Download or read book Isotopic Measurements of Highly Enriched 233U 235U 236U and 238U Starting Materials for the Preparation of Synthetic Isotope Mixtures written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced mass spectrometric methods are described for the isotopic characterization of highly enriched 233U, 235U, 236U and 238U materials, using state-of-the-art TIMS (Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry) technology. The isotopic enrichments of the 233U, 235U, 236U and 238U materials (BC02153, BC02154, BC02676, BC02155) were determined by mass spectrometry to be 99.962754(47)%, 99.989978(12)%, 99.973345(39)% and 99.9999486(14)%, respectively. The high isotopic enrichments and the small uncertainties on the measured isotopic ratios make these materials very suitable as starting materials for various types of synthetic isotope mixtures currently in production at IRMM.
Download or read book Preparation and Certification of Uranium QUAD Isotopic Reference Materials IRMM 3100 and IRMM 3102 written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotopic reference material IRMM-3101 was prepared by mixing of solutions from highly enriched 99.96% 233U (IRMM-3630), 99.994% 235U (IRMM-3650), 99.97% 236U (IRMM-3660) and 99.99998% 238U (IRMM-3680) in order to obtain an isotopic ratio n(233U)/n(235U)/n(236U)/n(238U) close to unity. IRMM-3100 and IRMM-3102 were prepared from IRMM-3101 by gravimetrical dilution. The certified isotope amount ratio for ratio n(233U)/n(236U) has been established by mass metrology and was verified by isotope mass spectrometry. The methodology used in the preparation and certification was similar to that of comparable uranium mixtures made in the past. The certified ratios n(234U)/n(236U), (235U)/n(236U) and (238U)/n(236U) have been achieved by TIMS using the n(233U)/n(236U) as internal standard. Verification of the Quad isotopic reference material was performed on two independent TRITON by TIMS multidynamic measurements on Faraday collectors. The results agreed well with the certified values obtained from the mixing calculations. The Isotopic Reference Materials IRMM-3100, IRMM-3101 and IRMM-3102 are part of a systematic IRMM programme to supply Isotopic Reference Materials of various isotopes at different concentrations. The Isotopic Reference Material is supplied in a polyethylene ampoule containing 1 mL of a 1 M nitric acid solution.
Download or read book Preparation and Certification of IRMM 074 a New Set of Uranium Isotope Mixtures for Calibration of Mass Spectrometers written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A replacement series of IRMM-072 uranium isotopes 233U, 235U and 238U has been prepared and certified. The new series IRMM-074, follows the design of IRMM-072: the isotopic ratio n(235U)/n(238U) was held constant and the ratio n(233U)/n(235U) was varied from 1.0 to approximately 10-6. The isotopically enriched isotopic uranium materials were purified using identical methods involving separation on anion and cation column followed by a precipitation as peroxide. Each of the three materials were treated in separate clean glove-boxes to eliminate cross-contamination. The oxides were sintered to convert them to U3O8 in parallel, in an oven installed in a glove-box that provided a controlled low-humidity environment. The 233U was dissolved to form a separate solution with the same concentration and from this primary solution three dilutions were made by weighing. Weighed amount of the 235U/238U solution and weighed amounts of the original 233U solution were mixed and made up to a concentration of 0.1 mg·g-1. The final solutions were dispensed into individual quartz ampoules that were subsequently flame-sealed. The uncertainties contributing to the final uncertainties of the isotopic ratios are the weighing errors, the measured impurities in each isotopic material, the stoichiometry of the oxides and the isotopic abundances of each. The main uncertainty is expected to be the measurement of the chemical impurities and for this reason a number of measurement techniques are being employed. The methods for the preparation and mixing will be described and the progress towards certification reported.
Download or read book Preparation and Certification of Highly Enriched Uranium Nitrate Solutions IRMM 3000 Series written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Directorate G "Nuclear Safety and Security", Unit G.2 "Standards for Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards" (SN3S) at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Geel in Belgium (formerly known as the "Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements" (IRMM)), provides a wide range of nuclear Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) to the safeguards authorities and the nuclear industry. This is an obligation under the Euratom treaty, where the need for isotope standards is explicitly mentioned, acknowledging their importance for the measurements of nuclear materials. For accurate mass spectrometric measurements in nuclear material accountancy and nuclear safeguards, suitable CRMs are needed to validate measurement procedures and to calibrate instruments. In particular, for mass spectrometry, CRMs are needed which have been prepared and characterized using procedures which are independent on mass spectrometric techniques as much as possible. One possible way to achieve this, is to use highly isotopically enriched starting materials and mix them under gravimetrical control in the correct proportions to achieve given targets for the isotope ratios. This procedure has been applied for the preparation of uranium and plutonium isotope CRMs for many years by several institutions, like NIST, NBL and IRMM/JRC-Geel. In the 1980s, the IRMM-072 series [7] of isotope mixtures containing 233U, 235U and 238U in various proportions was prepared based on this approach/method. About 20 years later, the isotope mixing program was restarted, and several further isotope CRMs were prepared and certified: the IRMM-074 [4] and IRMM-075 series [5], and the IRMM-3636a double spike [6]. In 2009, the IRMM-3000 series was prepared. It consists of a set of five highly enriched uranium nitrate solution reference materials named IRMM-3020, IRMM-3035, IRMM-3050, IRMM-3075 and IRMM-3090 with 235U enrichments varying from 20 % to 90 %. The solutions were prepared by dissolving uranium oxide (U3O8) materials, which were prepared by gravimetrically mixing oxides that are highly enriched in 235U and 238U. However, the verification measurements by TIMS showed some significant differences from the calculations based on the gravimetrical preparation. It was suspected that incomplete impurity analyses of the 238U starting material could be the cause for most of the differences, but this could not be confirmed at that time. Recently, the certification project for the IRMM-3000 series was restarted, including new mass spectrometric analyses of the isotope ratios performed at several laboratories and new impurity analysis for the 238U starting material.
Download or read book Preparation and Certification of IRMM 3636 IRMM 3636a and IRMM 3636b written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotope reference materials IRMM-3636 was prepared by gravimetrically mixing of solutions from highly enriched 99.96% 233U (IRMM-3630) and highly enriched 99.97% 236U (IRMM-3660) in order to obtain an isotopic ratio n(233U)/n(236U) close to unity. IRMM-3636a and IRMM-3636b were prepared from IRMM-3636 by gravimetrical dilution. The primary solution, IRMM-3636 is for the time being not yet available for external users. The certified isotope content values for IRMM-3636a of 4.27988(54)Å"0-7 mol U per g of solution and for IRMM-3636b of 2.21802(61)Å"0-8 mol U per g of solution and the certified isotope amount ratios have been established by mass metrology, subsequently the primary solution IRMM-3636 was verified by isotope mass spectrometry. The methodology used in the preparation and certification was similar to that of comparable uranium mixtures made in the past. The uncertainties contributing to the final uncertainties of the isotopic ratios are the weighing errors, the measured impurities in each starting material, the stoichiometry of the oxides and the isotopic abundances of each of the starting materials. The method for the preparation and mixing is described and the certification and verification procedures are reported. Verification of IRMM-3636 was performed by TRITON TIMS measurements using Faraday collectors and secondary electron multiplier in combination with an RPQ energy filter for improved abundance sensitivity. The results agreed well with the certified values obtained from the mixing calculations. By mixing the n(233U)/n(236U) double spike with a sample and applying internal mass fractionation correction, the n(235U)/n(238U) ratio of a given sample can be determined with the highest possible accuracy. The Isotopic Reference Materials IRMM-3636a and IRMM-3636b are part of a systematic IRMM programme to supply Isotopic Reference Materials of various isotopes at different concentrations The Isotopic Reference Material is supplied in a sealed quartz ampoule containing 1 mL of a 1 M nitric acid solution
Download or read book Preparation and Certification of IRMM 075 written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A set of 6 new synthetic mixtures with n(236U)/n(238U) isotope ratios varying from 10-4 to 10-9 has been prepared and certified. Natural uranium with low 236U isotope abundance and enriched 236U were both purified using well proven chemical methodology extensively tested in the preparation of other uranium synthetic mixtures such as IRMM-074. The purification involved separation on anion and cation columns followed by precipitation as peroxide. Manipulations were carried out in separate new glove-boxes to avoid cross contamination. The oxides were sintered into U3O8 in an oven installed in a glove-box with controlled humidity. Primary solutions of the same concentration were prepared by dissolving the oxides of 236U and natU. From the 236U solution four dilutions were made by weighing. Weighed amounts of the dilutions of 236U and weighed amounts of natU were mixed to form a set of n(236U)/n(238U) mixtures at a concentration of 1 mg U·g-1. The final solutions were dispensed into quartz ampoules which were subsequently flame sealed. Verification of the mixtures IRMM-075/1-6 was performed by TRITON TIMS measurements using Faraday collectors and secondary electron multipliers in combination with an RPQ energy filter for improved abundance sensitivity. The results agreed well with the certified values obtained from the mixing calculations. The uncertainties contributing to the final uncertainties of the isotopic ratios are the weighing errors, the measured impurities in each starting material, the stoichiometry of the oxides and the isotopic abundances of each. The method for the preparation and mixing is described and the certification and verification procedures are reported.
Download or read book The Preparation and Characterisation of a 1 1 1 233U 235U 238U Isotopic Mixture for Use as a Reference Material for Mass Spectrometric Analysis written by A.J. Wood and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Preparation and Verification of QUAD Uranium Isotopic Reference Material IRMM 3100a written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The isotopic reference material IRMM-3100a was prepared by gravimetrical dilution of IRMM-3101. The primary solution IRMM-3101 was designed such that the material consists of equivalent parts of four individual isotopes n(233U)/n(235U)/n(236U)/n(238U) with a ratio of one. The certified isotope amount ratio2 for ratio n(233U)/n(236U) has been established by mass metrology and was verified by isotope mass spectrometry. The certified ratios n(234U)/n(236U), n(235U)/n(236U) and n(238U)/n(236U) have been measured by TIMS in multi-dynamic mode and using the n(233U)/n(236U) ratio for internal normalization. The preparation of IRMM-3101 is in full described elsewhere. [1] The Isotopic Reference Material IRMM-3100a is part of a systematic IRMM programme to supply Isotopic Reference Materials of various isotopes at different concentrations. The Isotopic Reference Material is supplied in a quartz ampoule containing 0.5 mL of a 1 M nitric acid solution.
Download or read book Preparation and Certification of the Uranium Nitrate Solution Series IRMM 2019 2029 written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes the certification of the IRMM-2019-2029 series of uranium nitrate solution reference materials and the revision of the uranium hexafluoride (UF6) reference materials series IRMM-019-029, both certified for the uranium isotopic composition. The certified values and their uncertainties were assigned following ISO 17034 [1], ISO Guide 35 [2] and the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [3]. The IRMM-019-029 series of eleven uranium hexafluoride (UF6) reference materials was originally produced and certified in the 1980's-1990's. For the first re-certification performed in 2014, the UF6 materials were converted into eleven uranium nitrate solutions to perform the homogeneity and characterisation studies. These materials were characterised in compliance with ISO 17034 [1] by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS), by taking advantage of newly established measurement procedures such as the Modified Total Evaporation (MTE) and Double Spike (DS) methods, and using a new set of certified uranium isotope reference materials, which were prepared by gravimetrical mixing of highly enriched 233U, 235U, 236U and 238U oxides or solutions. The results of the characterisation measurements were also confirmed by Gas Source Mass Spectrometry (GSMS) measurements using the original UF6 gases [4, 5]. For the certification of the isotopic composition of the IRMM-2019-2029 series each of the remaining uranium nitrate solutions used for the certification of IRMM-019-029 was diluted using one molar nitric acid to a concentration of about 2 mg uranium per g solution and dispensed into cleaned screw-cap quartz ampoules. Each ampoule contains 5 ml of solution. Subsequently "process control measurements" (PCM) by TIMS using the MTE and DS methods were performed for three ampoules for each of the reference materials. The results for the isotopic composition from the process control measurements on these uranium nitrate solutions agreed well with the certified values for IRMM-019-029 series of UF6 materials. Therefore no separate new characterisation and homogeneity studies were performed, and the certified values for IRMM-019-029 were assigned as well to the uranium solution reference material series IRMM-2019-2029. Moreover, certified values for both the IRMM-019-029 series of UF6 reference materials and the IRMM-2019-2029 series of uranium nitrate solution reference materials were established using new published values for the atomic masses and applying a 2-digit rounding rule. The materials are intended for the calibration of instruments, methods, quality control purposes, and the assessment of method performance for isotope mass spectrometry. As with any certified reference material, they can also be used for validation studies.
Download or read book Certification of the Uranium Hexafluoride UF6 Isotopic Composition written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes the re-determination and certification of the IRMM-019 to IRMM-029 series of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) reference materials certified for the uranium isotopic composition. The values were assigned following ISO Guide 34:2009. The IRMM-019 to IRMM-029 series was originally produced and certified in the 1980's-1990's. Since, the materials are stored in monel ampoules. Upon customer request, UF6 gas is distilled from a mother ampoule into a daughter ampoule, the isotopic composition is verified by Gas Source Mass Spectrometry (GSMS) and the daughter ampoule is sent to the customer. For the purpose of this project, the UF6 materials were converted into uranium nitrate solutions to perform the homogeneity and characterisation studies. Between-unit homogeneity was quantified and stability during dispatch and storage were assessed in accordance with ISO Guide 35:2006.^The materials were characterised by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) using newly established measurement procedures such as the Modified Total Evaporation (MTE) and Double Spike (DS) methods, and with a new set of certified uranium isotope reference materials, which were prepared by gravimetrical mixing of highly enriched 233U, 235U, 236U and 238U oxides or solutions. The results of the characterisation measurements were also confirmed by GSMS measurements using the original UF6 gases. Uncertainties of the certified values were estimated in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and include uncertainties related to the characterisation measurements and the homogeneity study. The materials are intended for the calibration of methods, quality control purposes, and the assessment of method performance for isotope mass spectrometry. As with any certified reference material, they can also be used for validation studies.^The CRMs are available in monel ampoules. Based on physical reasons, there is no minimum sample intake to be taken into account.
Download or read book Passive Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Materials written by Doug Reilly and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Applications of Microanalytical Techniques to Understanding Mineralizing Processes written by Michael A. McKibben and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Download or read book Standard Reference Materials Uranium Isotopic Standard Reference Materials written by L. E. Garner and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Improving Fuel Cycle Design and Safety Characteristics of a Gas Cooled Fast Reactor written by Willem Frederik Geert van Rooijen and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Generation IV Forum is an international nuclear energy research initiative aimed at developing the fourth generation of nuclear reactors, envisaged to enter service halfway the 21st century. One of the Generation IV reactor systems is the Gas Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR), the subject of study in this thesis. The Generation IV reactor concepts should improve all aspects of nuclear power generation. Within Generation IV, the GCFR concept specifically targets sustainability of nuclear power generation. The Gas Cooled Fast Reactor core power density is high in comparison to other gas cooled reactor concepts. Like all nuclear reactors, the GCFR produces decay heat after shut down, which has to be transported out of the reactor under all circumstances. The layout of the primary system therefore focuses on using natural convection Decay Heat Removal (DHR) where possible, with a large coolant fraction in the core to reduce friction losses.
Download or read book The New Nuclear Forensics written by Vitaly Fedchenko and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear material changes its form and properties as it moves through the nuclear fuel cycle, from one facility to another. Each step of the fuel cycle or each use of the material will inevitably leave its mark. The science of determining the history of a sample of nuclear material through the study of these characteristics is known as nuclear forensics. While nuclear forensic analysis has normally been associated with investigations and prosecutions in the contextof trafficking of nuclear materials or nuclear terrorism, it had wider applications in in national security contexts, such as nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament, and arms control. The New Nuclear Forensics is the first book to give a definitive guide to this broader definition of nuclear forensic analysis. This book describes the various methods used in nuclear forensics, giving first a broad introduction to the process followed by details of relevant measurement techniques and procedures. In each case, the advantages and limitations are outlined. To put these methods in context, the book also recounts the history of the discipline anddescribes the diverse contemporary applications of nuclear forensics.
Download or read book The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements 3rd ed Volumes 1 5 written by L.R. Morss and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-31 with total page 4059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements is a contemporary and definitive compilation of chemical properties of all of the actinide elements, especially of the technologically important elements uranium and plutonium, as well as the transactinide elements. In addition to the comprehensive treatment of the chemical properties of each element, ion, and compound from atomic number 89 (actinium) through to 109 (meitnerium), this multi-volume work has specialized and definitive chapters on electronic theory, optical and laser fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, organoactinide chemistry, thermodynamics, magnetic properties, the metals, coordination chemistry, separations, and trace analysis. Several chapters deal with environmental science, safe handling, and biological interactions of the actinide elements. The Editors invited teams of authors, who are active practitioners and recognized experts in their specialty, to write each chapter and have endeavoured to provide a balanced and insightful treatment of these fascinating elements at the frontier of the periodic table. Because the field has expanded with new spectroscopic techniques and environmental focus, the work encompasses five volumes, each of which groups chapters on related topics. All chapters represent the current state of research in the chemistry of these elements and related fields.
