Download or read book A Handbook of Mesopotamia Irak the lower K r n and Luristan Provisional issue written by Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spuren zwischen Fluss und Meer IRAK 1987 88 written by Peter Detlev Kirmsse and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Orsam Analiz Say 310 Biden n Irak Politikas Ukrayna Sava Sonras D nya in ABD Irak li kilerinin Rehabilitasyonu written by Watheq Al-Sadoon and published by Ortadoğu Yayınları. This book was released on 2023-03-30 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Başkan Joe Biden döneminde ABD'nin Irak’a yönelik politikalarını izleyen gözlemciler, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin doğasında yeni dinamikler olduğunu fark etmektedir. Bu, özellikle Haziran 2022'de göreve başlayan ABD'nin yeni büyükelçisi Alina Romanowski'nin Bağdat'taki görevine atanması sonrasında daha da belirgin hâle gelmiştir. Romanowski, onlarca yıl boyunca ABD’nin istihbarat, terörle mücadele, savunma ve dışişleri alanlarında çalışarak Ortadoğu meseleleriyle yakından ilgilenmesinin ardından bu göreve atanmıştır. Romanowski şu anda, ABD’nin Bağdat'taki diplomatik faaliyetlerini önemli ölçüde yönetmektedir. Nitekim Romanowski, mevcut Irak hükûmetinin Ekim 2022'de kurulmasından bugüne dek Başbakan Muhammed Şiya es-Sudani ile 10 kez görüşmüş ve güvenlikten sorumlu bakanlar da dâhil olmak üzere kabine üyelerinin çoğuyla onlarca toplantı yapmıştır. Her toplantıdan sonra tarafların yaptığı açıklamalar, ABD-Irak ilişkilerinin geleceği konusunda olumlu ve iyimser bir atmosfer yaratmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, mevcut Irak hükûmeti pratikte “Şii Koordinasyon Çerçevesi” adı verilen ittifakın hükûmetidir ve bu ittifak, İran'a yakın olarak tanımlanan siyasi güçlerden oluşmaktadır. Elbette bu hükûmette, mevcut hükûmetin kurulması için Şii Koordinasyon Çerçevesi ile uzlaşmış ve daha geniş bir koalisyonda yer alan Kürt ve Sünni siyasi güçlerden de bakanlar bulunmaktadır. Devlet Yönetimi adı verilen daha geniş olan koalisyon ise, bir yandan kabine ekibine çeşitlilik kazandırmak, diğer yandan “kota” sistemini uygulamak amacıyla kurulmuştur ancak karar alma süreci, Şii Koordinasyon Çerçevesi ittifakının elindedir. Bu değişim ve ABD’nin Bağdat’taki diplomasisindeki ivmenin yanı sıra ABD-Irak ilişkilerinin gidişatındaki bu olumlu “görüntüler”, önceki ABD Büyükelçisi Matthew Tueller döneminde Amerikan diplomatik misyonlarının Bağdat'ta var olması ve çalışmasının zor olduğu dönemden sonra yaşanmıştır. O dönemde ABD, 2020 sonlarına doğru büyükelçilik kadrosunun büyük bir çoğunluğunu, çalışanlarının hayatlarına yönelik artan güvenlik tehditleri nedeniyle Kuzey Irak’ta Erbil’deki ABD Konsolosluğuna taşımak zorunda kalmıştır. Öyle ki o dönemde, ABD’nin Irak’taki varlığına ve çıkarlarına karşı yürütülen silahlı ve siyasi bir kampanya çerçevesinde, İran destekli gruplar tarafından büyükelçilik binasının çevresine roketli saldırılar düzenlenmiştir. Bu kampanya, 3 Ocak 2020'de Bağdat Havalimanı yakınlarında Amerikan hava saldırısı sonucu öldürülen İranlı General Kasım Süleymani ve Halk Seferberlik Komitesi Başkan Yardımcısı Ebu Mehdi el-Mühendis'in ölümünden sonra, İran destekli silahlı siyasi gruplar tarafından başlatılmıştır. ABD-Irak arasındaki diplomatik ilişkilerde bu olumlu açılımın, İran’a ve bölgedeki politikalarına karşı sert bir tutum benimseyen Büyükelçi Romanowski'nin görev süresinde gerçekleşmesi dikkat çekicidir. Daha önce Romanowski, ABD'nin Kuveyt Büyükelçisi olarak atanmadan (ABD'nin Irak Büyükelçisi olmadan önceki son görevi) 31 Ekim 2019'da Senato Dış İlişkiler Komitesinde “sert” bir konuşma yapmıştır. Konuşmada Romanowski “İran, vekilleri vasıtasıyla Ortadoğu'da ve ötesinde ABD müttefiklerine ve çıkarlarına karşı şiddet tohumları ekti... İran, Yemen'de Husileri, Suriye'de Beşar Esad rejimini ve Lübnan'da Hizbullah'ı destekleyerek bölgenin tamamını istikrarsızlaştırmaya çalışıyor” demiştir.
Download or read book Eastern Persian Irak written by Albert Houtum-Schindler and published by . This book was released on 1897 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toll Like Receptors TLRs and Innate Immunity written by Stefan Bauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-11 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overall recent research on TLRs has led to tremendous increase in our understanding of early steps in pathogen recognition and will presumably lead to potent TLR targeting therapeutics in the future. This book reviews and highlights our recent understanding on the function and ligands of TLRs as well as their role in autoimmunity, dendritic cell activation and target structures for therapeutic intervention.
Download or read book Toll like Receptors in Inflammation written by Luke A.J. O'Neill and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-16 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A repertoire of 10 TLRs mediate the first response to all microbes that infect mammals. They are the long sought receptors for a wide range of microbial products. Notable examples include TLR4 which recognizes LPS from gram negative bacteria, TLR3 which recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and TLR9 which recognizes CpG DNA motifs, found commonly in both viruses and bacteria. TLRs are increasingly being implicated in both infectious and inflammatory diseases, notable examples being sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and asthma. There is therefore great interest in targeting TLRs therapeutically since blocking TLRs will result in a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF. This volume covers our current understanding of TLRs, and their role in inflammation. Given the primacy of TLRs in the inflammatory process and their emerging role in inflammatory diseases the book is of great interest to researchers working in inflammation and immunology.
Download or read book Pattern Recognition Receptors and Cancer written by Anton G. Kutikhin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-10-08 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) includes families of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and AIM-2-like receptors (ALRs). Conceptually, receptors constituting these families are united by two general features. Firstly, they directly recognize common antigen determinants of virtually all classes of pathogens (so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or simply PAMPs) and initiate immune response against them via specific intracellular signaling pathways. Secondly, they recognize endogenous ligands (since they are usually released during cell stress, they are called damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), and, hence, PRR-mediated immune response can be activated without an influence of infectious agents. So, pattern recognition receptors play the key role performing the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, many PRRs have a number of other vital functions apart from participation in immune response realization. The fundamental character and diversity of PRR functions have led to amazingly rapid research in this field. Such investigations are very promising for medicine as immune system plays a key role in vast majority if not all human diseases, and the process of discovering the new aspects of the immune system functioning is rapidly ongoing. The role of Toll-like receptors in cancer was analyzed in certain reviews but the data are still scattered. This collection of reviews systematizes the key information in the field.
Download or read book Measuring Immunity written by Michael T. Lotze and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-05-04 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the diseases of modern mankind involve either acute or chronic inflammation. Measuring Immunity integrates the current information available on biomarkers and surrogate assays into a single handbook. It highlights the principles behind various applications, gives a brief summary on how they are conducted and provides detailed and critical analyses of murine models of immunity, clinical trials, and tests to predict utility and benefit. Measuring Immunity is indispensable for scientists and clinicians interested in the clinical applications of modern immunobiology.* Defines which assays of immune function are helpful in the assessment of clinical disorders involving inflammation and immunity* Assesses the dynamics of cellular and soluble factors in the peripheral blood using modern techniques * Includes basic science foundations as well as the approaches currently applied
Download or read book Toll and Toll Like Receptors written by Tina Rich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-11 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toll Receptors and the Renaissance of Innate Immunity Elizabeth H. Bassett and Tina Rich Overview n the last few pages of Immunology: The Science of Self-Nonself Discrimination Jan Klein ponders on what he would study if he were to start over in the lab. ^ Dismissing the I antibody, MHC, the T-cell and parasitology, he considers instead the phylogeny of immune reactions, particularly in ancient phyla. As for a favored cell he chooses the macrophage. Describ ing it as a ^^MddchenfUr alles," (all purpose kitchen maid) Klein believed that this immunocyte still had secrets to reveal. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) biology would prove to be one of these secrets. Analyses of the evolution of these receptors (Tolls and TLRs) have also helped us to rethink immune system phylogeny. In the first part of this chapter the history of the discovery of Toll and TLR biology is described. The evolution of the TLR genes and theories of immune function are covered in later sections. The remainder of this book presents work from nine groups active in the field. In the first chapter, "The Function of Toll-Like Receptors", Zlatko Dembic sets the stage by introducing us to many of the components of the immune system and their relationships vis a vis Toll receptors. Zlatko finishes his chapter with a discussion about current immune system models and contributes his own 'integrity model'. Work from the laboratory of Nicholas Gay follows this in "Structures and Motifs Involved in Toll Signaling".
Download or read book Endotoxins Structure Function and Recognition written by Xiaoyuan Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-30 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endotoxins are potentially toxic compounds produced by Gram-negative bacteria including some pathogens. Unlike exotoxins, which are secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, endotoxins are comprised of structural components of bacteria. Endotoxins can cause a whole-body inflammatory state, sepsis, leading to low blood pressure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. This book brings together contributions from researchers in the forefront of these subjects. It is divided into two sections. The first deals with how endotoxins are synthesized and end up on the bacterial surface. The second discussed how endotoxins activate TLR4 and, in turn, how TLR4 generates the molecular signals leading to infectious and inflammatory diseases. The way endotoxins interact with the host cells is fundamental to understanding the mechanism of sepsis, and recent research on these aspects of endotoxins has served to illuminate previously undescribed functions of the innate immune system. This volume presents a description of endotoxins according to their genetic constitution, structure, function and mode of interaction with host cells.
Download or read book Invertebrate Cytokines and the Phylogeny of Immunity written by Alain Beschin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the assumption that invertebrates as well as vertebrates possess factors regulating hematopoiesis, response to infection or wounding, studies dealing with the evolution of immunity have focused on the isolation and characterization of putative cytokine-related molecules from invertebrates. Until recently, most of our knowledge of cytokine- and cytokine receptor-like molecules in invertebrates has relied on functional assays and similarities at the physicochemical level. As such, a phylogenetic relationship between invertebrate cytokine-like molecules and invertebrate counterparts could not be convincingly demonstrated. In the present book, recent studies demonstrating cytokine-like activities and related signaling pathways in invertebrates are critically reviewed, focusing on findings from molecular biology and taking advantage of the completion of the genome from the fly Drosophila and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Download or read book Educational Oases in the Desert written by Jonathan Sciarcon and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the French schools that pioneered female education in Ottoman Iraqs Jewish communities. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU), a Paris-based Jewish organization, founded dozens of primary schools throughout the Middle East. Many were the first formal educational institutions for local Jewish children. In addition to providing secular education, the schools attempted to change local customs and regenerate or uplift communities. Educational Oases in the Desert explores the largely forgotten history of the AIUs schools for girls in Ottoman Iraq. Drawing on extensive archival research, Jonathan Sciarcon argues that teachers viewed female education through a gendered lens linked to their understanding of an ideal modern society. As the primary educators of children, women were seen as societys key agents of socialization. The AIU thus concluded that its boys schools would never succeed in creating polished, westernized men so long as women remained uneducated, leading to the creation of schools for girls. Sciarcon shows how headmistresses acted not just as educators but also as models of modernity, trying to impart new moral and aesthetic norms onto students.
Download or read book Toll Like Receptor Family Members and Their Ligands written by Bruce Beutler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On occasion, the innate immune system is referred to as the "primitive" immune system. Perhaps this has dissuaded immu nologists from analyzing it as energetically as they have analyzed the adaptive immune system during the past two decades. But while its phylogenetic origins are indeed ancient, and though it is "of the first type", there is nothing crude, nothing unsophisti cated, and nothing "inferior" about innate immunity. On the contrary, the innate immune system has had time to achieve a level of refinement that is nothing short of dazzling, and a modicum of respect is at long last due. Any immune system has two cardinal functions. It must destroy a broad range of pathogens, and it must spare the host. The adaptive immune system has applied a modular solution to these problems. Each cell of the adaptive immune system is prescreened to eliminate those that would produce untoward interactions with self; each cell is pre-programmed to recognize a foreign epitope that the host might one day encounter. Hence, the duties of each individual lymphocyte are quite circumscribed.
Download or read book Innate Immunity of Plants Animals and Humans written by Holger Heine and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-07 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been cunningly designed to provide an overview of our current knowledge about the innate immune systems of these three types of organisms. It not only covers the innate immune mechanisms and responses of such diverse organisms as plants, Cnidaria, Drosophila, urochordates and zebrafish, but also the major receptor systems in mammalians and humans. It delves too into the central defense mechanisms, antimicrobial peptides and the complement system.
Download or read book Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases written by Nima Rezaei and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-06 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a group of disorders involving defects in one or more components of the immune system, and are characterized by an increased incidence of infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Although PID seem to be rare, the number of patients diagnosed has increased in recent years, and more than 150 different forms of PID have been identified. Nevertheless, because of inadequate medical awareness, a significant number of patients with PID are either not recognized as having a PID or are not diagnosed as early as they should be. Such delays lead to a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality among affected individuals. Our understanding of PID is improving rapidly, which will hopefully lead to more accurate diagnosis and efficient disease management. This book contains the most recent advances in the field, as well as a concise and structured review of previously identified PID. Although the book’s primary focus is on practical diagnosis and management, the pathophysiology of PID is also discussed. This book is a comprehensive yet manageable resource for physicians and nurses wishing to learn more about PID, as well as a useful tool for both doctors-in-training and specialists in clinical decision-making and treatment planning.
Download or read book Current Topics in Innate Immunity written by John D. Lambris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-07 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the post genomic era, understanding of the innate immune system is enriched by findings on the specificity of innate immune reactions as well as to novel functions that do not strictly correlate with immunological defense and surveillance, immune modulation or inflammation. This volume covers natural killer cells, mast cells, phagocytes, toll-like receptors, complement, host defense in plants and invertebrates, evasion strategies of microorganisms, pathophysiology, protein structures, design of therapeutics, and experimental approaches.
Download or read book How the Immune System Recognizes Self and Nonself written by Daisuke Kitamura and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-04-08 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do you discriminate yourself from other people? This question must sound odd to you since you easily recognize others at a glance and, without any effort, would not mistake them for yourself. However, it is not always easy for some people to discriminate themselves from others. For example, patients with schi- phrenia often talk with “others” living inside themselves. Thus it is likely that n- mally your brain actively recognizes and remembers the information belonging to yourself and discriminates it from the information provided by others, although you are not conscious of it. This brain function must have been particularly important for most animals to protect their lives from enemies and for species to survive through evolution. Similarly, higher organisms have also acquired their immune system through evolution that discriminates nonself pathogens and self-body to protect their lives from pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. The brain system may distinguish integrated images of self and nonself created from many inputs, such as vision, sound, smell, and others. The immune system recognizes and distinguishes a variety of structural features of self and nonself components. The latter actually include almost everything but self: for example, bacteria, viruses, toxins, pollens, chemicals, transplanted organs, and even tumor cells derived from self-tissue. To this end the immune system recruits different kinds of immune cells, such as B and T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
