Download or read book Investigations in Sex Estimation written by Donna L. Harrison and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-09-29 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations in Sex Estimation: A Comparison of Morphological and Metrical Methods is a collective comparison of the many morphological and metric methods currently used on adult and juvenile human remains. This single comprehensive resource for sex estimation in skeletal material includes discussion on the evolution of sexual dimorphism in modern humans, how sexual dimorphism manifests itself in those bones, the growth development in juveniles and how sexual dimorphism can be measured in their bones. Data is presented which contradicts previously held postulates and some different uses of sex estimation methods are suggested, such as using the grading system to assess evolutionary change in skeletons or grouping juveniles into smaller groups by age to better estimate sex. New insights are offered for future research from the presentation of case studies on gender and a comparison of the sex differences between two African-American collections which suggests a correlation between occupation and evolutionary change. To achieve the objective, data on 294 adults from four diverse collections of known sex are obtained using a total of 67 morphological and metric methods. An additional 23 morphological and metric methods used on juveniles, aged 0 to 18, from two of the collections. The methods are specific to either the cranium, mandible, pelvis, humerus or femur. The compilation of assessment of sex provides definitive answers on which type of method, morphological or metric, is more accurate, which morphological and metric methods are the most accurate, and which bones are more reliable to estimate sex especially in the absence of a pelvis. Investigations in Sex Estimation is intended to be used in the field and the laboratory for the identification of sex in human remains and aims to provide a wealth of data for future research in sexual dimorphic studies. - Provides the anthropological community with the results of the first collective comparison of the many morphological and metric methods currently used on adults and juveniles - Introduces methods, reviews sexual dimorphism, and shares new insights for future research - Highly illustrated, using testing data from four very diverse skeletal collections

Download or read book Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton written by Alexandra R. Klales and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-30 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton is a comprehensive work on the theory, methods, and current issues for sexing human skeletal remains. This work provides practitioners a starting point for research and practice on sex estimation to assist with the identification and analysis of human remains. It contains a collection of the latest scientific research, using metric and morphological methods, and contains case studies, where relevant, to highlight methodological application to real cases. This volume presents a truly comprehensive representation of the current state of sex estimation while also detailing the history and how we got to this point. Divided into three main sections, this reference text first provides an introduction to the book and to sex estimation overall, including a history, practitioner preferences, and a deeper understanding of biological sex. The second section addresses the main methodological areas used to estimate sex, including metric and morphological methods, statistical applications, and software. Each chapter topic provides a review of older techniques and emphasizes the latest research and methodological improvements. Chapters are written by practicing physical anthropologists and also include their latest research on the topics, as well as relevant case studies. The third section addresses current considerations and future directions for sex estimation in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts, including DNA, secular change, and medical imaging Sex Estimation of the Human Skeleton is a one-of-a-kind resource for those involved in estimating the sex of human skeletal remains. - Provides the first comprehensive text reference on sex estimation, with historical perspectives and current best practices - Contains real case studies to underscore key estimation concepts - Demonstrates the changing role of technology in sex estimation

Download or read book Preliminary Investigation Into Biological Sex Estimation Using Trace Element Analysis in Human Hair written by Abigail M. Woltering and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In forensic anthropology the estimation of biological sex of unidentified human remains is critical, as it essentially halves the number of potential identities. Sex estimation is also important in bioarchaeology, because the creation of the biological profile is critical to the interpretation of different sociocultural aspects of past populations. Furthermore, certain aspects of the biological profile are sex specific, so it is important to be able to accurately determine biological sex (France 1998). Typically, biological sex is estimated by assessing sexually dimorphic differences within the pelvis and skull. However, because sexually dimorphic differences arise during puberty it is difficult, and oftentimes impossible, to use these traditional techniques on juveniles. Recently, human hair has gained prominence in anthropological research. This is particularly evident in bioarchaeology, where hair can be used to discern information concerning health, toxicology, culture, and diet of past populations. This study focuses on the relationship between the content of trace elements in hair and biological sex to determine if biological sex can be assessed from the content of trace elements in human head hair. Hair was collected from three human sample groups: modern living individuals, modern cadavers, and archaeological remains.

Download or read book Odotometic Sex Estimation Using a Modern Forensic Skeletal Collection written by Andrea Nichole Sbei and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forensic anthropologists are responsible for estimating the biological profile—the age, sex, population affinity, and stature—of unknown deceased individuals. Many methods used for estimating the biological profile are sex-specific, which implicates sex estimation as one of the most important components of the biological profile. Historically, the skull and postcranial elements have been heavily utilized for morphological and metric sex estimation methods, whereas odontometric methods have been overlooked and underutilized. Odontometric data has proven to be a worthwhile avenue for the estimation of sex in several population-based studies (Acharya et al., 2011; Adams & Pilloud, 2019; Angadi et al., 2013; Cardoso, 2008; Harris & Foster, 2015; Joseph et al., 2013; Kazzazi & Kranioti, 2018; Pilloud & Scott, 2020; Prabhu & Acharya, 2009; Zorba et al., 2012). Due to population-based variation found within the dentition, the creation of population-based methods is encouraged. Using odontometric data from a modern forensic sample, this research uses linear discriminant function analysis to provide another route in which forensic anthropologists can estimate sex. Measurements of the maximum crown and cervical mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions were used in this study, which has highlighted the benefits of including cervical dimensions into odontometric investigations. Linear models provided in this research produce 71.11% to 89.99% overall correct allocation rates utilizing various teeth, specific sets of teeth, and individual teeth. Within this sample, the mandibular canine is the most sexually dimorphic tooth. When isolated, the mandibular third premolar was the most effective tooth for sex estimation with a correct allocation rate of 82.22%. When possible, odontometric data should be utilized in forensic casework to aide in the estimation of sex for unknown individuals, especially if other skeletal elements are unavailable.

Download or read book The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth written by G. Richard Scott and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A global study of dental variation offering insights into modern human origins.

Download or read book Investigations of the Physiology of Temperature dependent Sex Determination written by Keela L. Dodd and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolutionary Dynamics of Sex Determination written by M.A. Kozielska and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Forensic Gait Analysis written by Ivan Birch and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gait analysis is the systematic study of human walking, using the eye and brain of experienced observers, augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movements, body mechanics, and the activity of the muscles. Since Aristotle’s work on gait analysis more than 2000 years ago, it has become an established clinical science used extensively in the healthcare and rehabilitation fields for diagnosis and treatment. Forensic Gait Analysis details the more recent, and rapidly developing, use of gait analysis in the forensic sciences. The book considers the use of observational gait analysis, based on video recordings, to assist in the process of identification or exclusion. With the increase in use of CCTV and surveillance systems over the last 20 to 30 years, there has been a steady and rapid increase in the use of gait as evidence. Currently, gait analysis is widely used in the UK in criminal investigations, with increasing awareness of its potential use in the US, Europe, and globally. The book details the history of the science, current practices, and of the emergent application to establish best-practice standards that conform to those of other forensic science disciplines. Engagement with the Forensic Science Regulator, and the Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences in the UK, and the International Association for Identification has helped to ensure and enhance the quality assurance of forensic gait analysis. However, there remains a fundamental lack of standardized training and methodology for use in evidentiary and investigative casework. This book fills that void, serving as one of the first to describe the current state of practice, capabilities and limitations, and to outline methods, standards of practice and expectations of the gait analyst as a forensic practitioner. Forensic Gait Analysis reflects current research and forensic practice and will serve as a state-of-the-art guide to the use of gait analysis in the forensic context—for both education and training purposes. It will be a welcome addition to the libraries of professionals in the areas of podiatry, gait analysis, forensic video analysis, law enforcement, and legal practice.

Download or read book Forensic Anthropology and Medicine written by Aurore Schmitt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-09 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent political, religious, ethnic, and racial conflicts, as well as mass disasters, have significantly helped to bring to light the almost unknown dis- pline of forensic anthropology. This science has become particularly useful to forensic pathologists because it aids in solving various puzzles, such as id- tifying victims and documenting crimes. On topics such as mass disasters and crimes against humanity, teamwork between forensic pathologists and for- sic anthropologists has significantly increased over the few last years. This relationship has also improved the study of routine cases in local medicolegal institutes. When human remains are badly decomposed, partially skelet- ized, and/or burned, it is particularly useful for the forensic pathologist to be assisted by a forensic anthropologist. It is not a one-way situation: when the forensic anthropologist deals with skeletonized bodies that have some kind of soft tissue, the advice of a forensic pathologist would be welcome. Forensic anthropology is a subspecialty/field of physical anthropology. Most of the background on skeletal biology was gathered on the basis of sk- etal remains from past populations. Physical anthropologists then developed an indisputable “know-how”; nevertheless, one must keep in mind that looking for a missing person or checking an assumed identity is quite a different matter. Pieces of information needed by forensic anthropologists require a higher level of reliability and accuracy than those granted in a general archaeological c- text. To achieve a positive identification, findings have to match with e- dence, particularly when genetic identification is not possible.

Download or read book Estimation of Sex from the Morphometric Assessment of Hand Bones in a Western Australian Population written by Rebecca Pearl De Silva and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] The role of a forensic anthropologist in medico-legal investigations is to, ultimately contribute toward establishing the identity of unknown skeletal remains by constructing a biological profile; which involves estimations of sex, ages, stature and ancestry. recent research relating ti the formulation of sex estimation standards has focussed on the morphological assessment of bones other than the oelvis and cranium, such as the long bones of the appendicular skeleton.

Download or read book Sex and Stature Estimation Using Hand and Handprint Measurements in a Western Australian Population written by Nur-Intaniah Ishak and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personal identification of human remains is an imperative element in most forensic investigations. Forensic anthropologists have an important role, to facilitate the identification of human remains in those investigations. With the increased number of mass disasters, homicides and accidents, the identification of remains can be problematic when the deceased can no longer be recognized, due to the nature of the injuries sustained. The aim of the present thesis was to develop standards to estimate sex and stature from hand and handprint measurements specifically for a Western Australian population. Stature and sex estimation standards formulated from different parts of the skeleton or body limbs, including the hand, are useful towards establishing personal identity. The sample analysed comprised 91 males and 110 females (a total of 210 adult subjects). Seven measurements were collected from the hand: hand breadth and length; palm and thumb length; and index, middle and ring finger lengths. The corresponding measurements were also collected for handprints. Sex was analysed using linear discriminant function analyses and stature was analysed using simple linear and multiple regression analyses. It was found that all hand and handprint measurements were significantly larger in males compared to females (p

Download or read book Sex Estimation in Subadult Skeletons written by Alyssa Shiloh Reinman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnosing the sex of subadult skeletal material is a difficult task for bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists. Metric and nonmetric techniques have been tested utilizing both fetal (Boucher 1957, Weaver 1980) and juvenile (Loth and Henneberg 2001, Weaver 1980) skeletal remains. Some metric techniques show promise in estimating the sex of juvenile skeletons, but most are found to be lacking in adequate accuracies (Holcomb and Konigsberg 1995, Weaver 1980). Nonmetric techniques have been found to be more accurate, performing better than chance (Loth and Henneberg 2001, Mittler and Sheridan 1992, Weaver 1980). This study adds to this conversation, utilizing the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, testing the accuracy of eight nonmetric traits of the subadult mandible and ilium for use in forensic investigations and bioarchaeological research.

Download or read book Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research A User s Guide written by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)

Download or read book A Study of Biological Sex Estimation Across Populations Using Measurements of the Cementoenamel Junction and Dental Arcade written by Erin Chapman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological sex estimation has been a central tenant in physical anthropology and bioarchaeology since the foundation of the fields. Traditionally, sex estimation techniques have centered on pelvic morphology but features of the pelvis are often poorly preserved in forensic and archaeological contexts. However, teeth have very high preservation potential. Because the crown is susceptible to ante- and postmortem damage, the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) provides a more often preserved portion of the tooth. Several studies have shown the potential use of measurements of the CEJ in biological sex estimation; however, these studies have been limited in their scope, samples sizes, and materials utilized. Additionally, the role of biological affinity in the estimation of biological sex from measurements of the CEJ have not been fully explored. Three main goals of the present study are: 1) to assess the ability to estimate biological sex from measurements of the cementoenamel junction across populations; 2) to assess the role of biological affinity in sex estimation based on the measurements of the cementoenamel junction across populations; and 3) to examine the relationship between dental arcade size and biological sex within and between populations. A total of 737 dentitions (7,369 teeth) from American and South African Whites and Blacks were measured based on buccal-lingual and mesial-distal CEJ measurements defined by Hillson and colleagues (2005). Percent dimorphism was calculated for buccal-lingual, mesial-distal and geometric mean measurements for each tooth. Percent dimorphism was highest in the canines for all groups. Discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were run to assess the ability of the measurements to correctly classify biological sex within and between populations and groups. Correct classification ranged from 84. 1% to 90. 7%. Within group comparisons (i.e., American females, South African males, etc.) highlighted that molars, premolars, and incisors have the greatest weight in the discriminant function in classifying differences between ancestral groups. Finally, a total of 162 dental arcades (maxillary and mandibular) were measured from photographs using ImageJ software to assess differences in dental arcade size and to assess the relationship between mesial-distal measurements of the CEJ and the length of the dental arcade. Statistically significant differences in mean arcade size were found for all groups except South African Whites and South African Blacks (mandible only). Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were used to test if a correlation existed between the sum of the mesial-distal CEJ measurements and the total arc length. A significant correlation was found in all groups except American Whites, South African Whites, and All Whites combined (mandible only). In summary, the buccal-lingual and mesial-distal measurements of the CEJ can be used to estimate biological sex with a high degree of correct classification. Canines, specifically the lower canine, shows the highest percent of sexual size dimorphism for all groups. Lower overall sexual size dimorphism is noted in the South African groups, especially South African Whites, when compared with their American contemporaries. Results indicate that the size (and possibly the shape) of molars, premolars and incisors have the most influence on differences seen between ancestral groups.

Download or read book Sex Itself written by Sarah S. Richardson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human genomes are 99.9 percent identical—with one prominent exception. Instead of a matching pair of X chromosomes, men carry a single X, coupled with a tiny chromosome called the Y. Tracking the emergence of a new and distinctive way of thinking about sex represented by the unalterable, simple, and visually compelling binary of the X and Y chromosomes, Sex Itself examines the interaction between cultural gender norms and genetic theories of sex from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, postgenomic age. Using methods from history, philosophy, and gender studies of science, Sarah S. Richardson uncovers how gender has helped to shape the research practices, questions asked, theories and models, and descriptive language used in sex chromosome research. From the earliest theories of chromosomal sex determination, to the mid-century hypothesis of the aggressive XYY supermale, to the debate about Y chromosome degeneration, to the recent claim that male and female genomes are more different than those of humans and chimpanzees, Richardson shows how cultural gender conceptions influence the genetic science of sex. Richardson shows how sexual science of the past continues to resonate, in ways both subtle and explicit, in contemporary research on the genetics of sex and gender. With the completion of the Human Genome Project, genes and chromosomes are moving to the center of the biology of sex. Sex Itself offers a compelling argument for the importance of ongoing critical dialogue on how cultural conceptions of gender operate within the science of sex.

Download or read book The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination Classic Reprint written by Richard Goldschmidt and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination Scientific investigation in the field of sex determination and heredity is now being pursued with great vigour in many countries, and there is every prospect of great success in the future in the elucidation and probably the actual control of sex. The German edition of the work was dedicated by Gold schmidt to Professor Richard Hertwig. If it were possible for me to dedicate the English translation it would be to the memory of the late Professor Leonard Doncaster, whose classic work is so often referred to within its pages, and whose untimely death robbed us of one whose name will always be associated with the problem of the inheritance and determina tion of sex. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Theoretical Studies on Sex Ratio Evolution written by Samuel Karlin and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1986-07-21 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with a key area of population genetics: the ratio of the sexes in a population, or the allocation of resources to male versus female reproductive function. Samuel Karlin and Sabin Lessard establish the formal theoretical aspects of the evolution of sex ratio within the constraints of genetic mechanisms of sex determination. Their results generalize and unify existing work on the topic, strengthening previous conceptions in some cases and, in other instances, offering new directions of research. There are two main approaches to understanding the causes and effects of sex ratio. One approach focuses on the optimization and adaptive functions of sex allocation, while the other emphasizes the consequences of genetic sex determination mechanisms. In discussing the utility of these two approaches, Professors Karlin and Lessard examine the principal sex-determining mechanisms and facts involved in sex ratio representations, the various genetic and environmental factors that contribute to adaptive sex expression, and the evolution of sex determining systems and controls. From a population genetic perspective, the authors derive evolutionary properties in support of the high incidence of 1:1 sex ratio in natural populations and investigate the conditions that can explain the occurrence of biased sex ratio.