Download or read book Local Immune Regulation in Human Pregnancy written by Charlotte Gustafsson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Immune regulation at the fetal maternal interface with focus on decidual macrophages written by Judit Svensson?Arvelund and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2015-04-21 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A successful pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system adapts to tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetal-placental unit. This adaptation mainly occurs locally, i.e. at the fetal-maternal interface, where fetal-derived tissues come into close contact with maternal cells in the uterine endometrium (called decidua during pregnancy). Macrophages and regulatory T (Treg) cells are maternal immune cells that are enriched in the decidua and they likely play a central role in promoting fetal tolerance. However, the precise function of decidual macrophages and the factors regulating both macrophages and Treg cells in humans are unknown. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the phenotype and function of decidual macrophages from first trimester human pregnancy and to identify factors responsible for inducing tolerogenic properties in both decidual macrophages and Treg cells. CD14+ decidual macrophages showed characteristics of immune suppressive or homeostatic macrophages (expression of CD163, CD206 and CD209), mainly produced immunosuppressive cytokines, like IL-10 and IL-35, while levels of inflammatory cytokines, for instance IL-12 and IL-23, were low. Decidual macrophages also induced the expansion of CD25highFoxp3+ Treg cells, but not of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells, in vitro. In addition, decidual macrophages preferentially secreted the monocyte- and Treg cell-associated chemokines CCL2 and CCL18, while Th1-, Th2- and Th17-related chemokines were produced at low levels. These results suggest that decidual macrophages contribute to create the unique decidual cell composition and a tolerogenic immune environment that is compatible with fetal development. Further, by comparing decidual macrophages with different in vitro macrophage subsets, we showed that M-CSF and IL-10, but not GM-CSF, Th1 or Th2 stimuli, induced macrophages that resemble decidual macrophages in terms of cell surface marker expression, cytokine andchemokine production and gene expression profile. First trimester placental tissue, in particular placental trophoblast cells, was identified as an important source of M-CSF and IL-10. We also demonstrated that human fetal-derived placental tissue can induce the characteristics of decidual macrophages (CD163+CD206+CD209+IL-10+CCL18+) and the selective expansion of functionally suppressive CD25highFoxp3+ Treg cells, the latter partly mediated through IL-10, TGF-? and TRAIL. The placenta also limited activation of Th cells, for instance by generally reduced cytokine production. Our data show that the placenta has a unique ability to induce tolerogenic immune cells with a reduced inflammatory potential, which is essential for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing inflammation-induced fetal loss.

Download or read book Immunology of Pregnancy written by Gil Mor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-27 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers in detail contemporary hypotheses and studies related to the immunology of implantation and provides a practical approach for the application of basic reproductive immunology research to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, pre-term labor and IUGR. Provides complete and up to date review of current knowledge of the role of the immune system during pregnancy and the interactions between the placenta and the maternal immune system.

Download or read book Immunology of Pregnancy written by Udo R. Markert and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the discipline of immunology which studies a unique physiological phenomenon contradicting many of the generally established rules in the field: immunology of pregnancy. It provides a wide overview of the current research of this topic. Prominent and leading international groups contributed by reviewing the most significant findings in the field.

Download or read book Reproductive Immunology written by Gil Mor and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reproductive Immunology: Basic Concepts gives a holistic insight into the understanding of the complex interactions between the maternal immune system and the fetal/placental unit necessary for the success of pregnancy. This interaction is critical for the support of the human fetal semiallograft and the protection against infections. The book covers various topics such as B cells, macrophages, T cells, discussion on fetal signals and their impact on maternal reproductive cells such as endometrial cells, mast cells, and the role of fetal Hofbauer cells, the immune regulatory role of glucorticoids, and many other novel topics within the field of reproductive immunology. Edited and written by experts in the field, this book introduces the up-to-date knowledge of the role of the immune system during pregnancy and provides the necessary background to understand pregnancy complications associated with alterations in the functioning of the immune system. The book provides a complete discussion on the immunological aspects of pregnancy and serves as a great tool for research scientists, students, reproductive immunologists and OBGYNs. Shows the detailed evaluation of the knowledge related to each immune cell type in the pregnant and not pregnant uterus Evaluates each immune cell type and its function during specific reproductive events Provides the biological background for understanding the clinical aspects that will be discussed in subsequent volumes in the series

Download or read book The Immunology of Human Pregnancy written by Henry N. Claman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Immune regulation at the foetal maternal interface implications for healthy and complicated pregnancies written by Robert Lindau and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a successful pregnancy, the maternal immune system must acquire tolerance towards the paternal antigens present in the semi-allogeneic foetus. This tolerance is mainly established locally at the foetal-maternal interface, where foetally-derived trophoblasts invade the maternal endometrium (called decidua during pregnancy) and come in close proximity to maternal immune cells. The decidua is populated by maternal immune cells of a unique composition, characterised by their suppressive phenotypes that are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, failure of immune tolerance can lead to pregnancy complications. Macrophages and regulatory T-cells are enriched in the decidua and are believed to play important roles in the establishment of tolerance. However, there is limited information regarding the factors that regulate their functions and if their function is compromised in pregnancy complications. The aim of this thesis was to further elucidate which factors are responsible for induction of the regulatory phenotypes of macrophages and T-cells found in the decidua, how tissue resident cells in the decidua contribute to this and if this system is compromised during pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and recurrent pregnancy loss. Decidual stromal cells (DSCs) constitute the largest population of tissue resident cells in the decidua. In an in vitro system of macrophage differentiation, we found that Isolated peripheral blood monocytes cultured in conditioned medium (CM) from DSCs acquired a high expression of the regulatory M2 markers CD163, CD209 and CD14, and a low expression of CD86, characteristics of decidual macrophages. This induction was in part mediated by macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), as neutralising its effects reduced the expression of CD163. However, since only a partial reduction was reached, other factors are involved. Another likely candidate for this polarisation is interleukin (IL)-34, a second ligand for the M-CSF receptor. We showed that IL-34 is expressed by both DSCs and the foetal placenta. Further, in vitro, IL-34 was able to induce macrophages with similar properties as that of M-CSF-induced macrophages, with high expression of CD163, CD209 and CD14. This was also coupled to a cytokine secretion profile similar to M-CSF-induced macrophages, with high production of IL-10, low production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and no production of IL-12. We found no evidence of IL-34 being aberrantly expressed in placentas from preeclamptic women. In addition to promoting induction of macrophages with a regulatory phenotype, CM from DSCs promoted expansion of Foxp3+CD25bright regulatory T (Treg) cells in an in vitro polarisation system, in a SMAD3 dependent manner. Protein profiling of DSCs revealed limited production of the Th2 related IL-13, IL-4, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), as well as no production of the Th17 related IL-17A and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 20. Instead we found that DSCs were more prone to production of regulatory factors, such as M-CSF, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-?, albeit with addition of the more pro-inflammatory IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 8 and the Th1-related CXCL10. We also investigated if the placenta´s ability to induce Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages is compromised in women with a history of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (uRPL) and if the placental secreted protein profile is skewed to a pro-inflammatory response in uRPL. Using surplus materials from chorionic villous sampling (CVS), we generated CM from placental tissue taken from healthy and uRPL pregnancies and used this to polarise macrophages and T-cells in vitro. We found no difference in the ability to induce Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages between the healthy group and the uRPL group. Likewise, no differences in the protein profile was observed between the two groups. Taken together, our findings imply that DSCs produce a variety of factors promoting foetal tolerance by induction of Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages. Furthermore, we also showed that the placenta retained its ability to induce Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages in women with a history of uRPL. Graviditet utgör en stor utmaning för mammans immunförsvar eftersom fostret till hälften består av gener från pappan, vilket innebär att fostret bär på gener som är främmande för mammans immunförsvar. Detta betyder att mamman måste utveckla en tolerans för att förhindra en avstötningsreaktion, men samtidigt också bevara skyddet mot potentiellt farliga infektioner. Tolerans skapas främst lokalt i kontakten mellan livmoderslemhinnan (kallad decidua under graviditet) och placentan (moderkakan), där placentaceller från fostret kommer i nära kontakt med mammans immunceller. Således har dessa immunceller en central roll i att skapa tolerans. Två celltyper som är anrikade i deciduan under en graviditet är specialiserade makrofager och regulatoriska T-celler. Dock är det inte fastställt hur dessa celler får sina immundämpande egenskaper. I denna avhandling studeras hur mammans immunceller utvecklar tolerans genom kommunikation med andra celler och genom att interagera med varandra. Fokus i avhandlingen är stödjeceller, stroma-celler, i decidua, som inte bara bygger upp vävnaden utan också deltar genom produktion av tillväxtfaktorer och hormoner som bidrar till skapande av tolerans. De övergripande målen i avhandlingen var att kartlägga faktorer som styr utvecklingen av decidua-makrofager och regulatoriska T-celler, var dessa faktorer produceras och om kvinnor som utvecklat graviditetskomplikationer har en försämrad förmåga att utveckla immundämpande immunceller lokalt. I en delstudie visar vi att de stödjeceller som utgör majoriteten av alla celler i deciduan, deciduala stromaceller, har förmågan att stimulera utvecklingen av makrofager som liknar de som finns i deciduan. För utveckling av immundämpande makrofager visade det sig att tillväxtfaktorn M-CSF var en drivande faktor. Dock dämpades uttrycket endast delvis, vilket tyder på att även andra faktorer är inblandade. En av de mest troliga är IL-34, som binder till och aktiverar samma receptor som M-CSF. I en annan delstudie visade vi att IL-34 bildas både i placentan och av stromaceller i deciduan. IL-34 var, i likhet med M-CSF, också drivande i utvecklingen av makrofager som är mycket lika makrofager i deciduan. Utöver effekten på makrofagerna drev de deciduala stromacellerna även utvecklingen av regulatoriska T-celler, troligen via produktion av en annan tillväxtfaktor, TGF-?. Då IL-34 och M-CSF var involverade i utveckling av tolerans hos makrofager, undersökte vi även om havandeskapsförgiftning (preeklampsi) var associerad med en försämrad förmåga att producera dessa faktorer i placentan. Dock hittade vi inga skillnader i förekomst av IL-34 och M-CSF hos placenta-celler från kvinnor med havandeskapsförgiftning. Sammantaget visar våra studier att deciduala stromaceller är viktiga för att producera en repertoar av faktorer som skapar och bibehåller immundämpande egenskaper hos makrofager och regulatoriska T-celler under en graviditet. Vi visar att M-CSF, IL-34 och TGF-? är centrala för denna toleransutveckling och att de bildas av deciduala stromaceller. Dock verkar dessa faktorer inte vara avvikande vid havandeskapsförgiftning

Download or read book Immunology of Pregnancy and Cancer written by Valentin Ivanovich Govallo and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 1993 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunology of Pregnancy & Cancer

Download or read book Immunology of Pregnancy 2013 written by Gérard Chaouat and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013-11-08 with total page 982 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since a September, 1992, Nature article which read: “Can there be life without LIF?”, researchers now realize that the maternal immune system is both a foe (it can reject the conception) and a friend (immune cells and molecules are also necessary for successful pregnancy). Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) when absent, prevents embryo implantation in rodents. From fecundation to parturition, immunity acts as a Janus, required but potentially dangerous. However, the complexity and the diversity of immunity in pregnancy deters many from entering the field. This book will try to give a complete overview of immunity from gametes till parturition, in brief, but with complete chapters and subsections, each written by specialists in the field. The importance of the topic relies not only on “the riddle of the fetal allograft”, which is per se fascinating, but on its consequences, linked to the development of IVF and in general, Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) / Medicine. Since the discovery that there would not be (mammalian) life without LIF, it has become clear that Immune Molecules, and in general, transient post mating inflammatory reactions are required for successful implantation. Disruptions of this process can lead to implantation failure / sterility. In later stages of pregnancy immunological cells, mostly of the innate immune system, control formation of local spiral arteries. Finally, a state of tolerance establishes itself, whose “break’ leads to immune abortion and the vascular bed is further transformed and enlarged, till delivery, and here again “immunological cytokines” do play a major role and can eventually cause immune mediated abortion. Failure of, not just, the cytokine and cell recognition mediated dialogue, but also the pre and peri-implantation “preparation of the uterus”, as stated, leads to sterility, early pregnancy loss and recurrent abortions. There is also an increasingly stronger argument to implicate immunology in pre-eclampsia. Further still, immunology is also implicated in the control of local infection, mother to child transmission of pathogens (notably, but not limited to, HIV). Finally, pregnancy is the only known physiological phenomenon where the once named “suppressor T cells,” re-emerge as “regulatory T cells”, and play a cardinal role. This E-book provides a complete compendium of gynecological immunology, spanning from fecundation to delivery. Topics also include the role of various cell types (such as T regs ad NK cells) in implantation and uterine changes as well as the genetic regulation of immunological processes. As such it will be of interest not only to fundamental and reproductive immunologists, but more importantly, clinicians in obstetrics and gynecology.

Download or read book Non canonical Innate Immune Regulation in Pregnancy written by Nora Elliana Vivanco Gonzalez and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The innate immune system has evolved complex mechanisms to protect organisms from infection, maintain tissue homeostasis, and promote tissue remodeling. The success of pregnancy depends on appropriate innate immune modulation at the feto-maternal interface and in the periphery. The mammalian innate immune system is largely driven by granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Here, we explore the functional potential of myeloid cells in humans and mice, with a particular focus on pregnancy, by applying single-cell analytical tools to dissect cellular proteomic composition. We applied single-cell mass cytometry to deeply phenotype human granulocytes at the single-cell level. Basophils, one of the least abundant granulocytes, presented four distinct phenotypes. Based on their distinct protein profiles in response to in vitro stimulation, we determined two basophil subsets exhibited neutrophil-like behavior. Upon sorting these cells and studying their morphology, one of these subsets appeared to be neutrophilic, while the other exhibited a classic basophil morphology. Our findings suggest that subsets of basophils may serve roles beyond their inflammatory responses. In addition to functioning in allergic responses and pathogen clearance, granulocytes are needed for successful pregnancy. We sought to study their potential roles at the feto-maternal interface and assess their changes across mouse gestation in comparison to those of other immune cells. Our analysis revealed compartmentalized specialization of innate immune cells based on their location within the feto-maternal interface, suggesting that innate immune cells have a dominant role in mouse pregnancy beyond placentation and may function to suppress inflammatory responses at mid-gestation. Our analysis of the immune composition of the mouse uterus and lymphoid organs in non-pregnant and pregnant animals revealed dramatic changes in myeloid proliferation outside the bone marrow in pregnancy. Extramedullary myeloid proliferation is a condition typically associated with inflammatory diseases and has never been reported to occur in pregnancy. These results suggest that the feto-maternal interface increases demand for specialized, tolerogenic myeloid cells, to aid in maternal immune modulation. Uncontrolled maternal inflammatory responses during pregnancy can have deleterious consequences. Maternal infections have long been implicated in the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders. We hypothesized that aberrant expression of genes that function in multiple biological processes, such as in brain development, immune system, or the feto-maternal interface negatively impact pregnancy outcomes. Using a mouse model, we tested maternal deficiencies in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Two of the tested genes dramatically impacted fetal resilience to maternal inflammation. The association between traditional "brain" genes that function in pregnancy either through the maternal immune system or placentation has not been previously studied. Our findings point to genes with potential synergistic roles across organ systems that worsen disease outcomes.

Download or read book Animal Models and Human Reproduction written by Heide Schatten and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our knowledge of reproductive biology has increased enormously in recent years on cellular, molecular, and genetic levels, leading to significant breakthroughs that have directly benefitted in vitro fertilization (IVF) and other assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in humans and animal systems. Animal Models and Human Reproduction presents a comprehensive reference that reflects the latest scientific research being done in human reproductive biology utilizing domestic animal models. Chapters on canine, equine, cow, pig, frog, and mouse models of reproduction reflect frontier research in placental biology, ovarian function and fertility, non-coding RNAs in gametogenesis, oocyte and embryo metabolism, fertilization, cryopreservation, signal transduction pathways, chromatin dynamics, epigenetics, reproductive aging, and inflammation. Chapters on non-human primate models also highlight recent advancements into such issues as human in vitro fertilization (IVF) and assisted reproductive technologies (ART). This book offers animal scientists, reproductive biology scientists, clinicians and practitioners, invaluable insights into a wide range of issues at the forefront of human reproductive health.

Download or read book Immunoendocrinology Scientific and Clinical Aspects written by George S. Eisenbarth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-13 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunoendocrinology is a rapidly developing field of research that seeks to understand the intersection of the immune and endocrine systems. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects explores in detail the current knowledge of immunoendocrinology, namely endocrine disorders produced by disorders of immune function. Chapters cover both basic pathophysiology informed by studies of animal models as well as current understanding of multiple related clinical diseases—their pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects captures the central role of immunoendocrinologic processes in the pathogenesis of not only type 1 diabetes but in a range of other autoimmune and endocrine disorders.

Download or read book The Hope of Progress written by P.B. Medawar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1972, The Hope of Progress presents collection of essays and lectures dealing with the history of scientific ideas and the impact of science on society. The principle piece in this volume is the author’s 1969 presidential address to the British Association ‘On The Effecting of All Things Possible’, an argument for believing in the ability of science to solve the problems it has itself created, and which too many of us believe insoluble. It contains author’s Romanes Lecture on ‘Science and Literature’ and a well known critique of J.D. Watson’s notorious account of the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA, The Double Helix. Other chapters discuss the possibility of the control and domination by science of the body and mind of Man- though the author concludes in ‘The Genetic Improvement of Man’ : ‘I think that, in the main, for many centuries to come, we shall have to put up with human beings as they are at present constituted’. This book will be useful for scholars and researchers of history of science, philosophy of science, natural science, and philosophy in general.

Download or read book Neuroendocrine immune Interactions written by Rolf C. Gaillard and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interactions between the immune, endocrine and nervous systems seldom appear as main issues in the neurosciences and in immunology. So far this was most likely due to the need to focus on the molecular and cellular bases of single neural, endocrine and immune processes. But hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides can also influence more subtle mechanisms underlying immune cell activity. The contents of this volume aim at listing some aspects which show that not only the bases for neuroendocrine control of more refined mechanisms related to the organization and functioning of the immune systems to exist, but also that the immune system can actively communicate with neuroendocrine structures. The evidence is divided into three categories: - Anatomical, cellular and molecular bases for the exchange of information between immune, endocrine and neural cells, - reciprocal effects between immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms, and - immune-neuroendocrine regulatory circuits. Immunologically triggered neuroendocrine responses can be either beneficial or deleterious for the host. A systematic approach would imply the simultaneous evaluation of neuroendocrine and immune parameters and thus provide the basis for therapeutic interventions based on antagonizing or blocking undesirable effects.

Download or read book Infections in Pregnancy written by Adel Elkady and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides effective diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in pregnant women in a single comprehensive available resource for busy clinicians.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Life History Evolution written by Thomas Flatt and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2011-05-12 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction, and survival and by investigating the trade-offs that constrain the evolution of these traits. Although life history theory has made enormous progress in explaining the diversity of life history strategies among species, it traditionally ignores the underlying proximate mechanisms. This novel book argues that many fundamental problems in life history evolution, including the nature of trade-offs, can only be fully resolved if we begin to integrate information on developmental, physiological, and genetic mechanisms into the classical life history framework. Each chapter is written by an established or up-and-coming leader in their respective field; they not only represent the state of the art but also offer fresh perspectives for future research. The text is divided into 7 sections that cover basic concepts (Part 1), the mechanisms that affect different parts of the life cycle (growth, development, and maturation; reproduction; and aging and somatic maintenance) (Parts 2-4), life history plasticity (Part 5), life history integration and trade-offs (Part 6), and concludes with a synthesis chapter written by a prominent leader in the field and an editorial postscript (Part 7).

Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.