Download or read book Instincts and Mechanism of Behaviour written by Andreas Sofroniou and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2017-05 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An instinct is the mechanism by which animals and humans can perform complex behaviour patterns without learning or conscious effort. Instinctive behaviours are inherited and have evolved to be adaptive, fitting the organism to its particular role. Instinct is of particular importance in animal behaviours such as courtship, mating, and other reproductive activities. More general behaviours such as feeding and defence may have an instinctive base. Many birds, some grasshoppers, frogs, and a number of other animals have song or call patterns that attract mates and are based upon instinct. Instinctive behaviours often require a stimulus or releaser to initiate them. The herring-gull chick pecks the red spot on the adult's bill, releasing its instinctive feeding behaviour. A releaser will operate only if conditions, both internal and external to the organism, are suitable.
Download or read book Instinct Environment and Behaviour Psychology Revivals written by Stephen Lea and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2015-03-27 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What can the evolution of animal behaviour tell us about human behaviour? More specifically, how good an account of animal behaviour can we give in terms of evolution, and how do humans fit in with or deviate from the pattern established for other animals? The biological approach to the study of animal behaviour has important implications for psychology, but it is distinctly different. Originally published in 1984, this book provides a basic introduction to biological theories about behaviour, from the classic ethological tradition of Lorenz and Tinbergen to the later sociobiological approach. The principles of experimentation and research involved are assessed critically, especially with regard to their implications for the study of human behaviour. Written specifically for those with little biological knowledge, this book will still be of interest to students of biology and introductory psychology alike.
Download or read book The Study of Instinct written by Nikolaas Tinbergen and published by Pygmalion Press, an imprint of Plunkett Lake Press. This book was released on 2020-12-24 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1951, The Study of Instinct is widely considered the foundational text of ethology, the study of natural behavior. Written to introduce the largely German literature of the early ethologists to an English-speaking audience, Tinbergen first describes the objectives, scope, and limitations of ethology, then goes on to describe the influence of external stimuli and internal factors on behavior, proposes his famous hierarchical-motivational model for the control of behavior, and ends with accounts of the development, adaptiveness, and evolution of behavior, including human behavior. The volume remains a classic and is often cited in the opening sentence of modern papers on behavior. “... all in all, I think most students will learn more from the seemingly timeless Study of Instinct than from this or any other retrospective.” – Gould 1992, Science “A few parts of the book still strike one as modern. The opening chapter, in which Tinbergen formulates his famous ‘four questions’ about animal behaviour (questions about mechanism, development, adaptiveness and evolution), and discusses the extent to which they are logically separate yet practically interrelated, should be read by every student taking a course in ethology. The section entitled ‘Learning Processes’ is a small masterpiece, prefiguring the ‘constraints on learning’ debate by 20 years and describing Tinbergen’s own classic work on learning in herring gulls and digger wasps... The Study of Instinct still has important general messages for anyone studying ethology; it will always be a significant book for historians of science; and it gives a first-hand account of some of the most important research that has been done on animal behaviour.” – Roper 1989, Trends in Ecology & Evolution “Tinbergen’s book is a positive requirement for all students of behavior. It is most refreshing and stimulating account of some of the important contributions European scholars have been making to the study of instincts, a field of behavior sorely neglected in American psychology today... There is no question but that Tinbergen’s book is an important contribution to the study of behavior.” – Steller 1976, The Quarterly Review of Biology “A well-reasoned and thoroughly readable book which points up the complexity of even the simplest unlearned behavior.” – Thomson 1952, Scientific American “Dr Tinbergen’s book is an admirably clear, authoritative and factual account of recent work on animal instinct which can be strongly recommended to students of biology, both elementary and advanced, as giving a first hand account of the main trends of modern field research into animal behaviour.” – Thorpe 1954, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science “American psychology has concentrated more and more during this century on the behavior of mammals, and even among mammals has restricted itself mostly to primates (man, chimpanzee, macaque) and a cheap primate substitute, the rat (which is not studied for its rattiness, so to speak, but as a bearer of anxiety and a maker of cognitive maps)... The importance of Tinbergen’s book is that it presents systematically a large amount of significant work by the European school of biologists, making it accessible to the English-speaking reader. The dominance of learning theory in America, established by Thorndike, Holt, and Watson, makes us persistently forget the constitutional factor in behavior (that is, instinct), and this book may help bring it to the graduate student’s attention even if his instructors are by now too set in their ways to give it the attention it deserves... The style is somewhat academic, but the book is full of fascinating, and solidly authenticated, observations of animal behavior. It should be read by everyone, psychologist or zoologist, who is interested in mechanisms of response.” – Hebb 1952, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology “[This volume] summarizes much ingenious experimental work and present a point of view that is bound to have an influence on later behavior studies.” – Carmichael 1952, Science “[This] is an important book and one that should be read by all students of animal behavior... The ingenious experiments and theoretical discussions will afford many hours of stimulating reading.” – Aronson 1953, Copeia “... a scholarly and well-documented review of the general field [of ethology]... This books performs a beautiful job of pulling together diverse and diverging observations, experiments and concepts, suggesting theories that will surely lead to much new and fruitful work.” – Bates 1953, American Anthropologist “Tinbergen’s fine book is an important synthesis and a valuable introduction to this actively moving field.” – Greenberg 1952, Physiological Zoology “The final impression one gets from Tinbergen’s book is that of the immense richness and incredible variety of behavioral phenomena which are there for the studying if we break out of our rat-monkey-man triangle.” – O’Kelly 1952, Psychological Bulletin “It is a pleasure to describe and discuss Tinbergen’s work. Well written, with elegant development of ideas and arguments, courageous in challenging faulty views and procedures, calm and confident in style, yet stimulating, the book should be read by anyone interested in the behavior of birds.” – Pitelka 1953, The Condor
Download or read book Instinctive Behavior written by D. J. Kuenen and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Instinct and intelligence written by Samuel Anthony Barnett and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Learning and Instinct in Animals written by William Homan Thorpe and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Foundations of Animal Behavior written by Lynne D. Houck and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1996-08 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with Darwin's work in the 1870s, Foundations of Animal Behavior selects the most important works from the discipline's first hundred years—forty-four classic papers—and presents them in facsimile, tracing the development of the field. These papers are classics because they either founded a line of investigation, established a basic method, or provided a new approach to an important research question. The papers are divided into six sections, each introduced by prominent researchers. Sections one and two cover the origins and history of the field and the emergence of basic methods and approaches. They provide a background for sections three through six, which focus on development and learning; neural and hormonal mechanisms of behavior; sensory processes, orientation, and communication; and the evolution of behavior. This outstanding collection will serve as the basis for undergraduate and graduate seminars and as a reference for researchers in animal behavior, whether they focus on ethology, behavioral ecology, comparative psychology, or anthropology. Published in association with the Animal Behavior Society
Download or read book The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation written by D.W. Pfaff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To scientists engaged in research on the cellular mechanisms in the mammalian brain, concepts of "motivation" seem to be a logical neces sity, even if they are not fashionable. Immersed in the detailed, time consuming research required to deal with mammalian nerve cells, we usually pay scant attention to the more global brain -behavior questions that have arisen from decades of biological and psychological studies. We felt it was time to confront these issues-namely, how far has neuro biological investigation come in uncovering mechanisms by which moti vational signals influence behavior? At Rockefeller University, we have recently held a course on this subject. We restricted our treatment to those motivational systems most tractable to physiological approaches, and invited scientists skilled in both behavioral issues and physiological techniques to participate. This volume results from that course. The deans and administration at Rockefeller University provided much help in planning the course, and the staff of Springer-Verlag assisted in planning the book. Gabriele Zummer helped organize both the course and the processing of book chapters. They all deserve our thanks. December 1981 Donald W. Pfaff Professor of Neurobiology and Behavior Rockefeller University Contents Part One: Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 Donald W. Pfaff Motivational Concepts: Definitions and Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . 3 Motivation: A Brief Review of Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Reinforcement, Reward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Incentive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Arousal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Motivation Is a Unitary Behavioral Concept with Multiple Neurophysiological Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 2 Alan N.
Download or read book Instinct in Man written by Ronald Fletcher and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Behavior of Animals written by Johan J. Bolhuis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-12-29 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Behavior of Animals An updated view of animal behavior studies, featuring global experts The Behavior of Animals, Second Edition provides a broad overview of the current state of animal behavior studies with contributions from international experts. This edition includes new chapters on hormones and behavior, individuality, and human evolution. All chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated, and are supported by color illustrations, informative callouts, and accessible presentation of technical information. Provides an introduction to the study of animal behavior Looks at an extensive scope of topics- from perception, motivation and emotion, biological rhythms, and animal learning to animal cognition, communication, mate choice, and individuality. Explores the evolution of animal behavior including a critical evaluation of the assumption that human beings can be studied as if they were any other animal species. Students will benefit from an updated textbook in which a variety of contributors provide their expertise and global perspective in specialized areas
Download or read book Aspects and Prospects of the Concept of Instinct written by Adriaan Kortlandt and published by Brill Archive. This book was released on 1955 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Theories of Instinctive Behavior and Their Computer Analogues written by Leonard Friedman and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theories of instinctive behavior proposed by Lorentz (Physiological mechanisms in animal behaviour. Symp. Soc. Exper. Biol., 1950, v.4, p221-268) and Tinbergen (The study of instinct. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1951) have been analyzed with respect to longstanding criticisms leveled at them, as well as to neurophysiological evidence. A theory of instinct that meets the criticisms and reconciles the ethological and neurophysiological evidence is proposed. This theory retains the fruitful concept of the Innate Releasing Mechanism (IRM) introduced by Lorenz and unifies the description of instinctive behavior in terms of hierarchies of feedback loops organized as Behavior Units. The Behavior Units are activated by a complex organization of IRM's and Selection Units operating continuously among a host of competing pressures, internal and external, to select the most appropriate action. Various assumptions about the role of learning in instinct-dominated animals are exposed and examples are given of the connection between our assumptions about learning and the modified theory of instinct. To validate the theory and permit its development in greater detail, a computer simulation of the theory has been undertaken, using an artificial animal, ADROIT, as the 'guinea pig'. Progress to date with this simulation is discussed. (Author).
Download or read book Roots of Behavior written by Eugene L. Bliss and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour written by Konrad Lorenz and published by Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1970 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Human Instinct written by Kenneth R. Miller and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A radical, optimistic exploration of how humans evolved to develop reason, consciousness, and free will. Lately, the most passionate advocates of the theory of evolution seem to present it as bad news. Scientists such as Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, and Sam Harris tell us that our most intimate actions, thoughts, and values are mere byproducts of thousands of generations of mindless adaptation. We are just one species among multitudes, and therefore no more significant than any other living creature. Now comes Brown University biologist Kenneth R. Miller to make the case that this view betrays a gross misunderstanding of evolution. Natural selection surely explains how our bodies and brains were shaped, but Miller argues that it’s not a social or cultural theory of everything. In The Human Instinct, he rejects the idea that our biological heritage means that human thought, action, and imagination are pre-determined, describing instead the trajectory that ultimately gave us reason, consciousness and free will. A proper understanding of evolution, he says, reveals humankind in its glorious uniqueness—one foot planted firmly among all of the creatures we’ve evolved alongside, and the other in the special place of self-awareness and understanding that we alone occupy in the universe. Equal parts natural science and philosophy, The Human Instinct is a moving and powerful celebration of what it means to be human.
Download or read book Instinct in Man written by Ronald Fletcher and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An altered and considerably shortened version of a thesis ... submitted for the doctorate in philosophy in the University of London." Bibliography: p. 340-344.
Download or read book Animal Behaviour written by Conwy Lloyd Morgan and published by Theclassics.Us. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1908 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER III INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR I.--Definition Op Instinctive Behaviour There are probably few subjects which have afforded more material for wonder and pious admiration than the instinctive endowments of animals. "I look upon instinct," wrote Addison in one of his graceful essays, " as upon the principle of gravitation in bodies, which is not to be explained by any known qualities inherent in the bodies themselves, nor from any laws of mechanism, but as an immediate impression from the first Mover and the Divine Energy acting in the creatures." In like manner Spence said: "We may call the instincts of animals those faculties implanted in them by the Creator, by which, independent of instruction, observation or experience, and without a knowledge of the end in view, they are all alike impelled to the performance of certain actions tending to the wellbeing of the individual and the preservation of the species." According to such views, instinct is an ultimate principle the natural genesis of which is beyond the pale of explanation. But similar views were, at the time these passages were written, held to apply, not only to animal behaviour, but also to animal structure. The development of the stag's antler, or of the insect's wing, was also regarded as "an immediate impression from the first Mover and the Divine Energy acting in the creatures." This view, however, is, neither in the case of structure nor in the case of behaviour, that entertained by modern science. It is indeed an expression of opinion concerning the metaphysics of instinct. Leaving the question of ultimate origin precisely where it stood in the times of Addison and of Spence, modern science seeks to trace the natural antecedents of all natural phenomena, and regards...
