Download or read book International Resources in Clinical Psychology written by Henry Philip David and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Resources in Clinical Psychology by Henry P David written by Henry Philip David and published by . This book was released on with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Clinical Psychology written by Stefan G. Hofmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-10-23 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to offer a truly global perspective on the theory and practice of clinical psychology While clinical psychology is practiced the world over, up to now there has been no text devoted to examining it within a global context. The first book of its kind, Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective brings together contributions from clinicians and scholars around the world to share their insights and observations on the theory and practice of clinical psychology. Due partly to language barriers and entrenched cultural biases, there is little cultural cross-pollination within the field of clinical psychology. In fact, most of the popular texts were written for English-speaking European and Anglo-American audiences and translated for other countries. As a result, most psychologists are unaware of how their profession is conceptualized and practiced in different regions, or how their own practices can be enriched by knowledge of the theories and modalities predominant among colleagues in other parts of the world. This book represents an important first step toward rectifying that state of affairs. Explores key differences and similarities in how clinical psychology is conceptualized and practiced with children, adolescents and adults across different countries and cultures Addresses essential research methods, clinical interviews, psychometric testing, neuropsychological assessments, and dominant treatment modalities Follows a consistent format with each chapter focusing on a specific area of the practice of clinical psychology while integrating cultural issues within the discussion Includes coverage of how to adapt one’s practice to the differing cultures of individual clients, and how to work in multidisciplinary teams within a global context Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective is a valuable resource for students, trainees, and practicing psychologists, especially those who work with ethnic minority groups or with interpreters. It is also a must-read for practitioners who are considering working internationally.

Download or read book The Clinical Psychologist written by Eugene E. Levitt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical psychology is the largest of psychological specialization in the United States. It deals most often and most directly with public health and welfare in government agencies, universities, hospitals, clinics, and private industries and organizations. This volume describes the nature and function of the clinician, traces the evolution of the field, and devines workable training procedures. This collection presents an overview of the major aspects of the field, defi ning the history and professional role of the clinical psychologist.The volume includes the historic Shakow Report, as well as major essays illuminating signifi cant developments in the field. The editors have systematically organized the contributions into the categories of history, training, roles and functions, inter-professional relations and communications, the practice of clinical psychology outside the United States, and general information of particular use to those training in clinical psychology.In this practical and useful volume, the professional in clinical psychology will find a complete, one-volume sourcebook on his field. The student who has elected to specialize in clinical psychology or is considering this move will find it useful to gain a perspective on the development of the field. Those outside clinical psychology-- psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, and all mental health specialists--will find practical information that can assist them in their professional roles.

Download or read book Internationalizing the Psychology Curriculum in the United States written by Frederick T. L. Leong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-01 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The psychology community recognizes that cultivating an international worldview is crucial not only to professionals and researchers, but more importantly, for professors and students of psychology as well. It is critically necessary for psychologists to learn from their colleagues who are working in different cultural contexts in order to develop the type of knowledge and psychological understanding of human behavior that will be maximally useful to practitioners and researchers alike. This volume, Internationalizing the Psychology Curriculum in the United States, provides information and resources to help psychology faculty educate and train future generations of psychologists within a much more international mindset and global perspective. Recognizing that cultural context are central to a true and accurate psychology, the authors describes how cultural, economic, political, and social factors in different countries frame individual experience and affect the science and practice of psychology. Each of the chapters will provide a content-specific overview of how the curriculum in psychology with regards to social, development, clinical, counseling psychology, etc will need to be modified in order to present a much more global view of psychology.

Download or read book Sourcebook for Training in Clinical Psychology written by Leonard Blank and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Fostered by massive governmental support, clinical psychology in the United States mushroomed in the years following World War II when social demands for mental health services outdistanced all available resources. In the nearly two decades since, much time and energy have been devoted to spirited discussions of persistent problems in clinical training. It is the purpose of this sourcebook to review past recommendations, consider current programs and issues, and suggest implications for future modifications and innovations. The text is divided into three parts. Part One begins with a distillation of the salient features from the Shakow Report and the Boulder, Stanford, Miami, and Princeton Conferences, focusing on curriculum structure, practicum and field experience, and related issues. This is followed by a review of the growth of training resources from 1945-1902. supported by the United States Public Health Service and the Veterans Administration. The first part concludes with a survey of the development and impact of professional evaluation and social control, the function of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, and state certification and licensing. Part Two discusses issues. University clinical psychology programs. ranging from traditional research-oriented training to a practitioner orientation, are noted. In this section, postdoctoral training and specialization in psychotherapy, psychodiagnosis, and research are considered. Part Three presents resources, commentaries, and conclusions. Training in a state system and training abroad are reviewed. Feedback after years of clinical practice is presented by graduates of an accredited program"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

Download or read book Internationalizing the Teaching of Psychology written by Uwe Gielen and published by IAP. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "How can psychology professors in the USA and other nations make their courses more international?" This question is addressed in this indispensable new sourcebook, co-authored by 73 contributors and editors from 21 countries. In recent decades psychology has evolved from an American-dominated discipline to a much more global discipline. Preliminary estimates by Zoma and Gielen (2015) suggest that approximately 76%-78% of the world’s one million or so psychologists reside outside the U.S. However, most textbooks in the field continue to rely predominantly on research conducted in North America and Europe. Our book is intended to introduce psychology instructors to a variety of broad perspectives as well as specific suggestions that can support their efforts to internationalize their course offerings at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. In this way they can prepare their students to become more culturally sensitive and function more effectively as citizens and psychologists in the evolving globalized world. To achieve these ambitious goals the editors have assembled an international group of 73 distinguished contributors who, taken together, have taught and conducted research in all regions of the world. The chapters in the book include both core areas of psychology and subdisciplines that represent rapidly expanding and internationally important areas such as cross-cultural psychology and the psychology of gender. The chapters cover key topics and areas included in the course offerings of psychology departments both in the United States and in other countries. In addition to a discussion of international perspectives relevant to a given area, all chapters include an annotated bibliography of pertinent books, articles, web-related materials, films, videos, and so on. Based on this information, both highly experienced and less experienced psychology instructors can add globally and culturally oriented dimensions to their respective courses. This is important because universities, departments, and accrediting agencies increasingly put pressure on instructors to broaden and internationalize their courses. "As a long-time international psychologist myself, I see this bold new volume as a great leap forward for international psychology. The 73 distinguished contributors and editors from 21 countries have carefully crafted a handbook that will be the go-to resource on the topic for years to come. For psychology to continue to be relevant in the 21st century it must become more international; I am grateful this book will help us accomplish this challenging but rewarding goal." ~ Philip G. Zimbardo, Ph.D Past-President American Psychological Association "What could be more important than understanding human behavior and the thoughts and emotions that underlie it? By teaching psychology to the world, we offer the possibility of using our discipline to create a better future for all of us. The chapters in this excellent book help teachers of psychology move from an ethnocentric perspective to a global way of thinking about and telling about a truly international psychology." ~ Diane F. Halpern, Ph.D Past-President of the American Psychological Association and Professor of Psychology "This is a brilliant, unprecedented collection of international scholarship that every psychology professor and student should read. The 21st century in the teaching of psychology has truly arrived with this book, creating a thoroughly needed international focus for our pedagogy." ~ Frank Farley, Ph.D, L. H. Carnell Professor, Temple University; Former President, American Psychological Association (APA), International Council of Psychologists, American Educational Research Association (AERA), and the Society for International Psychology (Division 52 of APA) "Internationalizing Teaching of Psychology contains chapters authored by eminent psychologists of diverse cultural background, inclusive of different cultural perspectives on range of topics of contemporary importance. Thus, the volume integrates research emanating from varied cultural contexts facilitating development of a truly universal psychological science. The volume is a major resource for teaching courses on Cultural/Cross-cultural /Global psychology and in enhancing internationalization of psychology." ~ Prof. Janak Pandey, University of Allahabad, India, Editor, Psychology in India: The State-of-the-Art "All involved in the training of psychologists will want to recommend this book, which thoroughly presents an international perspective on the teaching of psychology. Rich, Gielen and Takooshian consider the basic nature of psychology, at the same time emphasizing cultural differences and relating it all to real life. As expert, cross-cultural researchers, the contributors provide a much needed resource and up-to-date reference for psychologists and students, as well as for any scholar interested in our discipline around the globe." ~ Laura Hernández-Guzmán, Ph. D. Professor of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Past-President of the Mexican Psychological Society "Since the mid-twentieth century the world has become an increasingly smaller place, at least in the figurative sense. And yet, Western psychology has been slow to grasp the culturally limited scope of much of our science. Although the movement toward a more culturally inclusive psychology had its roots at least as early as the 1960s, more recent meta-analyses have shown that a large percentage of the psychological literature has represented a small percentage of the world’s population. In Internationalizing the Teaching of Psychology, Grant Rich, Uwe Gielen, and Harold Takooshian are making a noteworthy effort to inform and support teachers who would move the field toward a psychology of all people. From advice about getting involved in international psychology, to stand-alone international psychology courses, to the problems of culture-bound specialized courses, these well-traveled and experienced editors have assembled a resource that psychology teachers will find both interesting and valuable." ~ Kenneth D. Keith, President, Society for the Teaching of Psychology, University of San Diego "This volume is a positive contribution to the internationalization of the psychology curriculum. Given the very large numbers of psychology undergraduate and graduate students across the world, such internationalization has significant potential to provide learners with opportunities to better understand the similarities and differences in the behavior of humans in different local, national and international contexts. Such understanding can lead to a greater appreciation of, and perhaps respect for and celebration of, these similarities and differences, thus potentially leading to actions that reduce global human suffering. This volume should become an indispensable tool for psychology educators interested in such outcomes." ~ Jacquelyn Cranney, Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Australia "This book is a necessity, given the increasing mobility of psychologists, use of technology in psychology practice, and need to regulate the psychology profession globally. The content in this book will go a long way to improve psychological literacy in our East and Central Africa region. I chaired the first ever East and Central African Regional Psychology Conference in Uganda in 2013 and am on the Board of Directors of the International Association of Applied Psychologists (IAAP), so am keenly aware that the internationalization of scientific psychology knowledge and skills is an imperative." ~ James Kagaari, Ph.D, President, Uganda Council of Psychologists "Teaching psychology in your own country—especially when it is a country as vast and diverse as the United States, where fewer than half its citizens hold a passport—makes it all too easy to give courses in which students come away with the impression that what psychological scientists have learned about behavior and mental processes at home applies equally in the rest of the world. That is not always the case, of course, and the chapters in this valuable volume serve not only to remind us of that fact, but to stimulate us to consider adjusting the content of our courses to make them, as they should be, more international in scope." ~ Douglas Bernstein, Courtesy Professor of Psychology, University of South Florida USA "Bravo to this all-star cast of international contributors for showing us how to help students appreciate both our cultural diversity and our human kinship—and for providing us with accessible articles, books, media, and online materials for teaching every area of psychology from a more international perspective." ~ David G. Myers, Hope College, co-author, Psychology 12th Edition and Social Psychology, 12th Edition "Imagine that you convened an invitation-only panel of 73 experts from around the world and asked that they guide the profession in internationalizing the teaching of psychology. This book would be the impressive result! Here’s the definitive, how-to guide on adding global and cross-cultural perspectives to courses throughout the psychology curricula." ~ John C. Norcross, Ph.D, ABPP, Distinguished Professor of Psychology at University of Scranton, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University "In today’s increasingly interconnected world, the ever-emerging importance and impact of integrating psychology into education is powerfully presented in this book. The editors – themselves outstanding experts in the field – have assembled an exceptionally impressive collection of 28 chapters by 73 expert contributors covering varied aspects of teaching psychology from an international and multicultural perspective. Educators, students, psychologists, as well as stakeholders in related disciplines will find the theories and practical guides as essential and useful resources." ~ Judy Kuriansky, PhD, United Nations NGO representative, the International Association of Applied Psychology; Department of Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College

Download or read book Clinical Psychology written by Wolfgang Linden and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-03-13 with total page 707 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Psychology invites students to think like clinical psychologists and develop an integrated sense of how science, experience, ethical behavior, and intuition get woven into our professional identity. Built around typical psychologists and the problems they need to solve, it demonstrates that assessment is much more than testing, and explores how treatment rationales are tailored to the individual problems, histories, and environments of clients. Committed to training future professionals, this text navigates students through the career path of a clinical psychologist and provides guidance on evolving education and training models. The text uniquely portrays clinical psychology as a modern health care profession that bridges physical and mental health and takes a holistic stance. It treats therapy as a dynamic process that benefits from the cross-fertilization of a range of different approaches. It also provides an international perspective, describing similarities and differences between how clinical psychology is practiced in different countries and contexts. It recognizes that clinical psychology changes as health care systems change, and stresses that training models and practice patterns need to match these changes. This second edition has been fully revised and reflects DSM-5 and ICD-10-CM guidelines. New and enhanced features include: Additional description of the continuing integration of therapy approaches Additional evidence on how to make psychotherapy cost-effective Upgrades on self-help and web-based treatment An expanded chapter on psychopharmacology, offering more information on mechanisms Expanded in-text pedagogy, offering more vignettes, ongoing considerations, key terms, and thinking questions Powerpoint slides and links to recommended resources.

Download or read book The International Handbook of Psychology written by Kurt Pawlik and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2000-07-21 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Handbook of Psychology is an authoritative resource covering all the main areas of psychological science and written by an outstanding set of authors from around the world. The 31 chapters cover not only scientific but also applied cross-disciplinary aspects. Supervised by an International Editorial Advisory Board (IEAB) of 13 eminent psychologists and edited by Professors Kurt Pawlik and Mark R Rosenzweig, it is being published under the auspices of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) by SAGE Publications Ltd in London. The International Handbook of Psychology will be invaluable to advanced undergraduates, graduate students and academics in psychology, and will also be of interest to students of education, sociology, political science, humanities, philosophy, informatics, cognitive sciences, neuroscience, legal sciences and criminology, and will serve as a general resource reference text, written at a level comparable to Scientific American. `This impressive volume covers a tremendous amount of work. It is well organized: authors have generally kept to a standard brief. It is also truly international both in authorship and the origin of the work referenced. This will provide a very useful reference book for undergraduate and post-graduate students′ - British Journal of Educational Psychology

Download or read book Collaborative Problem Solving written by Alisha R. Pollastri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-06 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to systematically describe the key components necessary to ensure successful implementation of Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) across mental health settings and non-mental health settings that require behavioral management. This resource is designed by the leading experts in CPS and is focused on the clinical and implementation strategies that have proved most successful within various private and institutional agencies. The book begins by defining the approach before delving into the neurobiological components that are key to understanding this concept. Next, the book covers the best practices for implementation and evaluating outcomes, both in the long and short term. The book concludes with a summary of the concept and recommendations for additional resources, making it an excellent concise guide to this cutting edge approach. Collaborative Problem Solving is an excellent resource for psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and all medical professionals working to manage troubling behaviors. The text is also valuable for readers interested in public health, education, improved law enforcement strategies, and all stakeholders seeking to implement this approach within their program, organization, and/or system of care.

Download or read book International Perspectives on Psychotherapy written by Stefan G. Hofmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-13 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This clear-sighted resource critically examines the status of clinical psychology practice across the diverse regions of the world. Dispatches from North and Latin America, Eastern and Central Europe, China, South Korea, Australia, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere illustrate in depth the universality of mental distress and disorders, and the intersection of local knowledge and established standards in providing effective care. Pathology and its treatment are viewed in light of cultural values, belief systems, ethics, and norms, reflecting the evolution of clinical practice toward personalized care and culturally sensitive intervention. This important information serves a number of immediate and long-term goals, including developing culture-specific diagnoses and treatments, improving professional competencies, and the ongoing exchange of ideas within a global field to benefit all patients worldwide. Coverage compares key areas such as: · Concepts of mental pathology and health. · The sociopolitical aspects of psychology, rooted in the history of the country/region. · Popularly used approaches to intervention. · Types of services and providers. · The state of training and credentialing. · Relationships between clinical psychology and indigenous healing traditions. The audience for Clinical Psychology across the World includes advanced undergraduate and graduate students and trainees/interns in clinical psychology, as well as developers of training programs. It can also serve as a valuable supplementary text for seminars or lectures on clinical psychology.

Download or read book Psychoanalysis Around the World written by Reuben Fine and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the first time, internationally known psychoanalysts explain the unique dimensions of their practices in this colorful volume. Professionals from Great Britain, South America, China, Poland, and other nations discuss psychoanalytic psychotherapy as practiced in their native lands. The theoretical discussions, descriptions of different traditions of psychoanalysis, and case studies make this a fascinating book for therapists worldwide.

Download or read book Studying Psychology in the United States written by Nadia T. Hasan and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2008 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently, international students who considered studying psychology in the United States have had few resources available to them. This is significant given that each year the United States hosts more than half a million international students, and psychology is one of the most popular majors. In response, the American Psychological Association of Graduate Students (APAGS) has brought together a remarkable group of psychologist and international student contributors who share their unique expertise and insights in this volume. This book offers superb expert guidance on graduate study in psychology, specifically tailored for international students. It weighs the pros and cons of studying psychology in the United States and provides direction on how to find university resources geared toward international students, finance one's education, handle visa and work permit matters, cultural considerations, mentoring relationships, academic development, obtain internships and training, and whether to pursue employment in the United States or abroad, as well as other critical professional development issues.

Download or read book The Social Determinants of Mental Health written by Michael T. Compton and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Determinants of Mental Health aims to fill the gap that exists in the psychiatric, scholarly, and policy-related literature on the social determinants of mental health: those factors stemming from where we learn, play, live, work, and age that impact our overall mental health and well-being. The editors and an impressive roster of chapter authors from diverse scholarly backgrounds provide detailed information on topics such as discrimination and social exclusion; adverse early life experiences; poor education; unemployment, underemployment, and job insecurity; income inequality, poverty, and neighborhood deprivation; food insecurity; poor housing quality and housing instability; adverse features of the built environment; and poor access to mental health care. This thought-provoking book offers many beneficial features for clinicians and public health professionals: Clinical vignettes are included, designed to make the content accessible to readers who are primarily clinicians and also to demonstrate the practical, individual-level applicability of the subject matter for those who typically work at the public health, population, and/or policy level. Policy implications are discussed throughout, designed to make the content accessible to readers who work primarily at the public health or population level and also to demonstrate the policy relevance of the subject matter for those who typically work at the clinical level. All chapters include five to six key points that focus on the most important content, helping to both prepare the reader with a brief overview of the chapter's main points and reinforce the "take-away" messages afterward. In addition to the main body of the book, which focuses on selected individual social determinants of mental health, the volume includes an in-depth overview that summarizes the editors' and their colleagues' conceptualization, as well as a final chapter coauthored by Dr. David Satcher, 16th Surgeon General of the United States, that serves as a "Call to Action," offering specific actions that can be taken by both clinicians and policymakers to address the social determinants of mental health. The editors have succeeded in the difficult task of balancing the individual/clinical/patient perspective and the population/public health/community point of view, while underscoring the need for both groups to work in a unified way to address the inequities in twenty-first century America. The Social Determinants of Mental Health gives readers the tools to understand and act to improve mental health and reduce risk for mental illnesses for individuals and communities. Students preparing for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) will also benefit from this book, as the MCAT in 2015 will test applicants' knowledge of social determinants of health. The social determinants of mental health are not distinct from the social determinants of physical health, although they deserve special emphasis given the prevalence and burden of poor mental health.

Download or read book Research Anthology on Rehabilitation Practices and Therapy written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-08-21 with total page 1973 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability of practical applications, techniques, and case studies by international therapists is limited despite expansions to the fields of clinical psychology, rehabilitation, and counseling. As dialogues surrounding mental health grow, it is important to maintain therapeutic modalities that ensure the highest level of patient-centered rehabilitation and care are met across global networks. Research Anthology on Rehabilitation Practices and Therapy is a vital reference source that examines the latest scholarly material on trends and techniques in counseling and therapy and provides innovative insights into contemporary and future issues within the field. Highlighting a range of topics such as psychotherapy, anger management, and psychodynamics, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for mental health professionals, counselors, therapists, clinical psychologists, sociologists, social workers, researchers, students, and social science academicians seeking coverage on significant advances in rehabilitation and therapy.

Download or read book Clinical Psychology in the Mental Health Inpatient Setting written by Meidan Turel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ground-breaking volume provides an encompassing and detailed account of clinical psychologists' highly varied work on the psychiatric ward in mental health inpatient settings. An international collection of clinical psychologists describe challenges and achievements inherent to their work, illustrating application of established, state-of-the-art, and cutting-edge methods and modes of intervention, assessment, therapeutic work, training, and leadership roles currently practiced in these settings. Chapters present numerous examples of psychologists' ability to contribute in multiple ways, benefiting patients, staff, and the overall functioning of the ward. Each of the book’s four sections is dedicated to a specific domain of the clinical psychologist’s work within the psychiatric inpatient setting. These include systemic modes of intervention; psychotherapeutic interventions; assessment and psychodiagnosis; and internship and supervision. From novice to experienced practitioners, psychologists will gain insight from the innovative and creative ideas this book brings to the practice of clinical psychology, as well as the practical suggestions that will enhance the varied interventions and therapeutic work they do in such settings.

Download or read book International Directory of Psychology written by Benjamin B. Wolman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past several decades, psychology has grown so rapidly in many countries that no one has been able to keep up-to-date on more than a handful of countries. To be sure, the highly developed countries of North America, Western Europe, Ja pan, and Australia have generally had well-known national psychological societies for most of this century, and consider able information about their universities and institutes has been published at one time or another. But even in these more highly developed countries, the rapid changes of recent years are not well known. In any event, what information has been published is scattered so widely that it is hardly accessible when needed. Still less well known is the growth of psychology in the developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and at least for Western readers, even the modem nations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union are relatively unknown. Only recently have most Western psychologists become aware of the fact that psychology as they know it is provincial. With more than half of the world's highly trained psychologists in Canada and the United States, which together devote far more of their national resources to psychological research than is true of any other countries in the world, it is not surprising that the North American journals, psychological associations, institutes, clinics, and other manifestations of psychology have completely domi nated the field, at least until recently.