Download or read book Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling written by E.F. Wood and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models.

Download or read book Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling written by E. F. Wood and published by . This book was released on 1990-12-31 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ocean Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Modeling written by Boris A. Kagan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1995-03-09 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive 1995 treatment of all aspects of ocean-atmosphere interactions, for advanced students and professional researchers.

Download or read book Land Atmosphere Coupling in Climate Models Over North America Understanding Inter model Differences written by Almudena García García and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interactions between the lower atmosphere and the land surface are associated with weather and climate phenomena such as the duration, frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Thus, the representation of land- atmosphere interactions in climate model simulations is crucial for projecting future changes in the statistics of extreme events as realistically as possible. Given the importance of the land-atmosphere interaction, the purpose of the thesis is to evaluate climate simulations performed by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and examine the role of the Land Surface Model (LSM) component and the horizontal resolution over North America. For this purpose, I analyze a large set of simulations from GCMs and RCMs used by the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as my own simulations performed by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that GCM simulations present large uncertainties in the representation of land-atmosphere interactions in comparison with observations. This work also reveals a dependence of the simulated land-atmosphere interactions on the LSM components used in regional and global simulations. Additionally, the LSM component is identified as an important source of uncertainty in the simulation of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Increasing the horizontal resolution also affects the simulation of land-atmosphere interactions, which lead to the intensification of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture at low latitudes; that is increased latent heat flux, soil moisture, and precipitation. The impact of both factors, horizontal resolution and the LSM, is larger in summer in agreement with the summer intensification of land-atmosphere interactions reported in the literature. The comparison of model simulations and observations indicates that the use of the most comprehensive LSM component available in WRF, the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), leads to a better representation of temperature climatologies. In contrast, finer horizontal resolutions are associated with larger biases in the WRF simulation of precipitation climatology, due to the overestimation of precipitation in the WRF model. Due to the large effect of the LSM component on the simulation of near-surface conditions shown in this dissertation, the use of simple version of LSM component in GCMs, RCMs or reanalyses can be an important limitation in climate simulations and reanalysis products.

Download or read book Land Use and Cover Change written by Ram Babu Singh and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text aims to promote a better understanding of land use and land-cover change in the assessment and management of global environmental resources, and to develop a comparative framework for assessing these changes.

Download or read book A Climate Modelling Primer written by Kendal McGuffie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a consequence of recent increased awareness of the social and political dimensions of climate, many non-specialists discover a need for information about the variety of available climate models. A Climate Modelling Primer, Third Edition explains the basis and mechanisms of all types of current physically-based climate models. A thoroughly revised and updated edition, this book assists the reader in understanding the complexities and applicabilities of today’s wide range of climate models. Topics covered include the latest techniques for modelling the coupled biosphere-ocean-atmosphere system, information on current practical aspects of climate modelling and ways to evaluate and exploit the results, discussion of Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), and interactive exercises based on Energy Balance Model (EBM) and the Daisyworld model. Source codes and results from a range of model types allows readers to make their own climate simulations and to view the results of the latest high resolution models. The accompanying CD contains: A suite of resources for those wishing to learn more about climate modelling. A range of model visualisations. Data from climate models for use in the classroom. Windows and Macintosh programs for an Energy Balance Model. Selected figures from the book for inclusion in presentations and lectures. Suitable for 3rd/4th year undergraduates taking courses in climate modelling, economic forecasting, computer science, environmental science, geography and oceanography. Also of relevance to researchers and professionals working in related disciplines with climate models or who need accessible technical background to climate modelling predictions.

Download or read book Frontiers of Climate Modeling written by J. T. Kiehl and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-06-30 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physics and dynamics of the atmosphere and atmosphere-ocean interactions provide the foundation of modern climate models, upon which our understanding of the chemistry and biology of ocean and land surface processes are built. Originally published in 2006, Frontiers of Climate Modeling captures developments in modeling the atmosphere, and their implications for our understanding of climate change, whether due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Emphasis is on elucidating how greenhouse gases and aerosols are altering the radiative forcing of the climate system and the sensitivity of the system to such perturbations. An expert team of authors address key aspects of the atmospheric greenhouse effect, clouds, aerosols, atmospheric radiative transfer, deep convection dynamics, large scale ocean dynamics, stratosphere-troposphere interactions, and coupled ocean-atmosphere model development. The book is an important reference for researchers and advanced students interested in the forces driving the climate system and how they are modeled by climate scientists.

Download or read book Land Surface atmosphere Interactions for Climatic Modeling written by Eric F. Wood and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Land Surface atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling Over South America written by Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Demystifying Climate Models written by Andrew Gettelman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-09 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book demystifies the models we use to simulate present and future climates, allowing readers to better understand how to use climate model results. In order to predict the future trajectory of the Earth’s climate, climate-system simulation models are necessary. When and how do we trust climate model predictions? The book offers a framework for answering this question. It provides readers with a basic primer on climate and climate change, and offers non-technical explanations for how climate models are constructed, why they are uncertain, and what level of confidence we should place in them. It presents current results and the key uncertainties concerning them. Uncertainty is not a weakness but understanding uncertainty is a strength and a key part of using any model, including climate models. Case studies of how climate model output has been used and how it might be used in the future are provided. The ultimate goal of this book is to promote a better understanding of the structure and uncertainties of climate models among users, including scientists, engineers and policymakers.

Download or read book Quantification of Land atmosphere Coupling and Implications for Drought Persistence in Observations and Model Simulations of 20th Century Climate and 21st Century Climate Change written by Erica E. Bickford and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterizing Land atmosphere Interactions with Surface Air Temperature Variability and Heat Wave Intensity written by Anna Louise Merrifield and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of model simulations and statistical analyses are used to examine the drivers of summer surface air temperature (SAT) variability over the continental United States (US) and the drivers of extreme heat events over Europe. An overarching goal is to improve understanding of the land-surface feedback on summer SAT, a topic of considerable socioeconomic importance. North American summer SAT variability is well-observed and known to be influenced strongly by the large-scale atmospheric circulation as well as by the land surface. Current global climate models forced with observed sea surface temperature tend to overestimate year-to-year summer SAT variations, notably in the central US, which has been identified as a "hot spot" of land-atmosphere interaction. Chapter 2 explores the hypothesis that models are overly sensitive to variations in soil moisture in the central US. Evidence is presented that links central US SAT variability in models to sensible heat flux variability, an indicator of soil moisture influence. However, the "true" influence of the land surface on SAT is not well constrained by observations and is challenging to characterize in the presence of internal atmospheric variability. A technique called dynamical adjustment is used to separate the influence of atmospheric circulation on SAT from the influence of the land surface on SAT. It is shown in Chapter 3 that removing the effect of circulation on SAT strengthens the correlation between preseason soil moisture and SAT in the central US. Uncertainty associated with dynamical adjustment is assessed in Chapter 4, and it is confirmed that the influence of the land surface on SAT can be characterized using solely SAT and atmospheric pressure, which are well-observed fields. Extreme summer SAT in Europe is also influenced by atmospheric circulation and the land surface; the impact of preseason soil moisture on a seasonally persistent European heat wave event is assessed in Chapter 5. By superposing the same heat wave circulation pattern on an initial condition ensemble, it is shown that a heat wave following a dry spring can be up to 3 ̊C hotter than a heat wave following a wet spring.

Download or read book Modelling Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions written by Søren Højmark Rasmussen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Emergent Constraints on Land Surface Atmosphere Interaction in Climate Models written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth System Models (ESMs) have been widely used to predict future climate changes under various greenhouse gas emission pathways. This provides a physical scienctific basis for international climate assessments [e.g., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports] and the generation of national climate scenarios. For instance, accurate estimations of future runoff, temperature-precipitation interactions and snow cover extend are of critical importance for human adaptation to terrestrial water shortage. However, these climate projections from ESMs (e.g., CMIP5/6) contain non-negligible uncertainties. Therefore, there is lack of clarity regarding future rates of climate change and possible associated risks to society, including heat stress, intense rainfall or flooding, and water availability more generally. In this thesis, we introduce a series of emergent relationships (See the Method in Chapter 1.3) to reduce the uncertainties in the predictions of the global land surface runoff (Chapters 2 and 3), CO2 fertilization effect (Chapter 4), temperature-precipitation interactions in Amazon (Chapter 5) and global snow cover extend (Chapter 6) in the CMIP5/6 models. Compared to estimates taken directly from the CMIP5/6 model ensemble, we find that the CMIP6 models underestimate the global runoff sensitivity to temperature (by 36-104%), the decline trend of CO2 fertilization effect (by 13.7–33.2%) and the global snow losses (by 23.5 – 67.6%) during 2015-2100, while the CMIP5 models overestimate the negative sensitivity of temperature to temperature in the Amazon. These new estimates of future climate changes have important implications on the global cycles of carbon, energy and water. For instance, the underestimated future global snow losses may threaten water availability for irrigation, hydropower generation, domestic and industrial water use during the 21st century, especially in snow dominated regions.

Download or read book Impact of Improved Land Surface Model Physics on Simulated Climate Variability and Change written by Norman Steinert and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The land is a pivotal component of the Earth and its climate system since many processes of natural variations in the climate system, which affect the environment and human society, are governed by the land surface. Hence, a good representation of the thermal and hydrological states of the land surface in climate models is important to have a realistic simulation of the coupling between the atmosphere and the lito-biosphere. An influencing factor for improving the realism of the ground energy and water balance in climate models is the depth of the land zero-flux Bottom Boundary Condition Placement (BBCP). Despite recent improvements in modeling land surface processes in climate models, only limited attention has been directed toward the effect of the BBCP in Land Surface Models (LSMs) and its impact on the representation of terrestrial thermodynamics. Previous analytical and modeling studies suggest that the simulation of subsurface thermodynamics in current-generation climate models is not accurate due to the zero-heat-flux BBCP being imposed too close to the surface. An insufficiently deep land component in current-generation climate models compromises the simulation of the terrestrial thermal state and can influence land-atmosphere interactions. Further improvements in LSMs relate to the representation and sensitivity of coupling processes between the ground thermodynamic and hydrological regimes. As moisture is one of the main drivers of near-surface climate interactions, the hydro-thermodynamic coupling is crucial for studying the impacts of perturbations caused by human activity. Under climate change conditions, some areas and ecosystems are more vulnerable to a rapidly warming world than others...

Download or read book Land Surface Processes in Atmospheric General Circulation Models written by P. S. Eagleson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-02-17 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 1982 book consists of papers presented at the World Climate Research Programme study conference on land surface processes held in Greenbelt, Maryland from 5 to 10 January 1981. The papers cover the following: the state of knowledge of the sensitivity of atmospheric general circulation models on hydrology and other land surface processes: assessment of the state of knowledge of numerical modelling of hydrology and other land surface processes at the scale of atmospheric general circulation models; recommendations for research activities; establishment of data requirements for initialization, validation, and parameter evaluation. This book will continue to be of interest to atmospheric scientists, soil physicists, hydrologists and climatologists.

Download or read book Climate Change Modeling Methodology written by Philip J. Rasch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-09 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4°F over the past century, and computer models project that it will rise much more over the next hundred years, with significant impacts on weather, climate, and human society. Many climate scientists attribute these increases to the build up of greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels and to the anthropogenic production of short-lived climate pollutants. Climate Change Modeling Methodologies: Selected Entries from the Encyclopaedia of Sustainability Science and Technology provides readers with an introduction to the tools and analysis techniques used by climate change scientists to interpret the role of these forcing agents on climate. Readers will also gain a deeper understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these models and how to test and assess them. The contributions include a glossary of key terms and a concise definition of the subject for each topic, as well as recommendations for sources of more detailed information.