Download or read book The Fight for Local Control written by Campbell F. Scribner and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-12 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the twentieth century, local control of school districts was one of the most contentious issues in American politics. As state and federal regulation attempted to standardize public schools, conservatives defended local prerogative as a bulwark of democratic values. Yet their commitment to those values was shifting and selective. In The Fight for Local Control, Campbell F. Scribner demonstrates how, in the decades after World War II, suburban communities appropriated legacies of rural education to assert their political autonomy and in the process radically changed educational law. Scribner's account unfolds on the metropolitan fringe, where rapid suburbanization overlapped with the consolidation of thousands of small rural schools. Rural residents initially clashed with their new neighbors, but by the 1960s the groups had rallied to resist government oversight. What began as residual opposition to school consolidation would transform into campaigns against race-based busing, unionized teachers, tax equalization, and secular curriculum. In case after case, suburban conservatives carved out new rights for local autonomy, stifling equal educational opportunity. Yet Scribner also provides insight into why many conservatives have since abandoned localism for policies that stress school choice and federal accountability. In the 1970s, as new battles arose over unions, textbooks, and taxes, districts on the rural-suburban fringe became the first to assert individual choice in the form of school vouchers, religious exemptions, and a marketplace model of education. At the same time, they began to embrace tax limitation and standardized testing, policies that checked educational bureaucracy but bypassed local school boards. The effect, Scribner concludes, has been to reinforce inequalities between districts while weakening participatory government within them, keeping the worst aspects of local control in place while forfeiting its virtues.
Download or read book The Fight for Local Control written by Campbell F. Scribner and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the twentieth century, local control of school districts was one of the most contentious issues in American politics. As state and federal regulation attempted to standardize public schools, conservatives defended local prerogative as a bulwark of democratic values. Yet their commitment to those values was shifting and selective. In The Fight for Local Control, Campbell F. Scribner demonstrates how, in the decades after World War II, suburban communities appropriated legacies of rural education to assert their political autonomy and in the process radically changed educational law. Scribner’s account unfolds on the metropolitan fringe, where rapid suburbanization overlapped with the consolidation of thousands of small rural schools. Rural residents initially clashed with their new neighbors, but by the 1960s the groups had rallied to resist government oversight. What began as residual opposition to school consolidation would transform into campaigns against race-based busing, unionized teachers, tax equalization, and secular curriculum. In case after case, suburban conservatives carved out new rights for local autonomy, stifling equal educational opportunity. Yet Scribner also provides insight into why many conservatives have since abandoned localism for policies that stress school choice and federal accountability. In the 1970s, as new battles arose over unions, textbooks, and taxes, districts on the rural-suburban fringe became the first to assert individual choice in the form of school vouchers, religious exemptions, and a marketplace model of education. At the same time, they began to embrace tax limitation and standardized testing, policies that checked educational bureaucracy but bypassed local school boards. The effect, Scribner concludes, has been to reinforce inequalities between districts while weakening participatory government within them, keeping the worst aspects of local control in place while forfeiting its virtues.
Download or read book Zoned in the USA written by Sonia A. Hirt and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2015-02-24 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are American cities, suburbs, and towns so distinct? Compared to European cities, those in the United States are characterized by lower densities and greater distances; neat, geometric layouts; an abundance of green space; a greater level of social segregation reflected in space; and—perhaps most noticeably—a greater share of individual, single-family detached housing. In Zoned in the USA, Sonia A. Hirt argues that zoning laws are among the important but understudied reasons for the cross-continental differences.Hirt shows that rather than being imported from Europe, U.S. municipal zoning law was in fact an institution that quickly developed its own, distinctly American profile. A distinct spatial culture of individualism—founded on an ideal of separate, single-family residences apart from the dirt and turmoil of industrial and agricultural production—has driven much of municipal regulation, defined land-use, and, ultimately, shaped American life. Hirt explores municipal zoning from a comparative and international perspective, drawing on archival resources and contemporary land-use laws from England, Germany, France, Australia, Russia, Canada, and Japan to challenge assumptions about American cities and the laws that guide them.
Download or read book Taking Local Control written by Monica Varsanyi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The breadth of approaches represented here will make this an invaluable resource." Peter Spiro Charles Weiner Professor of Law Temple University Law School.
Download or read book Money Mandates and Local Control in American Public Education written by Bryan Shelly and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2011-07-08 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pointing to the disparities between wealthy and impoverished school districts in areas where revenue depends primarily upon local taxes, reformers repeatedly call for the centralization of school funding. Their proposals meet resistance from citizens, elected officials, and school administrators who fear the loss of local autonomy. Bryan Shelly finds, however, that local autonomy has already been compromised by federal and state governments, which exercise a tremendous amount of control over public education despite their small contribution to a school system's funding. This disproportionate relationship between funding and control allows state and federal officials to pass education policy yet excuses them from supplying adequate funding for new programs. The resulting unfunded and underfunded mandates and regulations, Shelly insists, are the true cause of the loss of community control over public education. Shelly outlines the effects of the most infamous of underfunded federal mandates, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), and explores why schools implemented it despite its unpopularity and out-of-pocket costs. Shelly's findings hold significant implications for school finance reform, NCLB, and the future of intergovernmental relations.
Download or read book Beyond Standards written by Morgan Polikoff and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beyond Standards highlights the structural conditions that have undermined the success of the standards movement and challenges us to confront them. The book offers an impassioned argument about the ways that our decentralized educational systems undermine the pursuit of educational equity and excellence. Morgan Polikoff applies a wide array of quantitative and qualitative data to provide a pointed critique of the US educational system. He addresses why standards have failed, whether standards-based reform can be salvaged, and what we can do to improve teaching and learning at scale across America's 13,000 school districts. Polikoff argues that no amount of tinkering can fix standards. Rather, we need to tackle the big, structural issues, such as decentralization. The author identifies curriculum reform as a high-leverage strategy for making meaningful progress at scale and emphasizes that states need to play a greater role in evaluating and recommending high-quality curriculum materials. Beyond Standards proposes a new, progressive vision that emphasizes the central role of states in challenging the antiquated, segregating structures that have thwarted educational improvement.
Download or read book Global Finance Local Control written by Igor O. Logvinenko and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring Russia's reentry into global capital markets at the dawn of the twenty-first century, Global Finance, Local Control shows how economic integration became deeply entangled with a bare-knuckled struggle for control over the vestiges of the Soviet empire. Igor Logvinenko reveals how the post-communist Russian economy became a full-fledged participant in the international financial sector without significantly improving the local rule of law. By the end of Vladimir Putin's second presidential term, Russia was more integrated into the global financial system than at any point in the past. However, the country's longstanding deficiencies—including widespread corruption, administration of justice, and an increasingly overbearing state—continued unabated. Scrutinizing stock-market restrictions on foreign ownership during the first fifteen years of Russia's economic transition, Logvinenko concludes that financial internationalization allowed local elites to raise capital from foreign investors while maintaining control over local assets. They legitimized their wealth using Western institutions, but they did so on their terms. Global Finance, Local Control delivers a somber lesson about the integration of emerging markets: without strong domestic rule-of-law protections, financial internationalization entrenches oligarchic capitalism and strengthens authoritarian regimes.
Download or read book Toward More Local Control Financial Reform for Public Education written by United States. Department of Education. Advisory Panel on Financing Elementary and Secondary Education and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Balancing Local Control and State Responsibility for K 12 Education written by Neil D. Theobald and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the impact of state activism on local school autonomy in terms of both financial resources and policy initiatives.
Download or read book Terrorism Documents Of International And Local Control written by Douglas C. Lovelace and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-04-02 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism: Documents of International and Local Control is a hardbound series that provides primary-source documents on the worldwide counter-terrorism effort. Chief among the documents collected are transcripts of Congressional testimony, reports by such federal government bodies as the Congressional Research Service and the Government Accountability Office, and case law covering issues related to terrorism. Most volumes carry a single theme, and inside each volume the documents appear within topic-based categories. The series also includes a subject index and other indices that guide the user through this complex area of the law. Understanding United States National Security Strategy Relating to Terrorism. Part I: Foundational Strategies constitutes the inaugural edition of the enhanced version of Terrorism: 1st Series. With this new volume, Oxford Law introduces the expert commentary and editing of Professor Douglas C. Lovelace, Director of the Strategic Studies Institute at the Army War College. Professor Lovelace's high-ranking experience in authoring national securities directives makes him the perfect addition to this Terrorism project. Lovelace's expansive background offers readers access to invaluable commentary which has been sensibly organized to aid research. Understanding United States National Security Strategy Relating to Terrorism. Part I: Foundational Strategies explores the large body of national security and military strategies currently in effect for the U.S. The topical organization of these "National Strategies"and the expert introductions provided for these documents, validates Lovelace's expertise in this area as well as his extensive inside knowledge of U.S. security policy .For readers and researchers in need of a thorough but concise guide to current government plans in the war on terror, Understanding United States National Security Strategy Relating to Terrorism. Part I: Foundational Strategies will prove indispensable.
Download or read book Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-03-24 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers and program managers are continually seeking ways to improve accountability in achieving an entity's mission. A key factor in improving accountability in achieving an entity's mission is to implement an effective internal control system. An effective internal control system helps an entity adapt to shifting environments, evolving demands, changing risks, and new priorities. As programs change and entities strive to improve operational processes and implement new technology, management continually evaluates its internal control system so that it is effective and updated when necessary. Section 3512 (c) and (d) of Title 31 of the United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Managers? Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA)) requires the Comptroller General to issue standards for internal control in the federal government.
Download or read book Local Stability and Ultimate Boundedness in the Control of Robot Manipulators written by Marco A. Arteaga and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a unique compendium of the authors ́ own research on the use of theoretical stability analysis, showing how to take advantage of local stability design and ultimate boundedness for practical robot control. It addresses researchers and postgraduate students dealing with control theory, particularly with nonlinear systems. Thanks to the numerous worked examples, it could also be used as a textbook in postgraduate courses.
Download or read book Local Control of Microvascular Perfusion written by Michael Hill and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Local control of microvascular perfusion refers to the ability of individual tissues to maintain a relative constancy of hemodynamics in the face of changing perfusion pressure while meeting metabolic demands appropriately. The regulation of local blood flow, or autoregulation, and its underlying mechanisms have been a subject of considerable interest for over 100 years. Particular focus has been placed on the acute interaction of myogenic (pressure-induced) and metabolic (local production of vasodilator metabolites) parameters and how they interact with flow (shear stress)-dependent and conduction-based mechanisms to produce integrated local vascular network responses (for example, as seen during reactive and functional hyperemia). This monograph discusses each of these vasoregulatory phenomena while also considering evidence for their underlying cellular mechanisms. Further, an attempt is made to integrate the information into complex in vivo situations and consider their relevance to pathophysiological situations.
Download or read book Armor written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.
Download or read book Locally Played written by Benjamin Stokes and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How games can make a real-world difference in communities when city leaders tap into the power of play for local impact. In 2016, city officials were surprised when Pokémon GO brought millions of players out into the public space, blending digital participation with the physical. Yet for local control and empowerment, a new framework is needed to guide the power of mixed reality and pervasive play. In Locally Played, Benjamin Stokes describes the rise of games that can connect strangers across zip codes, support the “buy local” economy, and build cohesion in the fight for equity. With a mix of high- and low-tech games, Stokes shows, cities can tap into the power of play for the good of the group, including healthier neighborhoods and stronger communities. Stokes shows how impact is greatest when games “fit” to the local community—not just in terms of culture, but at the level of group identity and network structure. By pairing design principles with a range of empirical methods, Stokes investigates the impact of several games, including Macon Money, where an alternative currency encouraged people to cross lines of socioeconomic segregation in Macon, Georgia; Reality Ends Here, where teams in Los Angeles competed to tell multimedia stories around local mythology; and Pokémon GO, appropriated by several cities to serve local needs through local libraries and open street festivals. Locally Played provides game designers with a model to strengthen existing networks tied to place and gives city leaders tools to look past technology trends in order to make a difference in the real world.
Download or read book NCI Monographs written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
