Khemet Taiwo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early life experience can impact lifelong health; one of the earliest potentially adverse experiences is in-utero exposure to maternal stress, anxiety or depression. This project examined whether maternal social, economic and mental health stressors have an impact on a child’s diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and whether these stressors can modify the risk of ASD from environmental exposures. First, we investigated whether the maternal economic and mental health stressors have independent effects on child’s neurodevelopmental outcome. Data from the CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment) Study, a population-based case-control study, were used to examine whether maternal periconceptional and prenatal exposures and experiences were associated with increased risk of ASD in the child. Specifically, maternal inability to pay for basic needs (food, housing, medical care and heating) and maternal prenatal psychological distress were explored for their association with the child’s ASD diagnosis. Our data showed that both financial hardship and maternal mood disorders during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of child ASD. Secondly, we explored the effects of maternal stressors to determine if they modified or acted synergistically with environmental chemical exposures to alter a child’s developmental diagnosis. Neighborhood level environmental exposures and sociodemographic factors were obtained from the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool, a methodology developed by Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment that identifies California communities that are disproportionately burdened by multiple sources of pollution and socioeconomic disadvantage. Geographic based relative measures of seven environmental exposures, five indicators of the effects of pollution, and seven population characteristics and socioeconomic factors, create percentile scores for all of California’s census tracts. Findings suggest Air quality measures are associated with ASD risk, and that this risk varies based on maternal mental state. Finally, we examined the interaction between the maternal prenatal experience and residential proximity to agricultural application of organophosphate pesticides for their effects on risk for ASD in the offspring. This study identified financial hardship as an amplifier of the association between organophosphate pesticide exposures during pregnancy and offspring ASD. These results add to the existing evidence highlighting the importance of studying the co-exposure of social and environmental exposures affecting children at early developmental stages. In this investigation, we have shown that maternal mental health financial hardship are potential environmental risk factors for ASD, and that these experiences amplify the effect of air pollution and pesticide exposures. These findings have relevance for public health and provide hope for strategies that can reduce risk factors for this devastating diagnosis. Strategies may involve maternal child health interventions, poverty reduction programs and attention to environmental toxins.

Download or read book Complementary Feeding written by Robert E. Black and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complementary feeding period from 6 to 24 months is a crucial part of the first 1000 days of development. It marks the transition from exclusively milk-based liquid diet to the family diet and self-feeding. During this period, healthy food preferences and feeding practices are formed. The papers in this book were presented at the 87th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop in Singapore, May 2016. Divided into three parts, they provide updates and recommendations, as well as insights into strategies and interventions, from all around the world. The first part addresses the role of complementary feeding in healthy development, focusing on food types and the timing of solid food introduction. The second part examines determinants of growth restriction and discusses effective interventions in infants and children in low- and middle-income countries. The last part focuses on development and 'programming' of behavioral and psychological aspects to prevent childhood obesity in high socioeconomic settings.

Download or read book Dhasco and Arasco Oils as Sources of Long chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Infant Formula written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: