Download or read book Investigating Routes of Pollinator Exposure to Pesticides written by Jessica Cole and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to minimize the negative impact of harmful pests. However, the use of pesticides also has non-target effects on beneficial insects such as pollinators. In addition to the direct harm to pollinators foraging on crops during pesticide application, pesticides are also frequently utilized in non-agricultural settings, and can drift to non-target areas via the wind and water. Plants growing in such contaminated soils may absorb pesticides and express them in their flowers, specifically the pollen and nectar upon which pollinators rely. This is particularly important because encouraging wildflower growth alongside fields is a common strategy to provide additional resources to pollinators, which may pose an unrecognized additional risk to foraging bees. The aim of my research was to 1) determine the extent to which non-agricultural areas harbor harmful pesticides that pose a risk to bees, and 2) investigate the risk posed by wildflowers within agricultural areas that can be contaminated via pesticide drift.To investigate pesticide occurrence in non-agricultural areas, I measured pesticide residues in seven non-agricultural and two agricultural sites in the Champlain Valley of Vermont in the summer of 2019. Soil, floral, and bee samples were collected and analyzed for pesticide residues. Pesticide residues found in non-agricultural areas were mainly found at concentrations below levels of concern, indicating these areas do not pose a significant risk to pollinators. Higher risk values were mainly observed within one of the agricultural sites, likely driven by higher pesticide use associated with fruit orchards. To assess the risk posed by wildflower refuges growing within conventional agricultural settings, I combined field observations with a pesticide expression study to build a risk model for foraging bees. I assessed floral availability and visitation by both managed honeybees and wild bees in nine belt transects of unmown areas adjacent to agricultural fields at the University of Vermont Horticultural Research and Education Center in South Burlington, Vermont. Unmown areas contained a total of 37 wildflower species, with abundant floral resources growing throughout the season. Bees foraged within these unmown areas, with wild bee visitation consistently seen throughout the summer. Honeybee visitation peaked strongly in August. For two of the species that were most visited by bees, red clover (Trifolium pratense) and English plantain (Plantago lanceolata), I quantified the extent to which they expressed soil-derived pesticides by growing them from seed in a greenhouse and exposing them to 0.193 mg of Imidacloprid and/or Difenoconazole. Imidacloprid was expressed at a rate of 0.66 and 0.46 for English plantain and red clover, respectively. Difenoconazole was expressed at a rate of 0.64 and 0.10 for English plantain and red clover, respectively. These results were used to construct a predictive model of exposure risk as a function of soil contamination and bee foraging behavior, and risk assessment values based on honeybees. The model shows that bees could be exposed to up to 15% or 11% of their lethal dose when foraging on English plantain or red clover, respectively, in one day. When foraging in the contaminated landscape for just 30 % of the time, or in areas with as little as 25 ppb of one pesticide, bees are exposed to 3% of their lethal dose, the minimum level of concern. This study shows wildflowers in agriculture do pose a risk to bees, given their proximity to agricultural pesticide use and potential to express pesticides. If possible, alternative methods of pollinator aid should be incorporated within these areas, and wildflower plantings should incorporate buffer zones to minimize contamination.

Download or read book Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States written by John P. Giesy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-10 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Download or read book Status of Pollinators in North America written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-13 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollinators-insects, birds, bats, and other animals that carry pollen from the male to the female parts of flowers for plant reproduction-are an essential part of natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout North America. For example, most fruit, vegetable, and seed crops and some crops that provide fiber, drugs, and fuel depend on animals for pollination. This report provides evidence for the decline of some pollinator species in North America, including America's most important managed pollinator, the honey bee, as well as some butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. For most managed and wild pollinator species, however, population trends have not been assessed because populations have not been monitored over time. In addition, for wild species with demonstrated declines, it is often difficult to determine the causes or consequences of their decline. This report outlines priorities for research and monitoring that are needed to improve information on the status of pollinators and establishes a framework for conservation and restoration of pollinator species and communities.

Download or read book Pollinators and Pesticides written by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Environmental Audit Committee and published by The Stationery Office. This book was released on 2013-04-05 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If farmers had to pollinate fruit and vegetables without the help of insects it would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and we would all be stung by rising food prices. Defra Ministers, however, have refused to back EU efforts to protect pollinators. Disease, habitat loss and climate change can all affect insect populations, but a growing body of research suggests that neonicotinoids are having an especially damaging impact on pollinators. The weight of scientific evidence now warrants precautionary action, so the Committee is calling for a moratorium on pesticides linked to bee decline to be introduced by 1 January next year. An EU-wide moratorium on the use of imidacloprid, clothianidin and TMX on crops attractive to bees, following a recent risk warning from the European Food Safety Authority, has also been proposed. Many of the UK's largest garden retailers have voluntarily withdrawn non-professional plant protection products that contain neonicotinoids. A full ban on the sale of neonicotinoids for public domestic use, which could create an urban safe haven for pollinators is recommended. The pesticide industry must open itself to greater academic scrutiny if it wants to justify its continued opposition to the precautionary protection of pollinators. The Government's National Action Plan for the Sustainable Use of Pesticides published earlier this year was a missed opportunity, according to the Committee. Clearer targets are needed to reduce reliance on pesticides as far as possible. And Integrated Pest Management - which emphasises alternatives to pesticides, but does not preclude their use - should be made the central principle of the plan.

Download or read book Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators written by David Fischer and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollinators play a vital role in ecosystem health and are essential to ensuring food security. With declines in both managed and wild pollinator populations in recent years, scientists and regulators have sought answers to this problem and have explored implementing steps to protect pollinator populations now and for the future. Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators focuses on the role pesticides play in impacting bee populations and looks to develop a risk assessment process, along with the data to inform that process, to better assess the potential risks that can accompany the use of pesticide products. Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators opens with two chapters that provide a biological background of both Apis and non-Apis species of pollinators. Chapters then present an overview of the general regulatory risk assessment process and decision-making processes. The book then discusses the core elements of a risk assessment, including exposure estimation, laboratory testing, and field testing. The book concludes with chapters on statistical and modeling tools, and proposed additional research that may be useful in developing the ability to assess the impacts of pesticide use on pollinator populations. Summarizing the current state of the science surrounding risk assessment for Apis and non-Apis species, Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators is a timely work that will be of great use to the environmental science and agricultural research communities. Assesses pesticide risk to native and managed pollinators Summarizes the state of the science in toxicity testing and risk assessment Provides valuable biological overviews of both Apis and non-Apis pollinators Develops a plausible overall risk assessment framework for regulatory decision making Looks towards a globally harmonized approach for pollinator toxicity and risk assessment

Download or read book Insecticides with Novel Modes of Action written by Isaac Ishaaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The future of insect control looked very bright in the 1950s and 1960s with new insecticides constantly coming onto the market. Today, however, whole classes of pesticide chemistry have fallen by the wayside due to misuse which generated resistance problems reaching crisis proportions, severe adverse effects on the environment, and public outcry that has led to increasingly stricter regulation and legislation. It is with this background, demanding the need for safer, environmentally friendly pesticides and new strategies to reduce resistance problems, that this book was written. The authors of the various chapters have a wealth of experience in pesticide chemistry, biochemical modes of action, mechanism of resistance and application, and have presented concise reviews. Each is actively involved in thedevelopment of new groups of pesticide chemistry which led to the development of novel insecticides with special impact in controlling agricultural pests. Emphasis has been given to insecticides with selective properties, such as insect growth regulators hormone mimics, ecdysone agonists), (chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile chloronicotinyl insecticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid), botanical insecticides (neem, plant oils), pymetrozine, diafenthiuron, pyrrole insecticides, and others. The importance of these compounds, as components in integrated pest management programs and in insecticide resistance management strategies, is discussed. The data presented are essential in establishing new technologies and developing novel groups of compounds which will have impact on our future agricultural practices.

Download or read book Pesticide Toxicity to Non target Organisms written by Johnson Stanley and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pesticide should cause effect on the target pests and be selective enough to spare the non-target beneficial. The book deals with the pesticide toxicity to predators, parasitoids and microbes which are used for pest management in the agroecosystem. The other beneficials exposed to pesticides are pollinators, earthworms, silkworm and fishes. The book contains information on the modes of pesticide exposure and toxicity to the organisms, sub-lethal effects of insecticides and method of toxicity assessment, risk assessment of pesticidal application in the field. The purpose of the work is to compile and present the different procedures to assess pesticide poising in organisms related to the agroecosystem along with discussions on risk assessment procedures with clear comparison of toxicity of pesticides to target pests and non target beneficial organisms.

Download or read book Ecotoxicology written by Peter T. Haskell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the original initiative of the International Organisation for Biological Control some 15 years ago, research groups and agrochemical companies have been investigating the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms, devising laboratory and field test methods and lately developing protocols for regulatory testing requirements in Europe. This work, and the application of agreed protocols for testing, is of crucial importance to the environmentally acceptable use of pesticides and to the further development of Integrated Pest Management systems, and the objective of this book is to review the origins and progress of the research - what has been accomplished, what is the current position and what still needs to be done.

Download or read book Pesticide Exposure Effects on Bees and Pollination Services at the Local and Landscape Level written by Diana Obregon Corredor and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, about 11% of the Earth's habitable land area is devoted to crops and 30% more is being used for grazing. These numbers are rapidly increasing in the tropics and subtropics where most of the ongoing deforestation is happening to allow agricultural activities. These changes in land use involve the loss of natural habitat for wildlife and the increased use of synthetic pesticides, which are two of the main drivers of insect decline. Bees are vitally important pollinators of wild and cultivated plants and while there is growing evidence that bee populations are decreasing, the area of pollinator-dependent crops is expanding. To maintain and potentially increase pollination services, it is important to understand how pesticide use and local and landscape land management impact bee populations. In this dissertation, at the local level, I ask how different prophylactic application methods of the insecticide thiamethoxam impact pest control and pesticide risk for bees in squash crops. At the landscape level, I explore whether natural habitat areas mitigate negative pesticide effects on tropical pollinator communities in Solanum quitoense fields. Also, how livestock-dominated landscapes mediate pesticide exposure to veterinary pesticides in the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula. In squash crops, I found that in-furrow applications of thiamethoxam best prevented defoliation and resulted in the highest yield. However, it also produced the most frequent and highest concentrations of insecticide residues in flowers, reaching lethal levels of exposure for bees when calculated for the solitary specialist Eucera pruinosa, making this practice unsustainable. In S. quitoense crops, natural habitat areas surrounding fields can partially mitigate negative effects of pesticides on bee communities, property that can be lost if there are very high levels of pesticides. Finally, in landscapes with high proportions of pasture for cattle ranching, I found an increased exposure but also increased tolerance to avermectin pesticides in stingless bee colonies, with these residues likely originated from veterinary applications. My results show that pesticide exposure to bees is mediated by in-farm practices but also by how the land is used beyond farm borders. By integrating landscape characterization and chemical analysis is possible to better understand the risk of pesticides for bees and potential strategies for its mitigation.

Download or read book Temperate Agroforestry Systems written by Andrew M Gordon and published by CABI. This book was released on 2018-03-07 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic animal production has increased rapidly in recent years to keep up with the increasing consumer demand for organic meats. There are many guidelines and restrictions on what should go into the feedstuffs of organically farmed animals, from which difficulties arise when trying to ensure a well-balanced, nutritious diet without the use of any supplements. The book has been completely updated and revised to address how to formulate organic diets in situations where there is a declining supply of organic feed, as well as the feasibility of utilizing novel feedstuffs and their acceptability by consumers of organic meat products. Including the experiences of producers in relation to appropriate breeds and production systems for forage-based organic production, this book is an important read for researchers and students of organic food animal production, veterinary sciences and food; as well as food industry personnel and organic farmers.

Download or read book The Solitary Bees written by Bryan N. Danforth and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most up-to-date and authoritative resource on the biology and evolution of solitary bees While social bees such as honey bees and bumble bees are familiar to most people, they comprise less than 10 percent of all bee species in the world. The vast majority of bees lead solitary lives, surviving without the help of a hive and using their own resources to fend off danger and protect their offspring. This book draws on new research to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview of solitary bee biology, offering an unparalleled look at these remarkable insects. The Solitary Bees uses a modern phylogenetic framework to shed new light on the life histories and evolution of solitary bees. It explains the foraging behavior of solitary bees, their development, and competitive mating tactics. The book describes how they construct complex nests using an amazing variety of substrates and materials, and how solitary bees have co-opted beneficial mites, nematodes, and fungi to provide safe environments for their brood. It looks at how they have evolved intimate partnerships with flowering plants and examines their associations with predators, parasites, microbes, and other bees. This up-to-date synthesis of solitary bee biology is an essential resource for students and researchers, one that paves the way for future scholarship on the subject. Beautifully illustrated throughout, The Solitary Bees also documents the critical role solitary bees play as crop pollinators, and raises awareness of the dire threats they face, from habitat loss and climate change to pesticides, pathogens, parasites, and invasive species.

Download or read book Dietary Phytochemicals written by Chukwuebuka Egbuna and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-20 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents comprehensive coverage on the importance of good nutrition in the treatment and management of obesity, cancer and diabetes. Naturally occurring bioactive compounds are ubiquitous in most dietary plants available to humans and provide opportunities for the management of diseases. The text provides information about the major causes of these diseases and their association with nutrition. The text also covers the role of dietary phytochemicals in drug development and their pathways. Later chapters emphasize novel bioactive compounds as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and anti-obesity agents and describe their mechanisms to regulate cell metabolism. Written by global team of experts, Dietary Phytochemicals: A Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Obesity, Cancer and Diabetes describes the potentials of novel phytochemicals, their sources, and underlying mechanism of action. The chapters were drawn systematically and incorporated sequentially to facilitate proper understanding. This book is intended for nutritionists, physicians, medicinal chemists, drug developers in research and development, postgraduate students and scientists in area of nutrition and life sciences.

Download or read book Bee Pollination in Agricultural Ecosystems written by Rosalind R. James and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-09 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the interplay among bees, agriculture and the environment. Both managed and wild bees are critical for successful pollination of numerous fruit, vegetable, oilseed and legume seed crops and are considered here. So is treatment of how bees also impact the agro-ecosystem in ways beyond simple pollination, such as by transporting pollen from genetically modified plants and by enhancing biological control strategies. The principles and examples are international. The concept is in line with current thinking of pollination as an important ecological process, and an understanding of agriculture as disturbance ecology.

Download or read book Environmental Fate and Effects of Pesticides written by Joel R. Coats and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the third of three volumes based on the 2nd Pan-Pacific Conference on Pesticide Chemistry. The proposed title examines metabolism and residue analysis methods of environmental pesticides.

Download or read book Bees and Other Pollinating Insects Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors written by Steeve Hervé Thany and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-11 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to summarize our understanding on the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This area of research received great impetus from the identification of the first subunit sequences to be used as neonicotinoid insecticide target sites. Although a book of this nature can provide the details only of commonly published results, it is hoped that it may provide a useful guide to the newcomer to the field as well as to point out some of the future challenges. For example, we need to determine the precise subunit nomenclature of insect nicotinic receptors. This nomenclature varies amongst species and this led to some of the early confusion that persists. We need to be precise in identifying the subunit composition of native insect nicotinic receptor subtypes, their functional properties and physiological roles.

Download or read book Honey Bees written by James Devillers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-02-21 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals is an updated account of the different strategies for assessing the ecotoxicity of xenobiotics against these social insects, which play a key role in both ecology and agriculture. In addition to the classical acute laboratory test, semi-field cage tests and full field funnel tests, new te