Download or read book Ending Neglect written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-31 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis emerged as an epidemic in the 1600s, began to decline as sanitation improved in the 19th century, and retreated further when effective therapy was developed in the 1950s. TB was virtually forgotten until a recent resurgence in the U.S. and around the worldâ€"ominously, in forms resistant to commonly used medicines. What must the nation do to eliminate TB? The distinguished committee from the Institute of Medicine offers recommendations in the key areas of epidemiology and prevention, diagnosis and treatment, funding and organization of public initiatives, and the U.S. role worldwide. The panel also focuses on how to mobilize policy makers and the public to effective action. The book provides important background on the pathology of tuberculosis, its history and status in the U.S., and the public and private response. The committee explains how the U.S. can act with both self-interest and humanitarianism in addressing the worldwide incidence of TB.
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Download or read book HIV related TB written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Collaborative Framework for Care and Control of Tuberculosis and Diabetes written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Given the absence of international guidelines on the joint management and control of TB and diabetes, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (the Union) identified key questions to be answered and commissioned systematic reviews of studies addressing those questions. A series of expert consultations were organized to assess the findings of the systematic reviews and a guideline group was established to develop this provisional collaborative framework. The framework aims to guide national programmes, clinicians and others engaged in care of patients and prevention and control of diabetes and TB on how to establish a coordinated response to both diseases, at organizational and clinical levels. The framework is based on evidence collated from systematic reviews and existing guidelines on the diagnosis and management of TB and diabetes. The systematic reviews confirmed the weak evidence base for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of collaborative interventions. The framework is therefore provisional; several of its recommendations are provisional pending better evidence. In order to provide advice on how to fill the knowledge gaps, the framework includes a list of priority research areas."--Page vii-viii.
Download or read book Systematic Screening for Active Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There have been calls to revisit the experiences of TB screening campaigns that were widely applied in Europe and North America in the mid-20th century, as well as more recent experiences with TB screening in countries with a high burden of the disease, and to assess their possible relevance for TB care and prevention in the 21st century. In response, WHO has developed guidelines on screening for active TB. An extensive review of the evidence has been undertaken. The review suggests that screening, if done in the right way and targeting the right people, may reduce suffering and death, but the review also highlights several reasons to be cautious. As discussed in detail in this book, there is a need to balance potential benefits against the risks and costs of screening; this conclusion is mirrored by the history of TB screening. This publication presents the first comprehensive assessment by WHO of the appropriateness of screening for active TB since the recommendations made in 1974 by the Expert Committee. However, the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of screening remain uncertain, a point that is underscored by the systematic reviews presented in this guideline. Evidence suggests that some risk groups should always be screened, whereas the prioritization of other risk groups as well as the choice of screening approach depend on the epidemiology, the health-system context, and the resources available. This book sets out basic principles for prioritizing risk groups and choosing a screening approach; it also emphasizes the importance of assessing the epidemiological situation, adapting approaches to local situations, integrating TB screening into other health-promotion activities, minimizing the risk of harm to individuals, and engaging in continual monitoring and evaluation. It calls for more and better research to assess the impact of screening and to develop and evaluate new screening tests and approaches.
Download or read book Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of extensively drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis, especially in countries with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, is a serious threat to global public health and jeopardizes efforts to effectively control the disease. This publication offers updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a variety of geographical, economic and social settings, and the recording of data that enables the monitoring and evaluation of programs.--Publisher's description.
Download or read book Tuberculosis in the Workplace written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-05-15 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before effective treatments were introduced in the 1950s, tuberculosis was a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Health care workers were at particular risk. Although the occupational risk of tuberculosis has been declining in recent years, this new book from the Institute of Medicine concludes that vigilance in tuberculosis control is still needed in workplaces and communities. Tuberculosis in the Workplace reviews evidence about the effectiveness of control measuresâ€"such as those recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventionâ€"intended to prevent transmission of tuberculosis in health care and other workplaces. It discusses whether proposed regulations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration would likely increase or sustain compliance with effective control measures and would allow adequate flexibility to adapt measures to the degree of risk facing workers.
Download or read book Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the Management of Tuberculosis in Children written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-02-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is estimated that one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB)), and that each year, about 9 million people develop TB, of whom about 2 million die. Of the 9 million annual TB cases, about 1 million (11%) occur in children (under 15 years of age). Of these childhood cases, 75% occur annually in 22 high-burden countries that together account for 80% of the world's estimated incident cases. In countries worldwide, the reported percentage of all TB cases occurring in children varies from 3% to more than 25%. The Stop TB Strategy, which builds on the DOTS strategy developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Union Against TB and Lung Disease, has a critical role in reducing the worldwide burden of disease and thus in protecting children from infection and disease. The management of children with TB should be in line with the Stop TB Strategy, taking into consideration the particular epidemiology and clinical presentation of TB in children. These consensus guidelines were produced to help the National Tuberculosis Programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children.
Download or read book TB HIV written by A. D. Harries and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2004 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual is designed for health professionals working in high HIV and TB prevalence countries. It summarises the characteristics of both diseases and their interactions. It concentrates particularly on the problems of diagnosis and management both in adults and children and summarises the other HIV related illnesses the clinician might encounter.
Download or read book Disease and Mortality in Sub Saharan Africa written by Dean T. Jamison and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current data and trends in morbidity and mortality for the sub-Saharan Region as presented in this new edition reflect the heavy toll that HIV/AIDS has had on health indicators, leading to either a stalling or reversal of the gains made, not just for communicable disorders, but for cancers, as well as mental and neurological disorders.
Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2015 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2015 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter 1. Introduction -- chapter 2. Disease burden and 2015 targets assessment -- chapter 3. TB case notifications and treatment outcomes -- chapter 4. Drug-resistant TB -- chapter 5. Diagnostics and laboratory strengthening -- chapter 6. Addressing the co-epidemics of TB and HIV -- chapter 7. Financing -- chapter 8. Research and development -- Annexes.
Download or read book Recommendations for Investigating Contacts of Persons with Infectious Tuberculosis in Low and Middle Income Countries written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main purpose of these recommendations is to assist national and local public health tuberculosis (TB) control programmes in low- and middle-income countries to develop and implement case finding among people exposed to infectious cases of TB. Systematic evaluation of people who have been exposed to potentially infectious cases of tuberculosis (TB) can be an efficient, targeted approach to intensified TB case finding that is within the purview of TB control programmes. There are, however, no comprehensive global recommendations for programmes. WHO, the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease and the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care all recommend that children under 5 years of age and persons living with HIV (PLHIV) who are exposed to infectious cases of TB be evaluated for active TB and considered for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) if active TB is excluded. With these exceptions, there are no recommendations at global level to: 1. define the epidemiological and programme conditions under which contact investigation is indicated;2. describe TB index patients on whom contact investigation should be focused;3. identify TB contacts who should be investigated (other than children under 5 years of age and PLHIV);and recommend the procedures to be used for identifying, screening and tracking TB contacts. The following recommendations are based on recent systematic reviews of the literature on contact investigation in low- and middle-income countries.
Download or read book Tuberculosis in Adults and Children written by Dorothee Heemskerk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-17 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases.
Download or read book Tuberculosis written by National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (Great Britain) and published by Royal College of Physicians. This book was released on 2006 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Ebola Epidemic in West Africa written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-12-30 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most recent Ebola epidemic that began in late 2013 alerted the entire world to the gaps in infectious disease emergency preparedness and response. The regional outbreak that progressed to a significant public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) in a matter of months killed 11,310 and infected more than 28,616. While this outbreak bears some unique distinctions to past outbreaks, many characteristics remain the same and contributed to tragic loss of human life and unnecessary expenditure of capital: insufficient knowledge of the disease, its reservoirs, and its transmission; delayed prevention efforts and treatment; poor control of the disease in hospital settings; and inadequate community and international responses. Recognizing the opportunity to learn from the countless lessons of this epidemic, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in March 2015 to discuss the challenges to successful outbreak responses at the scientific, clinical, and global health levels. Workshop participants explored the epidemic from multiple perspectives, identified important questions about Ebola that remained unanswered, and sought to apply this understanding to the broad challenges posed by Ebola and other emerging pathogens, to prevent the international community from being taken by surprise once again in the face of these threats. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Download or read book WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis Module 2 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-03-22 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 2: screening – systematic screening for tuberculosis disease is an updated and consolidated summary of WHO recommendations on systematic screening for tuberculosis (TB) disease, containing 17 recommendations for populations in which TB screening should be conducted and tools to be used for TB screening. TB screening is strongly recommendations for household and close contacts of individuals with TB, people living with HIV, miners exposed to silica dust, and prisoners. In addition, screening is conditionally recommended for people with risk factors for TB attending health care, and for communities with risk factors for TB and limited access to care (e.g. homeless, urban poor, refugees, migrants). General population screening is recommended in high-burden settings (0.5% prevalence or higher). Symptoms, chest radiography (CXR), and molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests for TB are recommended as screening tools for all adults eligible for screening. Computer-aided detection programmes are recommended as alternatives to human interpretation of CXR in settings where trained personnel are scarce. For people living with HIV, C-reactive protein is also a good screening tool. This guideline document is accompanied by an operational handbook, the WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 2: screening – systematic screening for tuberculosis disease, that presents principles of screening, steps in planning and implementing a screening programme, and algorithm options for screening different populations.
Download or read book WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis Module 4 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 2011 and 2019, WHO has developed and issued evidence-based policy recommendations on the treatment and care of patients with DR-TB. These policy recommendations have been presented in several WHO documents and their associated annexes, including the WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment, issued by WHO in March 2019. The policy recommendations in each of these guidelines have been developed by WHO-convened Guideline Development Groups, using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to summarize the evidence, and formulate policy recommendations and accompanying remarks. The present WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis, Module 4: Treatment - Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment includes a comprehensive set of WHO recommendations for the treatment and care of DR-TB. The document includes two new recommendations, one on the composition of shorter regimens and one on the use of the BPaL regimen (i.e. bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid). In addition, the consolidated guidelines include existing recommendations on treatment regimens for isoniazid-resistant TB and MDR/RR-TB, including longer regimens, culture monitoring of patients on treatment, the timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in MDR/RR-TB patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of surgery for patients receiving MDR-TB treatment, and optimal models of patient support and care. The guidelines are to be used primarily in national TB programmes, or their equivalents in Ministries of Health, and for other policy-makers and technical organizations working on TB and infectious diseases in public and private sectors and in the community.
