Download or read book La responsabilit internationale des entreprises multinationales pour les crimes internationaux commis dans les conflits arm s non internationaux written by Jelena Aparac and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La nature des conflits armés a significativement changé ces dernières décennies car ils sont devenus de plus en plus asymétriques. Des études multiples montrent que plus l'État est riche en ressources naturelles, plus il a la possibilité de subir un conflit interne de long durée. Parmi les acteurs impliqués, les entreprises multinationales contribuent directement ou indirectement non seulement aux conflits, mais aussi aux crimes qui sont commis dans ce contexte. Parmi elles, les sociétés militaires et de sécurité privées, les entreprises de l'industrie extractive et les institutions financières privées sont particulièrement impliquées. La première partie de cette thèse étudie la cristallisation progressive du droit substantiel et le fondement de la théorie de la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales en raison de leur participation aux crimes internationaux. A la différence de l'approche traditionnelle de droit international public, le droit international humanitaire, applicable en période de conflit armé, est opposable aux acteurs non étatiques, et donc également aux entreprises multinationales. De ce fait, ce droit, ainsi que le droit international pénal, peuvent être des fondements de la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales. Ce postulat a été accepté dès les procès de Nuremberg qui ont pour la première fois écarté le principe de societas delinquere non potest et reconnu le rôle des entreprises dans les conflit armés. Malgré la multiplication des initiatives de la soft law relatives à la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, force est de constater que celles-ci ne sont pas suffisantes, car elles ne prennent pas en compte les situations de conflits armés. Aussi, pour justifier l'application du droit international humanitaire aux entreprises, la présente étude identifie le statut des entreprises, leurs obligations et les conséquences de la violation, puis explique les modalités de l'attribution des crimes aux entreprises en analysant les formes directes et indirectes de participation en cause. La deuxième partie de la thèse explore les possibilités de la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité des entreprises devant des mécanismes et tribunaux internationaux. Dans un premier temps, l'auteur s'interroge sur les possibilités d'engager la responsabilité des entreprises multinationales devant les mécanismes pénaux, y compris devant la Cour pénale internationale (moyennant la modification du Statut de Rome). Enfin, la thèse s'achève sur une étude des mécanismes ne relevant pas de la logique pénale. L'auteur questionne ainsi les options existantes devant les institutions spécialisées en matière de droits de l'Homme et de de droit international économique. L'auteur parachève son étude par une analyse de la documentation des crimes d'entreprises, réalisée soit par des enquêtes officielles, soit par la société civile et des tribunaux d'opinions. L'auteur conclut que la voie de la procédure internationale pénale est la plus adaptée pour la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité des entreprises multinationales pour leurs participations dans des crimes internationaux, sans que cela exclut d'autres mécanismes compétents qui demeurent des voies complémentaires.

Download or read book La contribution de la cour p nale internationale la subjectivation des organisations arm es written by Emeline Broussard and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La personnalité juridique internationale se définit comme la capacité à être titulaire de droits et à se voir imposer des obligations. La théorie classique ne reconnaît la qualité de sujet du droit international qu'aux États et pardérivation aux organisations intergouvernementales. D'autres acteurs, privés, les organisa-tions non gouvernementales, les entreprises, les individus ou encore des groupes armés non étatiques sont aujourd'hui de plus en plus présents sur la scène internationale. Nombre d'instruments convention-nels ont ainsi été développés pour tenir compte de leurs spécificités. C'est essentiellement avec le déve-loppement du droit international pénal, institutionnalisé avec la création de juridictions pénales interna-tionales, que la capacité de certains de ces acteurs à être titulaires de droits et débiteurs d'obligations internationales s'est accrue. Si le statut international des individus, des ONG ou des entreprises soulève moins de difficultés, les contours de celui des organisations armées (au sens large) demeurent encore flous. Leurs activités militaires sont potentiellement génératrices de crimes internationaux; des crimes « belliqueux»d'une part (crimes de guerre, crimes d'agression), d'autres crimes d'autre part (génocides, crimes contre l'humanité). Si le droit des conflits armés reconnaît l'existence de droits et d'obligations à des acteurs privés, il convient de s'interroger sur la relation entre le droit international pénal et la reconnaissance de la personnalité juridique internationale à des organisations armées. La Cour pénale internationale étant à la croisée des différentes branches du droit international, sa possible contribution à une subjectivisation internationale des organisations armées questionne,tant du point de vue de leur rôle dans la commission des crimes, que de leur capacité à en répondre.

Download or read book Contribution l tude de la responsabilit internationale des entit s non tatiques participant un conflit arm non international written by Rafael Arturo Prieto Sanjuán and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LA GRANDE MAJORITE DES CONFLITS ARMES QUI SE DEROULENT A L'EPOQUE ACTUELLE, SONT DE CARACTERE NON-INTERNATIONAL. CE QUE L'ON A CONNAIT COMME DES GUERRES CIVILES OU DES CONFLITS ARMES INTERNES, OPPOSE UNE PARTIE GOUVERNEMENTALE A UNE ORGANISATION NON-ETATIQUE (FORCES PARAMILITAIRES, GUERILLA, MILICES), OU MOUVEMENTS NON-ETATIQUES ENTRE EUX-MEMES. LE PRINCIPE CLASSIQUE DE NON-INTERVENTION DANS LES AFFAIRES INTERIEURES DES ETATS EN DROIT INTERNATIONAL A FAIT QUE LA PLUPART DE CES CONFLITS EXCLUT LA PARTICIPATION DE LA COMMUNAUTE INTERNATIONALE. NEANMOINS, APRES LA FIN DE LA GUERRE FROIDE ON A PU APERCEVOIR UN INFLECHISSEMENT DE LA NOTION DE SOUVERAINETE, ET ON A PU ASSISTER A UN RENOUVEAU DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE, FAISANT EN SORTE QUE LES GRAVES VIOLATIONS A L'INTEGRITE ET A LA DIGNITE DE LA PERSONNE HUMAINE CONCERNENT L'HUMANITE TOUT ENTIERE. CELA DIT, LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL NE CONNAIT PAS DE SYSTEME ORGANISE OU CENTRALISE RATIONALISANT LA RESPONSABILITE DES ENTITES NONETATIQUES PARTICIPANT A CE GENRE DE CONFLITS. PUISQUE DES GRANDS PAS ONT ETE ACCOMPLIS DANS LA CONSTRUCTION D'UN REGIME INTERNATIONALE DE LA RESPONSABILITE INTERNATIONALE DES ENTITES NONETATIQUES PARTICIPANTA UN CONFLIT ARME NON-INTEMATIONAL, NOTRE TRAVAIL A CONSISTE A REPERER ET A ANALYSER LA PRATIQUE INTERNATIONALE, POUR FAIRE LE POINT ET DECELER LES TENDANCES DANS CETTE MATIERE. C'EST AINSI QUE NOUS AVONS ANALYSE LA PRATIQUE DES SANCTIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES ET CELLE DES TRIBUNAUX PENAUX INTERNATIONAUX, MAIS AUSSI LA PERSISTANCE D'UNE REACTION DECENTRALISEE, C'EST-A-DIRE TELLE QU'ELLE EST CONCUE PAR LES ETATS INDIVIDUELLEMENT. TOUTEFOIS, NOUS AVONS DU, AU PREALABLE, RESOUDRE LES ASPECTS RELATIFS AUX ELEMENTS DU FAIT ILLICITE DANS LA THEORIE DE LA RESPONSABILITE INTERNATIONALE, A SAVOIR L'IMPUTATION ET LA VIOLATION D'UNE OBLIGATION INTERNATIONALE.

Download or read book La prise en compte normative internationale des activit s des soci t s militaires priv es dans les zones de conflit written by Marie-Louise Tougas and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depuis le début des années 1990, on a assisté à un essor et un développement des services militaires privés. Aujourd'hui, de nombreux États ont recours aux services de SMP pour accomplir certaines tâches traditionnellement dévolues aux armées nationales. Des organisations internationales et non gouvernementales et des entreprises privées font aussi appel aux services de SMP. La participation d'acteurs privés dans les conflits armés n'a cependant rien d'inusité. Elle a pratiquement toujours existé. Toutefois, l'activité des SMP s'inscrit dans un contexte juridique qui traite l'activité militaire comme une prérogative de l'État ou, à tout le moins, de groupes prétendant au contrôle de l'État, et qui organise le cadre normatif régissant les hostilités autour de cette prémisse. L'application pratique de certaines des règles du droit international aux activités des SMP soulève de nombreuses questions. Le DIH, bien qu'il ne prévoie pas de règles spécifiques pour les employés de SMP, s'applique à ceux-ci lorsqu'ils opèrent dans le cadre de conflits armés Cependant, dans les faits, le statut ou la situation juridique de ces personnes peut s'avérer difficile à déterminer. Les activités des SMP dans les zones de conflits posent moins de difficultés au niveau des mécanismes de mise en oeuvre que sont la responsabilité internationale des États et le droit international pénal. En effet, ceux-ci peuvent relativement facilement prendre en compte ces acteurs de nature privée. Cependant, elle ne trouvent application qu'a posteriori, c'est-à-dire lorsque le DIH n'a pas été respecté. Ainsi, elles ne permettent pas, du moins pour le moment, de pallier les difficultés d'établir a priori et dans l'immédiat d'un conflit le statut parfois changeant et incertain des employés de SMP de même que d'établir avec certitude la protection à laquelle ceux-ci ont droit. La question sous étude est au coeur de plusieurs des changements que connaît présentement la structure de l'ordre juridique international et dont le recours de plus en plus fréquent aux SMP par les États est un exemple probant et extrême. De plus en plus d'acteurs de nature diverse se côtoient sur la scène internationale, et même sur les champs de bataille, l'ordre juridique international se doit d'en prendre acte.

Download or read book Detention in Non International Armed Conflict written by Lawrence Hill-Cawthorne and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-24 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International law has long differentiated between international and non-international armed conflicts, traditionally regulating the former far more comprehensively than the latter. This is particularly stark in the case of detention, where the law of non-international armed conflict contains no rules on who may be detained, what processes must be provided to review their detention, and when they must be released. Given that non-international armed conflicts are now the most common form of conflict, this is especially worrying, and the consequences of this have been seen in the detention practices of states such as the US and UK in Iraq and Afghanistan. This book provides a comprehensive examination of the procedural rules that apply to detention in non-international armed conflict, with the focus on preventive security detention, or 'internment'. All relevant areas of international law, most notably international humanitarian law and international human rights law, are analysed in detail and the interaction between them explored. The book gives an original account of the relationship between the relevant rules of IHL and IHRL, which is firmly grounded in general international law scholarship, treating the issue as a matter of treaty interpretation. With that in mind, and with reference to State practice in specific non-international armed conflicts - including those in Sri Lanka, Colombia, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Iraq - it is demonstrated that the customary and treaty obligations of States under human rights law continue, absent derogation, to apply to detention in non-international armed conflicts. The practical operation of those rules is then explored in detail. The volume ends with a set of concrete proposals for developing the law in this area, in a manner that builds upon, rather than replaces, the existing obligations of States and non-State armed groups.

Download or read book Making Better International Law written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication contains the texts of the papers presented at the UN Colloquium, together with a record of those presentations and of the discussions which took place around them.

Download or read book Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector written by Philipp Fluri and published by DCAF. This book was released on 2003 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts written by Michael Bothe and published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. This book was released on 1982-04-30 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the advances made by the international community to outlaw the resort to force by the United Nations Charter, armed conflicts both international & non-international are a fact of every day life. The civilian casualties from such conflicts have assumed catastrophic proportions. Little attention, however, has been paid by scholars to the treatment of noncombatants in armed conflict & the place in international law of the principle fundamental to the law of armed conflict: noncombatant immunity. This work aims to remedy this omission. The author analyses in detail the content of the customary & conventional rules that give effect to this principle, in both international & non-international armed conflict. The importance of such a study is highlighted by the recent Gulf conflict where so many of the States were not bound by the most recent treaty rules protecting noncombatants.

Download or read book French Mercenaries Violence and Systems of Domination in Sub Saharan Africa 1960 1989 written by Walter Bruyère-Ostells and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revival of mercenaries is a phenomenon occurring concomitantly with African decolonization. From 1960 to the end of the Cold War mercenaries took part in the development of political and armed violence on the African continent. This book highlights the activities of French mercenaries and provides key witness of their active role in the local turmoil and violence in post-colonial African states with the major players of industry, arms trafficking, non-African actors imposing their influence and the African powers themselves.

Download or read book Hackers written by Paul A. Taylor and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this text the author looks at the battle between the computer underground and the security industry. He talks to people on both sides of the law about the practicalities, objectives and wider implications of what they do.

Download or read book Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention written by and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 1356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application and interpretation of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 have developed significantly in the sixty years since the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) first published its Commentaries on these important humanitarian treaties. To promote a better understanding of, and respect for, this body of law, the ICRC commissioned a comprehensive update of its original Commentaries, of which this is the second volume. Its preparation was coordinated by Jean-Marie Henckaerts, ICRC legal adviser and head of the project to update the Commentaries. The Second Convention is a key text of international humanitarian law. It contains the essential rules on the protection of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea, those assigned to their care, and the vessels used for their treatment and evacuation. This article-by-article Commentary takes into account developments in the law and practice to provide up-to-date interpretations of the Convention. The new Commentary has been reviewed by humanitarian-law practitioners and academics from around the world, including naval experts. It is an essential tool for anyone working or studying within this field.

Download or read book The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law written by Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 827 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in a comprehensively updated edition, this indispensable handbook analyzes how international humanitarian law has evolved in the face of these many new challenges. Central concerns include the war on terror, new forms of armed conflict and humanitarian action, the emergence of international criminal justice, and the reshaping of fundamental rules and consensus in a multipolar world. ThePractical Guide to Humanitarian Law provides the precise meaning and content for over 200 terms such as terrorism, refugee, genocide, armed conflict, protection, peacekeeping, torture, and private military companies—words that the media has introduced into everyday conversation, yet whose legal and political meanings are often obscure. The Guide definitively explains the terms, concepts, and rules of humanitarian law in accessible and reader-friendly alphabetical entries. Written from the perspective of victims and those who provide assistance to them, the Guide outlines the dangers, spells out the law, and points the way toward dealing with violations of the law. Entries are complemented by analysis of the decisions of relevant courts; detailed bibliographic references; addresses, phone numbers, and Internet links to the organizations presented; a thematic index; and an up-to-date list of the status of ratification of more than thirty international conventions and treaties concerning humanitarian law, human rights, refugee law, and international criminal law. This unprecedented work is an invaluable reference for policy makers and opinion leaders, students, relief workers, and members of humanitarian organizations. Published in cooperation with Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières.

Download or read book The New Censorship written by Joel Simon and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-11-11 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of how the media is under fire and how to safeguard journalists and the information they seek to share with the public. Journalists are being imprisoned and killed in record numbers. Online surveillance is annihilating privacy, and the Internet can be brought under government control at any time. Joel Simon, the executive director of the Committee to Protect Journalists, warns that we can no longer assume that our global information ecosystem is stable, protected, and robust. Journalists are increasingly vulnerable to attack by authoritarian governments, militants, criminals, and terrorists, who all seek to use technology, political pressure, and violence to set the global information agenda. Reporting from Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, and Mexico, among other hotspots, Simon finds journalists under threat from all sides. The result is a growing crisis in information—a shortage of the news we need to make sense of our globalized world and fight human rights abuses, manage conflict, and promote accountability. Drawing on his experience defending journalists on the front lines, he calls on “global citizens,” U.S. policy makers, international law advocates, and human rights groups to create a global freedom-of-expression agenda tied to trade, climate, and other major negotiations. He proposes ten key priorities, including combating the murder of journalists, ending censorship, and developing a global free-expression charter to challenge the criminal and corrupt forces that seek to manipulate the world's news. “Wise and insightful. [Simon] offers hope to all who care about maintaining the free flow of information in a world full of would-be censors.”—Ann Cooper, Columbia Journalism School

Download or read book International Criminal Justice written by Professor Roberto Bellelli and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-02-28 with total page 881 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents an overview of the principal features of the legacy of International Tribunals and an assessment of their impact on the International Criminal Court and on the review of the Rome Statute. It illustrates the foundation of a system of international criminal law and justice by using case studies to provide advice for possible future developments in international criminal procedure and law.

Download or read book From Mercenaries to Market written by Simon Chesterman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2009 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frequently characterised as either mercenaries in modern guise or the market's response to a security vacuum, private military companies are commercial firms offering military services ranging from combat and military training and advice to logistical support, and which play an increasingly important role in armed conflicts, UN peace operations, and providing security in unstable states.Executive Outcomes turned around an orphaned conflict in Sierra Leone in the mid-1990s; Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI) was instrumental in shifting the balance of power in the Balkans, enabling the Croatian military to defeat Serb forces and clear the way for the Dayton negotiations; in Iraq, estimates of the number of private contractors on the ground are in the tens of thousands. As they assume more responsibilities in conflict and post-conflict settings, their growing significance raises fundamental questions about their nature, their role in different regions and contexts, and their regulation.From Mercenaries to Market examines these issues with a focus on governance, in particular the interaction between regulation and market forces. It analyses the current legal framework and the needs and possibilities for regulation in the years ahead. The book as a whole is organised around four sets of questions, which are reflected in the four parts of the book. Why and how is regulation of PMCs now a challenging issue? How have problems leading to a call for regulation manifested in different regions and contexts? What regulatory norms and institutions currently exist and how effective are they? What role has the market to play in regulation?

Download or read book Economic and social consequences of the arms race and of military expenditures report of the Secretary General written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health written by and published by International Labour Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gives the replies, responses to specific questions and observations, received from governments, employers' and workers' organizations, concerning the proposed Convention and proposed Recommendation on the promotional framework for occupational safety and health.