Download or read book Investigating the human brainstem with structural and functional MRI written by Florian Beissner and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-07-30 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brainstem is one of the least understood parts of the human brain despite its prime importance for the maintenance of basic vital functions. Owing to its role as a relay station between spinal cord, cerebellum and neocortex, the brainstem contains vital nodes of all functional systems in the central nervous system, including the visual, auditory, gustatory, vestibular, somatic and visceral senses, and the somatomotor as well as autonomic nervous systems. While the brainstem has been extensively studied in animals using invasive methods, human studies remain scarce. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive and widely available method is one possibility to access the brainstem in humans and measure its structure as well as function. The close vicinity of the brainstem to large arteries and ventricles and the small size of the anatomical structures, however, place high demands on imaging as well as data analysis methods. Nevertheless, the field of brainstem-(f)MRI has significantly advanced in the past few years, largely due to the development of several new tools that facilitate studying this critical part of the human brain. Within this scope, the goal of this Research Topic is to compile work representing the state of the art in functional and structural MRI of the human brainstem.
Download or read book Atlas of the Human Brainstem written by George Paxinos and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work on the human brainstem has been impeded by the unavailability of a comprehensive diagrammatic and photographic atlas. In the authors' preliminary work on the morphology of the human brainstem (The Human Nervous System, 1990), Paxinos et al demonstrated that it is possible to use chemoarchitecture to establish a number of human homologs in structures known to exist in the rat, the most extensively studied species. Now, with the first detailed atlas on the human brainstem in more than forty years, the authors present an accurate, comprehensive, and convenient reference for students, researchers, and pathologists. Key Features * The first detailed atlas on the human brainstem in more than forty years * Delineated as accurately as The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Second Edition (Paxinos/Watson, 1986), the most cited book in neuroscience * Based on a single brain from a 59-year-old male with no medical history of neurological or psychiatric illness * Represents all areas of the medulla, pons, and midbrain in the plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the brainstem * Consists of 64 plates and 64 accompanying diagrams with an interplate distance of half a millimeter * The photographs are of Nissl and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stained sections at alternate levels * Establishes systematically the human homologs to nuclei identified in the brainstem of the rat Reviewed by leading neuroanatomists * An accurate and convenient guide for students, researchers, and pathologists
Download or read book Neuroimaging of Pain written by Luca Saba and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-08 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by world renowned scientists, this book expertly reviews all the imaging techniques and exciting new methods for the analysis of the pain, including novel tracers, biomarker, metabolomic and gene-array profiling, together with cellular, genetic, and molecular approaches. Recent advances in human brain imaging techniques have allowed a better understand of the functional connectivity in pain pathways, as well as the functional and anatomical alterations that occur in chronic pain patients. Modern imaging techniques have permitted rapid progress in the understanding of networks in the brain related to pain processing and those related to different types of pain modulation. Neuroimaging of Pain is designed to be a valuable resource for radiologists, neuroradiologists, neurologists and neuroscientists, working in hospitals and universities from junior trainees to consultants.
Download or read book Duvernoy s Atlas of the Human Brain Stem and Cerebellum written by Thomas P. Naidich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-25 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This atlas instills a solid knowledge of anatomy by correlating thin-section brain anatomy with corresponding clinical magnetic resonance images in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. The authors correlate advanced neuromelanin imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography with clinical 3 and 4 T MRI. Each brain stem region is then analyzed with 9.4 T MRI to show the anatomy of the medulla, pons, midbrain, and portions of the diencephalonin with an in-plane resolution comparable to myelin- and Nissl-stained light microscopy. The book’s carefully organized diagrams and images teach with a minimum of text.
Download or read book The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord written by Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-06-08 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of human movement have proliferated in recent years, and there have been many studies of spinal pathways in humans, their role in movement, and their dysfunction in neurological disorders. This comprehensive reference surveys the literature related to the control of spinal cord circuits in human subjects, showing how they can be studied, their role in normal movement, and how they malfunction in disease states. Chapters are highly illustrated and consistently organised, reviewing, for each pathway, the experimental background, methodology, organisation and control, role during motor tasks, and changes in patients with CNS lesions. Each chapter concludes with a helpful resume that can be used independently of the main text to provide practical guidance for clinical studies. This will be essential reading for research workers and clinicians involved in the study, treatment and rehabilitation of movement disorders.
Download or read book Unravelling the Link Between the Structure and Function of the Human Brain written by Sarina Jennifer Iwabuchi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The brain structure-function relationship has been one of the most fundamental issues in neuroscience and the precise underpinnings of such a link has remained elusive. To address this, investigations have discovered associations between cortical structure or white matter architecture and function in the forms of brain activation, task performance, and/or cognitive dysfunctions. However, limited attention has been given to the search for a more direct link between task-related regions of cortical activation and how they are wired together. The overarching goal of this thesis is to gain a further understanding of this relationship by directly assessing functionally coupled regions and the underlying white matter architecture. The first study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography to provide a global outlook of structural asymmetries of white matter in the major lobes, and the extent to which they relate to known functional asymmetries. With the inclusion of the individual diffusion measures (mean diffusion [MD], parallel diffusion and perpendicular diffusion) in combination with fractional anisotropy (FA), the microstructure of the pathways generated from each lobe was closely examined. Structurally, asymmetries did indeed follow expected patterns of functional laterality in terms of language and visuospatial function. In order to validate this anatomo-functional relationship, studies two and three combined the methodologies of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with DTI and tractography. In each individual, the regions that were shown to be functionally connected during particular cognitive tasks were identified. These sites were then used to track white matter pathways using tractography. As expected, study two showed a leftward functional network for language production and comprehension. A significant correlation between functional and structural measures was found for the fronto-motor pathway recruited during the generation of verbs. It is theorised that this pathway may be specific to verb generation, given previous reports of a possible motor component in the processing of verbs, while the longer-range connection to temporal regions may be involved in a more diverse range of functions than language alone. Interestingly, tractography between the regions involved in comprehension revealed a ventral as well as a dorsal white matter pathway, which is in accord with the previously proposed dual route theory of reading. Using the same approach, study three explored the more widely and bilaterally distributed circuitry of working memory to investigate whether a structure-function relationship could be established in more complex networks. To further extend the work on cerebral asymmetries, spatial and verbal elements were also included. Functionally, a typical fronto-parietal network was identified for both spatial and verbal working memory. In terms of functional and structural connectivity however, subtle yet significant differences were revealed within both networks that may reflect distinct cognitive processes required for each task. Functional connectivity showed a leftward pattern for the spatial task and rightward connectivity for verbal, contrary to early studies. Measures of white matter integrity on the other hand, were much more symmetrical across the tasks, though variations in the individual diffusion measures revealed possible differences in underlying axonal properties. However, the spatial working memory network almost exclusively yielded significant correlations between structural and functional measures in the parietal-premotor pathways, which may reflect the specificity of the pathways for spatial working memory. Furthermore, comparisons between the two tasks revealed increased activity in the left precentral gyrus during verbal working memory, consistent with the idea that spatial working memory involves a generic system for working memory, while verbal working memory requires additional recruitment of left hemispheric regions for processing linguistic stimuli".
Download or read book The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord written by Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-26 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of human movement have proliferated in recent years. This greatly expanded and thoroughly updated reference surveys the literature on the corticospinal control of spinal cord circuits in human subjects, showing how different circuits can be studied, their role in normal movement and how they malfunction in disease states. Chapters are highly illustrated and consistently organised, reviewing, for each pathway, the experimental background, methodology, organisation and control, role during motor tasks and changes in patients with CNS lesions. Each chapter concludes with a helpful résumé that can be used independently of the main text to provide practical guidance for clinical studies. The final four chapters bring together the changes in transmission in spinal and corticospinal pathways during movement and how they contribute to the desired movement. This book is essential reading for research workers and clinicians involved in the study, treatment and rehabilitation of movement disorders.
Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
Download or read book The Claustrum written by John R. Smythies and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present day is witnessing an explosion of our understanding of how the brain works at all levels, in which complexity is piled on complexity, and mechanisms of astonishing elegance are being continually discovered. This process is most developed in the major areas of the brain, such as the cortex, thalamus, and striatum. The Claustrum instead focuses on a small, remote, and, until recently, relatively unknown area of the brain. In recent years, researchers have come to believe that the claustrum is concerned with consciousness, a bold hypothesis supported by the claustrum's two-way connections with nearly every other region of the brain and its seeming involvement with multisensory integrations—the hallmark of consciousness. The claustrum, previously in a humble position at the back of the stage, might in fact be the conductor of the brain's orchestra. The Claustrum brings together leading experts on the claustrum from the varied disciplines of neuroscience, providing a state-of-the-art presentation of what is currently known about the claustrum, promising lines of current research (including epigenetics), and projections of new lines of investigation on the horizon. - Develops a unifying hypothesis about the claustrum's role in consciousness, as well as the integration of sensory information and other higher brain functions - Discusses the involvement of the claustrum with autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease - Coverage of all aspects of the claustrum, from its evolution and development to promising new lines of research, including epigenetics, provides a platform and point of reference for future investigative efforts
Download or read book Translational Pain Research written by Lawrence Kruger and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-11-24 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the Most Rapidly Advancing Fields in Modern Neuroscience The success of molecular biology and the new tools derived from molecular genetics have revolutionized pain research and its translation to therapeutic effectiveness. Bringing together recent advances in modern neuroscience regarding genetic studies in mice and humans and the practical
Download or read book From Neurons to Neighborhoods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-13 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
Download or read book Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by Pierre-Marie Robitaille and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-31 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The foundation for understanding the function and dynamics of biological systems is not only knowledge of their structure, but the new methodologies and applications used to determine that structure. This volume in Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasizes the methods that involve Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It will interest researchers working in the field of imaging.
Download or read book Advanced Imaging in Biology and Medicine written by Ch.W. Sensen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-03 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A picture says more than a thousand words. This is something that we all know to be true. Imaging has been important since the early days of medicine and bi- ogy, as seen in the anatomical studies of Leonardo Da Vinci or Andreas Vesalius. More than 100 years ago, the ?rst noninvasive imaging technologies, such as K- rad Roentgen’s X-ray technology,were applied to the medical ?eld—and while still crude—revolutionized medical diagnosis. Today, every patient will be exposed to some kind of advanced imaging technology such as medical resonance imaging, computed tomography or four-dimensional ultrasound during their lifetime. Many diseases, such as brain tumors, are initially diagnosed solely by imaging, and most of the surgical planning relies on the patient imagery. 4D ultrasound is available to expecting parents who wish to create unique early memories of the new baby, and it may soon be used for the morphometric diagnosis of malformations that may one day be treatable—inutero! Light and electron microscopy are unequal brethren, which have contributed to most of our knowledge about the existence and organization of cells, tissues and microorganisms. Every student of biology or medicine is introduced to the fascinating images of the microcosm. New advances have converted these im- ing technologies, which were considered by many to be antiquated, into powerful tools for research in systems biology and related ?elds.
Download or read book Brain Function and Responsiveness in Disorders of Consciousness written by Martin M. Monti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-30 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides up-to-date information on all aspects of brain function and responsiveness in patients with severe disorders of consciousness. Topics considered include the mechanisms and measures of consciousness; perfusional, metabolic, and fMRI markers of responsiveness; responsiveness to pain; the role of brain–computer interface techniques; electrophysiology; cortical excitability; autonomic responsiveness; the natural history of vegetative and minimally conscious states; and prediction of outcome. Brain neuroimaging has documented residual responsiveness in the vegetative state. The scientific impact of this seminal evidence has generated a schism between neuroscience and the clinical criteria defining consciousness and responsiveness. Our current understanding of human consciousness must be reconsidered also in view of the emotional impact on the public and the far-reaching implications for diagnosis, prognosis, medical treatment, human costs, medical and individual responsibility, logistics, healthcare, ethics, etc. It is hoped that this book will help to bridge the gap between neuroscience and clinical routine.
Download or read book In Vivo Atlas of Deep Brain Structures written by S. Lucerna and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-01-29 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 'in vivo' atlas contains more than 50 magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain. Each structure is represented in the axial, coronal and sagittal plane, magnified in colour schemes and reconstructed in 3D images with a useful millimetric scale. The atlas offers the reader a practical and simple tool for surgical planning and for diagnostic and anatomical studies. The high level of anatomical definition of the in vivo MR images means that there is no loss in precision as a result of post-mortem changes. No doubt, this book is an excellent teaching instrument for all students of the neurosciences, regardless of the individual level of training and expertise.
Download or read book A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness written by Bernard J. Baars and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-07-30 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bernard Baars suggests a way to specify empirical constraints on a theory of consciousness by contrasting well-established conscious phenomena with comparable unconscious ones, such as stimulus representations known to be preperceptual, unattended or habituated. By adducing data to show that consciousness is associated with a kind of workplace in the nervous system, Baars helps clarify the problem.
Download or read book Nolte s The Human Brain E Book written by Todd W. Vanderah and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Popular for its highly visual and easy-to-follow approach, Nolte's The Human Brain helps demystify the complexities of the gross anatomy of the brain, spinal cord and brainstem. A clear writing style, interesting examples and visual cues bring this extremely complicated subject to life and more understandable. Get the depth of coverage you need with discussions on all key topics in functional neuroanatomy and neuroscience, giving you well-rounded coverage of this complex subject. Zero in on the key information you need to know with highly templated, concise chapters that reinforce and expand your knowledge. Develop a thorough, clinically relevant understanding through clinical examples providing a real-life perspective. Gain a greater understanding of every concept through a glossary of key terms that elucidates every part of the text; 3-dimensional brain. Acquaint yourself with the very latest advancements in the field with many illustrations using the most current neuroimaging techniques, reflecting recent developments and changes in understanding. Keep up with the latest knowledge in neural plasticity including formation, modification, and repair of connections, with coverage of learning and memory, as well as the coming revolution in ways to fix damaged nervous systems, trophic factors, stem cells, and more. NEW! Gauge your mastery of the material and build confidence with over 100 multiple choice questions that provide effective chapter review and quick practice for your exams. Student Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, references, and videos from the book on a variety of devices.
