Download or read book Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka written by Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-05 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: A Research Review has presented a unique and interesting scientific problem; Leishmania donovani-induced cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This new clinical entity is increasingly reported in many countries at present. This book presents the story of leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka through the author’s 20-year experience. Through its comprehensive 13 chapters, book sheds crucial light on the past, present, and future of leishmaniasis on the island while covering historical aspects, progression in research on parasite, vector, host, immunology, clinical, diagnostic, treatment, patient care, and their corresponding trends The content builds gradually to a final discussion of the gaps in knowledge, research needs, capacity building and a model to manage an emerging health issue in a country. This concise yet comprehensive book is an ideal thought-provoking reference guide to professionals with a keen interest in the field of leishmaniasis. Key Features: Provides a comprehensive and complete resource on leishmaniasis, including various aspects of the disease, distilling credible information from available literature coupled with historical references Follows a model approach for handling emerging infectious diseases for the benefit of clinicians and front-line workers Discusses the unique problem of skin localizing visceralizing parasites of Leishmania and provides basic principles of management for other infectious diseases and vector-borne infections

Download or read book Atlas of Dermatoses in Pigmented Skin written by Ranthilaka R. Ranawaka and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-23 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the representation of dermatological diseases in pigmented skin, fills an important gap in the literature, and facilitates better dermatological diagnosis when dealing with patients of various ethnicities. It discusses over 400 diseases and their representations with the help of over 2000 high-quality images and illustrations. This book elaborates on each single disease using easy-to-follow schematics and a focused approach to facilitate reader learning. Pursuing a comprehensive, the book covers not only common skin diseases such as psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema, erythrasma, cutaneous tuberculosis, leprosy, leishmaniasis and oral submucous fibrosis, but also rare tropical diseases such as sporotrichosis, mycetoma, rhinosporodiosis, lobomycosis, mucormycosis and subcutaneous zygomycosis. It also addresses aesthetic concerns by covering hypopigmented and hyperpigmented disorders in pigmented skin such as guttate hypomelanosis, vitiligo, progressive macular hypomelanosis, chemical or physical induced depigmentation, melasma, sebo-melanosis, lichen and macular amyloidosis. Offering comprehensive coverage of dermatological disorders and diseases in pigmented skin, the book is a must-have resource for dermatology trainees and practitioners who treat or care for pigmented skin patients.

Download or read book Parasite and Host Determinants of Visceral Leishmaniasis written by Laura-Isobel McCall and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania protozoa and transmitted by a sand fly vector. There are three main disease manifestations: self-healing but scarring cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with destruction of the mucosal tissues in the nose, mouth and throat, and visceral leishmaniasis in which parasites disseminate to the bone marrow, liver and spleen, leading to high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, wasting, and death in the absence of treatment. Visceral leishmaniasis is the second most lethal tropical disease after malaria. A key question of leishmaniasis research is why some Leishmania species such as Leishmania major remain at the site of the sand fly bite in cutaneous leishmaniasis while other species such as Leishmania donovani metastasize to visceral organs. The overall goal of this thesis was to identify factors involved in visceral disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that parasite factors play a determining role in visceral disease and that host characteristics are also involved. First, we examined the function of A2, a protein family already implicated in L. donovani visceralization. A2 is shown to protect against heat shock and oxidative stress, key host defences against visceral leishmaniasis. Second, we studied an atypical L. donovani clinical isolate from Sri Lanka that causes cutaneous rather than visceral leishmaniasis, comparing it to a clinical isolate from a Sri Lankan visceral leishmaniasis patient. Although both strains were equally infective to macrophages in vitro, they caused significantly different disease phenotypes in vivo in mice: only the cutaneous isolate caused footpad swelling while only the visceral isolate led to significant liver and spleen parasitemia. A2 expression was lower in the cutaneous isolate and ectopically expressing an additional A2 gene in the cutaneous isolate partially restored virulence in the visceral organs. Therefore, parasite factors are a key determinant of visceral disease. However, host characteristics and history can also influence the development of visceral leishmaniasis. In Sri Lanka, cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani is frequent while visceral disease is rare. We show here that immunization with a cutaneous clinical isolate is associated with a mixed Th1/Th2 response and protects BALB/c mice from visceral leishmaniasis, providing a possible rationale for the low incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Overall, these results represent significant progress into the determinants of visceral leishmaniasis and in particular on the role of the virulence factor A2. A novel candidate for a live-attenuated vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis is also presented here. Given the lack of a human vaccine for leishmaniasis and the limitations of the current treatment options, this work could have a significant impact on disease management in Sri Lanka and on vaccine development." --

Download or read book Arthropod Borne Diseases written by Carlos Brisola Marcondes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-09 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arthropod borne diseases cause enormous morbidity and mortality in most countries, mostly in those situated in tropical areas, but also in temperate regions. This book provides organized information on all arthropod related diseases, to prevent suffering and deaths, for medical students and professionals. Since arthropod borne diseases are present in many regions of the world and can even surprise professionals and lays in non-endemic regions, like malaria in UK and Canada, the author and its many expert collaborators are sure that it will be essential in all hospitals, clinics and medical libraries around the world. As arthropod borne diseases of domesticated animals are very numerous and in some cases related to human diseases, they are also included in the book.

Download or read book Virulence and Adaptation of Leishmania Donovani Parasites written by Patrick Lypaczewski and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease arising from Leishmania infection endemic in over 88 countries. The Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sand fly vectors during bloodfeeding. Contingent on the species of Leishmania transmitted, the disease can take on two main pathologies: cutaneous leishmaniasis or visceral leishmaniasis. While cutaneous lesions remain in the skin and are generally self-healing, infection of the visceral organs is nearly always fatal if left untreated. The key determinants allowing some species to cause a fatal visceral infection while others are limited to a more benign cutaneous infection remain unclear. We hypothesized that genetic differences between parasites causing different pathologies are responsible for controlling disease progression.As two highly related strains of Leishmania donovani were found to causecutaneous and visceral infections in Sri Lanka, we first investigated whether we could improve genomic studies of L. donovani by generating an improved reference genome. Using new sequencing and assembly technologies, we were able to generate a complete genomic assembly which increased the number of annotated genes and increased the number of genetic variations identified between the cutaneous and visceral L. donovani strains.As one of the genetic variations identified resulted in a non-conservative amino acid change in a Rag GTPase which signals to the TOR pathway in mammalian cells, we investigated this pathway and the contribution of this mutation in the atypical cutaneous strain seen in Sri Lanka. Through CRISPR gene editing and biochemical assays, we provided evidence that the RagC protein plays a role in L. donovani virulence during visceral infection.As additional isolates were reported to cause cutaneous disease in Sri Lanka, but they did not appear related to the strains we previously identified, we investigated the etiological origins of all L. donovani strains sequenced to gain insight into the causative agents of the epidemic in Sri Lanka. Through our analysis, we identify evidence of multiple interspecies genomic hybridization events and introgression in some strains circulating in Sri Lanka that could account for the cutaneous disease phenotype.Overall, these results show there are several ways in which L. donovani can modulate its pathology and that genomic hybridization may represent a major evolutionary adaptation mechanism in nature. These results highlight several independent genetic events in independent strains all culminating in the same geographical area with an identical phenotype which suggests a yet unidentified driving force for these changes"--

Download or read book Leishmaniases as Re emerging Diseases written by Farhat Afrin and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leishmania parasites plague the mammalian host causing high morbidity and mortality. The parasites persist in the hostile milieu, crippling its defensive arsenal. In the face of mounting resistance to an antiquated drug arsenal, new approaches are urgently desired to keep the infection at bay. Furthermore, to strengthen the leishmaniasis elimination drive, particular emphasis has to be laid on identification of new targets and vaccination strategies. This book gives a brief glimpse of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis, immune evasion, vaccination, and therapeutic modalities that may work by untangling the immunological cross-wires of pathogenic cross-talk. The Conventional treatment and its drawbacks, the prospects of phytotherapy and nanomedicines, are also discussed. The identification of drug targets with the aim of designing inhibitors is also exemplified.

Download or read book The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis written by David Claborn and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-03-01 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne, parasitic disease with tremendous variety in presentation, biology, and epidemiology. Any book on this disease must acknowledge the nearly impossible task of providing an exhaustive account of leishmaniasis simply because the epidemiology of the disease is so very complex. This book addresses some of this variety with chapters on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in North Africa, Central America, and South America. The purpose of the book is not to specifically address diagnosis and treatment of the disease, but rather to provide a sample of the differing epidemiologies of leishmaniasis that occur due to variations in local habitats; the presence of different vectors, reservoirs, and agents; and the wide variety of cultures in which this disease occurs.

Download or read book Molecular Advancements in Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery written by Gauri Misra and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-12 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Advancements in Tropical Diseases Drug Discovery presents in-depth knowledge relating to the detection of infection, epidemiology, drugs against various tropical diseases, new target sites for drug discovery and multidrug resistance issues using bioinformatics tools and approaches. The book's chapters are written by experts in their respective fields so that each disease is covered in a rational manner and with a solid foundation on existing facts and prospective research ideas. Updates knowledge about tropical diseases with recent advancements in the field Presents an overview of new research covering detection, infection, epidemiology and risk factors of the most common tropical diseases using bioinformatics tools Encompasses a detailed description of developments in drug discovery, new drugs and their molecular mechanisms of action

Download or read book The Leishmaniases Old Neglected Tropical Diseases written by Fabrizio Bruschi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Out of the 20 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) prioritized by the World Health Organization, the leishmaniases rank in the top 3 among those caused by protozoa. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a comprehensive and updated overview of all the aspects of leishmaniasis with a worldwide perspective – authors of many chapters include eminent scientists from both the Old and New Worlds. The chapters cover a wide range of topics, classically organized into biology and epidemiology, followed by clinical and control aspects. Following an introductory chapter intended to take the reader into the leishmaniasis complexity, a chapter on Leishmania taxonomy reports on the most recent advances in molecular and phylogenetic data. Parasite biology is then described in detail by means of two separate chapters devoted to phlebotomine vectors and reservoir hosts, respectively. The medical part of the book begins with a chapter on basic immunology and immunopathology associated with Leishmania infection, followed by a classical chapter on clinical aspects of different disease entities. The complexity of disease case management is presented by means of 3 chapters, respectively on diagnosis, treatment of visceral forms and treatment of tegumentary forms. Finally, the last chapter deals with the available approaches to control leishmaniasis and related public health issues.

Download or read book Medical Insects and Arachnids written by R.P. Lane and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 733 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surprising though it seems, the world faces almost as great a threat today from arthropod-borne diseases as it did in the heady days of the 1950s when global eradication of such diseases by eliminating their vectors with synthetic insecticides, particularly DDT, seemed a real possibility. Malaria, for example, still causes tremendous morbidity and mortality throughout the world, especially in Africa. Knowledge of the biology of insect and arachnid disease vectors is arguably more important now than it has ever been. Biological research directed at the development of better methods of control becomes even more important in the light of the partial failure of many control schemes that are based on insecticide- although not all is gloom, since basic biological studies have contributed enormously to the outstanding success of international control programmes such as the vast Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. It is a sine qua non for proper understanding of the epidemiology and successful vector control of any human disease transmitted by an arthropod that all concerned with the problem - medical entomologist, parasitologist, field technician - have a good basic understanding of the arthropod's biology. Knowledge will be needed not only of its direct relationship to any parasite or pathogen that it transmits but also of its structure, its life history and its behaviour - in short, its natural history. Above all, it will be necessary to be sure that it is correctly identified.

Download or read book Understanding HIV AIDS Stigma written by Harriet Deacon and published by HSRC Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time when alarming numbers of people with HIV/AIDS seek help under cover of darkness, deeply ashamed of their plight, it is crucial to find ways to better comprehend and address the specific nature of stigma around HIV/AIDS in southern Africa.

Download or read book Pathogenesis Treatment and Prevention of Leishmaniasis written by Mukesh Samant and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-08-18 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is known to be transmitted by 90 different species of sandflies which carry 20 Leishmania species that cause human infection particularly in endemic countries. Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention of Leishmaniasis aims to provide information on this vector-borne disease and explore strategies for diagnosis and treatment. The book begins with an overview of leishmaniasis which includes historical and future perspectives of the disease. It also discusses the clinical manifestation of the disease, mechanisms of infection, therapeutic strategies, diagnostics, prevention, and cure of Leishmania parasite. The book goes on to explain new insights and challenges in the development of promising drug targets, biomarkers identification and advance vaccination strategies against leishmaniasis. Chapter contributions brings together diverse areas of expertise making Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention of Leishmaniasis aims to bring together elements of leishmaniasis into one place and be a valuable resource for researchers, health care professionals, and graduate students, working in the field of leishmaniasis. Provides an overview Leishmania and leishmanisis which include its history, transmission, clinical picture, and treatment Discusses novel approaches to study parasite infection and treatment Explores recent advances in the development of diagnostic kits, drug development and various vaccination strategies

Download or read book Kala Azar in South Asia written by E. Noiri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-11 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), (also known as black fever or Kala-azar) is a life-threatening disease first reported from the Indian subcontinent. VL ranks as the world’s second largest parasitic disease killer and is a neglected tropical disease. Most of those infected by this life-threatening disease are uneducated daily wagers working to support their families, and vectors easily disseminate the disease to their neighbors. Owing to recent involvement of stakeholders, the number of patients is decreasing, but eradication remains a distant goal. This second edition presents latest reports of visceral Leishmaniasis by specialists working at the forefront of the endemic areas in Indian subcontinent. It also introduces vaccine development and inhibitors to Trypanosomatidae; some of them describing feasibility studies in visceral Leishmaniasis for the first time. Recent progress of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) is also reviewed and the contents share this collaborative research from the forefront of endemic sites in Bangladesh. Widely covering basic, clinical, epidemiological and entomological aspects, this volume will be of great interest to dedicated researchers interested inLeishmaniasis and to experts of NTDs in global health. There is a tide in the affairs of men. Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of disease control is bound in shallows and in miseries. ~modified from Shakespeare ~

Download or read book The Ethics and Politics of Community Engagement in Global Health Research written by Lindsey Reynolds and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on a growing consensus about the importance of community representation and participation for ethical research, community engagement has become a central component of scientific research, policy-making, ethical review, and technology design. The diversity of actors involved in large-scale global health research collaborations and the broader ‘background conditions’ of global inequality and injustice that frame the field have led some researchers, funders, and policy-makers to conclude that community engagement is nothing less than a moral imperative in global health research. Rather than taking community engagement as a given, the contributions in this edited volume highlight how processes of community engagement are shaped by particular local histories and social and political dynamics, and by the complex social relations between different actors involved in global public health research. By interrogating the everyday politics and practices of engagement across diverse contexts, the book pushes conversations around engagement and participation beyond their conventional framings. In doing so, it raises radical questions about knowledge, power, expertise, authority, representation, inclusivity, and ethics and to make recommendations for more transformative, inclusive, and meaningful community engagement. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Critical Public Health journal.

Download or read book Kala Azar in South Asia written by T.K. Jha and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-05 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Therapeutic regimens for visceral leishmaniasis (also Kala-azar, Dum-dum fever or black fever), caused by parasitic protozoa of the Leishmania genus, evolve at a pace never seen before. Spread by tiny and abundant sand flies, the parasite infects internal organs and bone marrow and if left untreated will almost always result in the death of the host. In developing countries successful diagnosis and treatment are complicated by asymptomatic cases, undernutrition and Kala-azar/HIV co-infections. This book brings together world-renown experts writing state-of-arts review on the progress in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, ultimately leading to the complete elimination of this fatal disease from South Asia. The chapters provide valuable information for disease control as well as therapy and the diagnostic improvements necessary for early treatment, subclinical detection and drug-resistant cases. The presented methods allow for points-of-care testing in the endemic area, enabling rapid detection in resource-poor settings with easy handling and low costs. This book provides essential information for scientists, medical practitioners and policy makers involved in the diagnosis, treatment and elimination of Kala-azar.

Download or read book The Genetics of African Populations in Health and Disease written by Muntaser E. Ibrahim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-19 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A pioneering work that focuses on the unique diversity of African genetics, offering insights into human biology and genetic approaches.

Download or read book Pearls and Pitfalls in Head and Neck Pathology written by Alessandro Franchi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-19 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master practical challenges of effectively diagnosing diseases of the head and neck, guided by illustrative algorithms and diagnostic cases.