Download or read book Investigating Root knot and Soybean Cyst Nematode Parasitic Interactions Through Transcriptomic Analyses of the Host and Parasite written by Ellie Walsh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major threat to global agricultural production. Root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) are arguably the biggest threat, capable of parasitizing virtually every crop. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) has a narrow host range, but is the most destructive pathogen of a particularly important crop, soybean (Glycine max). RKN’s wide host range makes crop rotation often inadequate for management, and host resistance is unavailable in many crops. Effective resistance is available against SCN however populations have adapted to the most frequently used sources of resistance. RKN and SCN both induce elaborate feeding sites. In addition to being the sole source of nutrition, the feeding sites are the primary targets of nematode secretions to manipulate host cellular functions; consequently, they are very important interfaces of the interaction. The general aim of this research was to elucidate changes in the transcriptome underlying the successful interaction between these nematodes and their hosts. Although the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown nematode genes is actively being pursued as a new strategy for nematode control, little is known about the effects of general RNAi mechanisms during parasitism. As the suppression of RNAi has been characterized in other pathosystems, I hypothesized that parasitic nematodes may also be influencing these pathways. Tanscriptomic analysis of genes associated with RNAi machinery and target genes indicates that RNAi-regulated pathways are altered during the parasitic interaction. Using a silenced reporter gene, I found the disturbance to be specific to the nematode feeding site. Furthermore, disrupting these pathways with viral suppressors of RNAi renders the host more susceptible to nematode parasitism. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that this effect extends into later stages in parasitism, making the adult female stage of particular interest for further analyses. I performed a transcriptomic analysis of adult female RKN to address the hypothesis that transcriptional patterns in this later stage of parasitism will reveal new candidate genes encoding proteins that regulate the parasitic process, such as proteins that interact with RNAi among other plant pathways. Results from RNA-Seq analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR indicate that cell wall modifiers likely continue to play an important role in the parasitic interaction. Results from transcriptomic analysis including the putative secretome have highlighted new candidates for functional analysis to determine their role in the interaction. The later stage in parasitism is similarly of interest in SCN. SCN populations are adapting to the most commonly planted host resistance available in soybean, derived from Plant Introduction (PI) 88788 and “Peking.” The resistance response in PI 88788 appears to be longer-lasting than that in Peking, which impacts nematodes’ early development. Due to my focus on the adult female stage, I chose to investigate parasitism on PI 88788. I hypothesize that transcriptional differences between females from populations avirulent and virulent on PI 88788 may play a role in their adaptation to resistance. Results from this study indicate that the expression of an effector-like gene may have been lost in virulent populations, presumably allowing them to evade host detection and subsequent defense responses.

Download or read book Identifying the Genetic Determinants for Virulence in the Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera Glycines written by Dave T. Ste-Croix and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The soybean cyst nematode (SCN - Heterodera glycines) is the most economically important pathogen affecting soybean crops, causing significant reductions in yield on a global scale. Currently, the primary method for the management of this destructive root parasite is by utilizing natural host resistance. There are two main sources of genetic resistance commonly used in commercial practices to mitigate these losses: soybean plant introductions (PI) 548402 (Peking) and PI 88788. However, in North America, over 95% of resistant soybeans derive their resistance from PI 88788 genetics. Although still effective to a large extent, prolonged exposure to these limited genetic sources has led to the emergence of virulence within the SCN population, with subpopulations of nematodes now capable of overcoming host resistance. Given that soybean is expected to become one of the most economically significant grain crops in Quebec and Canada, it is crucial to understand how these nematodes overcome resistance. To gain insights into the genetic basis of virulence, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted on individual nematodes isolated from multiple SCN populations with varying degrees of virulence against both main sources of resistance. By comparing the gene expression profiles of females categorized by their virulence phenotypes, we observed a significantly different transcriptomic response in females developing on Peking compared to those developing on PI 88788 or the susceptible control Essex. Indeed, overexpression and repression was observed in multiple effector genes of females developing on Peking. Further sequence analysis of expressed genes in Peking virulent nematodes also revealed a wide array of sequence polymorphisms and differential exon usage not shared by PI 88788 virulent or avirulent nematodes. Building upon the findings of potential alternative splicing in effector genes, a de-novo genome-guided transcriptome was generated in chapter two using long reads sequencing generated from single nematodes. This analysis aimed to assess the presence and extent of alternative splicing within effector genes and, more broadly, the SCN transcriptome. By comparing the expression profiles of these transcripts in PI 88788 virulent and avirulent females from different populations, simultaneously selected on both cultivars, two promising novel effector gene candidates (Hg-CPZ-1 and Hg16414.1) were identified, along with six other overexpressed effector candidates common to all virulent females from PI 88788. Although the two first chapters identified multiple candidate effectors associated with Peking and PI 88788 virulence, the regulatory mechanisms controlling these effectors remained unknown. Consequently, the third chapter explored the SCN microRNAs (miRNA) characterizing candidates potentially involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of effector genes. A comprehensive analysis of whole-nematodes and exosome-derived miRNAs revealed a diverse set of species- and lineage-specific candidates characterized for the first time in the SCN. By utilizing animal-specific and plant-specific miRNA target predictors, a subset of these miRNAs were also predicted to interact with nematode effectors and soybean resistance-related genes emphasizing the complex nature of SCN parasitism through the potential ability of nematodes to not only regulate its effectors genes but also its host genes. In summary, the findings from these chapters have not only enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolution and regulation of effector genes but also provide potential targets for improving resistance against SCN and detecting the presence of this destructive root parasite more effectively.

Download or read book Biology and Management of the Soybean Cyst Nematode written by Robert D. Riggs and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 1992 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1 History, distribution, and economics. 2 Systematics and morphology. 3 Epiphytology and life cycle. 4 Cellular responses to infection. 5 Population dynamics. 6 Genetics. 7 The race concept. 8 Nematode race identification, A look to the future. 9 Interactions with other organisms. 10 Host range. 11 Chemical control. 12 Management by cultural practices. 13 Biological control. 14 Breeding for resistance to soybean cyst nematode. 15 Cytopathological reactions of resistant soybean plants to nematode invasion. 16 Tolerance in soybean.

Download or read book Host parasite Interactions of the Soybean Cyst Nematode and Snap Beans Compared to Soybeans written by Thomas Alexander Melton and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant Nematode Interactions written by John Jones and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-26 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews developments in the molecular biology of plant-nematode interactions that have been driven by the application of genomics tools. The book will be of interest to postgraduate students and to researchers with an interest in plant nematology and/or plant pathology more generally. A series of introductory chapters provide a biological context for the detailed reviews of all areas of plant-nematode interactions that follow and ensure that the bulk of the book is accessible to the non-specialist. A final section aims to show how these fundamental studies have provided outputs of practical relevance.

Download or read book Host Parasite Interactions of the Soybean Cyst Nematode and Snap Beans Compared to Soybeans Phaseolus Vulgaris Heterodera Glycines Max Resistance Temperature written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Root knot Nematode triggered Defense Responses in Arabidopsis Thaliana During Early Stages of Parasitism written by Marcella Alves Teixeira and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp., RKN) are plant parasites responsible for great losses in agriculture worldwide. After penetrating host roots they establish feeding sites by modifying a few cells from the pericycle, which become multinucleated and enlarged, known as giant cells. Classical nematology research focuses on the characterization of nematode effectors and plant resistance genes. Therefore, little is known about basal immunity against plant parasitic nematodes. In Chapter One we use Arabidopsis thaliana and M. incognita interaction as a model system to investigate plant perception of parasitic nematodes. We show that RKNs can be perceived by plants irrespective of possible damage caused during migration and this perception relies on canonical immunity signaling partners. In addition, we show that RKN perception by Arabidopsis is mediated by BAK1-dependent and independent pathways. To best characterize the transcriptional responses induced by RKN in Arabidopsis roots we performed RNAseq analysis, which is described in Chapter Two. RNAseq analysis revealed induction of several genes 24h after inoculation with RKN in both wild type plants and bak1-5 mutant roots. To identify candidate nematode receptors, RNAseq data was searched for genes that were upregulated upon RKN inoculation and encoded proteins with predicted membrane localization and kinase domains. Screening Arabidopsis with mutations on a few of these mutants allowed identification of a negative regulator of immunity against RKN that has elevated basal levels of defense marker genes and respond to elicitor treatment with stronger and faster ROS burst. Interestingly, this negative regulator belongs to a family of proteins that has not been extensively characterized, the G-type lectin receptor kinases (G-LecRKs). The Chapter Three shows an update on the characterization of Arabidopsis G-LecRKs as well as the first characterization of tomato G-LecRKs by using a methodology well established for characterization of other lectin receptor kinases family. Our analysis shows an expansion of G-LecRKs family in tomato as compared to Arabidopsis and organization of genes in clusters throughout each species genome. Motif enrichment analysis shows conservation of motifs among members of G-LecRKS of Arabidopsis as well as among members of Arabidopsis, tomato and the previously characterized rice G-LecRKs.

Download or read book Plant Nematode Interactions written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Botanical Research publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences. Currently in its 73rd volume, the series features several reviews by recognized experts on all aspects of plant genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, physiology and ecology. This thematic volume features reviews on molecular and developmental aspects of the compatible plant-nematode interaction. The contributors all actively work in the field of molecular genetics and genomics of plant parasitic nematodes and nematode feeding sites. Reviews focus on molecular and physiological aspects of nematode feeding site development and includes specific chapters on nematode effectors as well as plant responses. Publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences This volume features reviews of the fast moving field of compatible interaction between plants and sedentary endo-parasitic nematodes A strong focus on molecular and physiological aspects of nematode feeding site development and includes specific chapters on nematode effectors as well as plant responses

Download or read book Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant Nematode Interactions written by Carmen Fenoll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1992 a Concerted Action Programme (CAP) was initiated by Peter Sijmons with the purpose of intensifying collaborations between 16 European laboratories working on plant-parasitic nematodes. The four-year programme entitled Resistance Mechanisms Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes focused on molecular aspects of the interaction between sedentary nematodes and plants on the model system Arabidopsis and on novel resistance strategies. Funding was provided mainly for exchange visits between collaborating laboratories and for the organization of annual meetings. During the last annual meeting which was held in May 1996 in Toledo, Spain, Carmen Fenoll initiated the production of this volume.

Download or read book Root Genomics and Soil Interactions written by Martin Crespi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully integrated and comprehensive in its coverage, Root Genomics and Soil Interactions examines the use of genome-based technologies to understand root development and adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses and changes in the soil environment. Written by an international team of experts in the field, this timely review highlights both model organisms and important agronomic crops. Coverage includes: novel areas unveiled by genomics research basic root biology and genomic approaches applied to analysis of root responses to the soil environment. Each chapter provides a succinct yet thorough review of research.

Download or read book Nematode Interactions written by M. Wajid Khan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nematode interactions are important biological phenomena and of great significance in agriculture. It is a fascinating subject which is multidisciplinary by nature, and concerns any scientist involved with plant health. There have been marked advances in our knowledge of various aspects of the subject in the last two decades. This study area has been the subject of several reviews, but there was no exclusive text on the subject. This has stressed the need to document the information, developing a unifying theme which treated nematode interactions in a holistic manner. This book is about the inter action of plant-parasitic nematodes with other plant pathogens or root symbionts, the nature of their associations, their impact on the host and con sequential interactive effects on the involved organisms. Since nematodes are at the centre of the theme, the responsibility of understanding of other plant pathogens dealt with in this book is largely delegated to the reader. I have limited the book content to interactions with biotic pathogens and root symbionts only, for various reasons. The book embodies 16 chapters, and attempts to present balanced infor mation on various aspects of nematode interactions with other plant pathogens and root symbionts. Some chapters describe general aspects of the subject. Interactions of nematodes with specific groups of organisms are addressed in the remaining chapters.

Download or read book Cell Biology of Plant Nematode Parasitism written by R. Howard Berg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-18 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens, causing enormous losses to agronomic crops worldwide. This book provides an up-to-date review of research related to two of the most important nematode pests, root-knot and cyst nematodes. Chapters cover early plant-nematode interactions, identification of nematode proteins important in the establishment of nematode feeding sites, and classification of biochemical and signaling pathways significant in the development of specialized feeding sites in the host. The cellular and subcellular structures essential for the parasitic interaction are examined by light and electron microscopy. Modern techniques of gene expression analyses and genomic sequencing are poised to provide an even greater wealth of information to researchers, enabling them to develop and examine natural and manmade mechanisms of resistance to this important plant pest.

Download or read book Molecular Aspects of Plant Pathogen Interaction written by Archana Singh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book offers an integrated overview of plant–pathogen interactions. It discusses all the steps in the pathway, from the microbe–host-cell interface and the plant’s recognition of the microbe to the plant’s defense response and biochemical alterations to achieve tolerance / resistance. It also sheds light on the classes of pathogens (bacteria, fungus and viruses); effector molecules, such as PAMPs; receptor molecules like PRRs and NBS-LRR proteins; signaling components like MAPKs; regulatory molecules, such as phytohormones and miRNA; transcription factors, such as WRKY; defense-related proteins such as PR-proteins; and defensive metabolites like secondary metabolites. In addition, it examines the role of post-genomics, high-throughput technology (transcriptomics and proteomics) in studying pathogen outbreaks causing crop losses in a number of plants. Providing a comprehensive picture of plant-pathogen interaction, the updated information included in this book is valuable for all those involved in crop improvement.

Download or read book Beneficial Microbes in Agro Ecology written by N. Amaresan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-14 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi is a complete resource on the agriculturally important beneficial microflora used in agricultural production technologies. Included are 30 different bacterial genera relevant in the sustainability, mechanisms, and beneficial natural processes that enhance soil fertility and plant growth. The second part of the book discusses 23 fungal genera used in agriculture for the management of plant diseases and plant growth promotion. Covering a wide range of bacteria and fungi on biocontrol and plant growth promoting properties, the book will help researchers, academics and advanced students in agro-ecology, plant microbiology, pathology, entomology, and nematology. Presents a comprehensive collection of agriculturally important bacteria and fungi Provides foundational knowledge of each core organism utilized in agro-ecology Identifies the genera of agriculturally important microorganisms

Download or read book The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free living and Plant parasitic Nematodes written by Roland N. Perry and published by Cabi. This book was released on 1998 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Written by leading research workers from Europe, USA, Australia and New Zealand, this is the only up-to-date reference book which reviews and integrates all the current research findings on the physiology and biochemistry of these organisms, including the molecular information which has accumulated in recent years.

Download or read book Plant Parasitic Nematodes written by Bert Zuckerman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Volume III provides a comprehensive discussion of the different advances in plant nematology. This includes biochemical techniques to taxonomy and innovation in transmission and scanning electron microscopy technology. It explains a broadened basis for understanding nematode physiology and behavior and the sensory mechanisms that govern nematode actions and plant host-nematode interactions. The book discusses the development of modern approaches to the evaluation and reduction of crop losses. The emphasis of this volume is on plant parasites and insights gained through research on other nematodes. In particular, the book explains the anatomical, developmental, behavioral, and genetic studies on the free-living nematode Cenorhabditis elegans, which is a widely used laboratory model for examining various biological problems. The information provided by various researches on C. elegans increases our understanding about the relevance of nematodes to general biological processes in higher organisms, including man. The book is divided into 19 chapters which cover the following concepts of plant nematology: biochemistry, cytochemistry, and genetics; morphology and function; host-parasite relations; and evaluation and control of crop losses. The present volume is an excellent reference for students, lecturers, and research professionals in plant parasitology and related fields.

Download or read book Crop Improvement written by Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers the latest development in the biosciences field covering key topics in crop improvement including ‘omic approaches to improving sustainable crop production, advancement in marker technology, strategies in genetic manipulation, crop quality and sustainability and plant microbe interaction detailing on proven technologies to address critical issue for agricultural sustainability which are beneficial for researchers and students. The book also includes aspects of preserving crops after harvest as this is a key factor in promoting sustainable crop quality in terms of addressing waste, choosing the appropriate packaging and moving crops through the food and industrial supply chain. An important strategy to overcome the challenges in providing food for the world population in a sustainable manner is through concerted efforts by crop scientists to embrace new technologies in increasing yield, quality and improving food safety while minimizing adverse environmental impact of the agricultural activities. Most of the proven molecular and genetic technologies in crop science have been tested and verified in model plants such as Arabidopsis and tomato. The technologies, when deployed on various plant species of importance for human nutrition and industrial applications, including cereals, vegetables, fruits, herbs, fibre and oil crops, face many challenges, not only due to their longer life cycle but many other physiological and environmental factors affecting yield and quality of plant products. Furthermore, major impacts on crop production due to catastrophic diseases and global climate change needs urgent and innovative solutions. Therefore a systematic approach, employing various leading-edge technologies that enable the functional elucidation of key pathway genes via ‘omics tools, genome wide association with desired phenotypes and development of cost effective and practicable molecular tools for selection, is vital. The International Conference on Crop Improvement was held to address these and other pressing issues. This volume summarizes the keynote presentations from the meeting and highlights addition discussions that are critical to crop improvement in a challenging time.