Download or read book Information theoretic causal inference of lexical flow written by Johannes Dellert and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume seeks to infer large phylogenetic networks from phonetically encoded lexical data and contribute in this way to the historical study of language varieties. The technical step that enables progress in this case is the use of causal inference algorithms. Sample sets of words from language varieties are preprocessed into automatically inferred cognate sets, and then modeled as information-theoretic variables based on an intuitive measure of cognate overlap. Causal inference is then applied to these variables in order to determine the existence and direction of influence among the varieties. The directed arcs in the resulting graph structures can be interpreted as reflecting the existence and directionality of lexical flow, a unified model which subsumes inheritance and borrowing as the two main ways of transmission that shape the basic lexicon of languages. A flow-based separation criterion and domain-specific directionality detection criteria are developed to make existing causal inference algorithms more robust against imperfect cognacy data, giving rise to two new algorithms. The Phylogenetic Lexical Flow Inference (PLFI) algorithm requires lexical features of proto-languages to be reconstructed in advance, but yields fully general phylogenetic networks, whereas the more complex Contact Lexical Flow Inference (CLFI) algorithm treats proto-languages as hidden common causes, and only returns hypotheses of historical contact situations between attested languages. The algorithms are evaluated both against a large lexical database of Northern Eurasia spanning many language families, and against simulated data generated by a new model of language contact that builds on the opening and closing of directional contact channels as primary evolutionary events. The algorithms are found to infer the existence of contacts very reliably, whereas the inference of directionality remains difficult. This currently limits the new algorithms to a role as exploratory tools for quickly detecting salient patterns in large lexical datasets, but it should soon be possible for the framework to be enhanced e.g. by confidence values for each directionality decision.

Download or read book Information theoretic Causal Inference of Lexical Flow written by Johannes Dellert and published by Saint Philip Street Press. This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume seeks to infer large phylogenetic networks from phonetically encoded lexical data and contribute in this way to the historical study of language varieties. The technical step that enables progress in this case is the use of causal inference algorithms. Sample sets of words from language varieties are preprocessed into automatically inferred cognate sets, and then modeled as information-theoretic variables based on an intuitive measure of cognate overlap. Causal inference is then applied to these variables in order to determine the existence and direction of influence among the varieties. The directed arcs in the resulting graph structures can be interpreted as reflecting the existence and directionality of lexical flow, a unified model which subsumes inheritance and borrowing as the two main ways of transmission that shape the basic lexicon of languages. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.

Download or read book Rational Approaches in Language Science written by Matthew W. Crocker and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Variation Rolls the Dice written by Enoch O. Aboh and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Variation Rolls the Dice: A worldwide collage in honour of Salikoko S. Mufwene aims to celebrate Mufwene’s ground-breaking contribution to linguistics in the past four decades. The title also encapsulates his approach to language as both systemic and socio-cultural practices, and the role of variation in determining particular evolutionary trajectories in specific linguistic ecologies. The book therefore focuses on variation within and across languages, within and across speakers, and how this fundamental aspect of human behavior can affect language structure in time and space. Mufwene has been instrumental in putting creole languages on the map of General Linguistics and connecting their analysis to issues of language acquisition, multilingualism, language contact, language evolution, and language typology. Thanks to the diversity of topics and the wide-ranging theoretical persuasions of the contributors, this volume aims at a large readership including both scholars and advanced students interested in cutting-edge research in the aforementioned domains.

Download or read book Language contact written by Rik van Gijn and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on 2023-09-28 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contact linguistics is the overarching term for a highly diversified field with branches that connect to such widely divergent areas as historical linguistics, typology, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and grammatical theory. Because of this diversification, there is a risk of fragmentation and lack of interaction between the different subbranches of contact linguistics. Nevertheless, the different approaches share the general goal of accounting for the results of interacting linguistic systems. This common goal opens up possibilities for active communication, cooperation, and coordination between the different branches of contact linguistics. This book, therefore, explores the extent to which contact linguistics can be viewed as a coherent field, and whether the advances achieved in a particular subfield can be translated to others. In this way our aim is to encourage a boundary-free discussion between different types of specialists of contact linguistics, and to stimulate cross-pollination between them.

Download or read book German ic in language contact written by Christian Zimmer and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well-known that contact between speakers of different languages or varieties leads to dynamics in many respects. From a grammatical perspective, especially contact between closely related languages/varieties fosters contact-induced innovations. The evaluation of such innovations reveals speakers’ attitudes and is in turn an important aspect of the sociolinguistic dynamics linked to language contact. In this volume, we assemble studies on such settings where typologically congruent languages are in contact, i.e. language contact within the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Languages involved include Afrikaans, Danish, English, Frisian, (Low and High) German, and Yiddish. The main focus is on constellations where a variety of German is involved (which is why we use the term ‘German(ic)’ in this book). So far, studies on language contact with Germanic varieties have often been separated according to the different migration scenarios at hand, which resulted in somewhat different research traditions. For example, the so-called Sprachinselforschung (research on ‘language islands’) has mainly been concerned with settings caused by emigration from the continuous German-speaking area in Central Europe to locations in Central and Eastern Europe and overseas, thus resulting in some variety of German abroad. However, from a linguistic point of view it does not seem to be necessary to distinguish categorically between contact scenarios within and outside of Central Europe if one thoroughly considers the impact of sociolinguistic circumstances, including the ecology of the languages involved (such as, for instance, German being the majority language and the monolingual habitus prevailing in Germany, but completely different constellations elsewhere). Therefore, we focus on language contact as such in this book, not on specific migration scenarios. Accordingly, this volume includes chapters on language contact within and outside of (Central) Europe. In addition, the settings studied differ as regards the composition and the vitality of the languages involved. The individual chapters view language contact from a grammar-theoretical perspective, focus on lesser studied contact settings (e.g. German in Namibia), make use of new corpus linguistic resources, analyse data quantitatively, study language contact phenomena in computer-mediated communication, and/or focus on the interplay of language use and language attitudes or ideologies. These different approaches and the diversity of the scenarios allow us to study many different aspects of the dynamics induced by language contact. With this volume, we hope to exploit this potential in order to shed some new light on the interplay of language contact, variation and change, and the concomitant sociolinguistic dynamics. Particularly, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of closely related varieties in contact.

Download or read book Concessive constructions in varieties of English written by Ole Schützler and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on 2023-11-10 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a synchronic investigation of concessive constructions in nine varieties of English, based on data from the International Corpus of English. The structures of interest are complex sentences with a subordinate clause introduced by although, though or even though. Various functional and formal features are taken into account: (i) the semantic/pragmatic relation that holds between the propositions involved, (ii) the position of the subordinate clause, (iii) the conjunction that is used, and (iv) the syntax of the subordinate clause. By exploring patterns of variation from a Construction Grammar perspective, the study works towards an explanatory model, whose point of departure is at the functional (semantic/pragmatic) level, and which makes hierarchically organised predictions for different formal levels (clause position, choice of connective and realisation of the subordinate clause). It treats concessives as complex form-function pairings, and develops arguments and routines that may inform quantitative approaches to constructional variation more generally.

Download or read book Computational approaches to semantic change written by Nina Tahmasebi and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semantic change — how the meanings of words change over time — has preoccupied scholars since well before modern linguistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century, ushering in a new methodological turn in the study of language change. Compared to changes in sound and grammar, semantic change is the least understood. Ever since, the study of semantic change has progressed steadily, accumulating a vast store of knowledge for over a century, encompassing many languages and language families. Historical linguists also early on realized the potential of computers as research tools, with papers at the very first international conferences in computational linguistics in the 1960s. Such computational studies still tended to be small-scale, method-oriented, and qualitative. However, recent years have witnessed a sea-change in this regard. Big-data empirical quantitative investigations are now coming to the forefront, enabled by enormous advances in storage capability and processing power. Diachronic corpora have grown beyond imagination, defying exploration by traditional manual qualitative methods, and language technology has become increasingly data-driven and semantics-oriented. These developments present a golden opportunity for the empirical study of semantic change over both long and short time spans. A major challenge presently is to integrate the hard-earned knowledge and expertise of traditional historical linguistics with cutting-edge methodology explored primarily in computational linguistics. The idea for the present volume came out of a concrete response to this challenge. The 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change (LChange'19), at ACL 2019, brought together scholars from both fields. This volume offers a survey of this exciting new direction in the study of semantic change, a discussion of the many remaining challenges that we face in pursuing it, and considerably updated and extended versions of a selection of the contributions to the LChange'19 workshop, addressing both more theoretical problems — e.g., discovery of "laws of semantic change" — and practical applications, such as information retrieval in longitudinal text archives.

Download or read book The emergence of American English as a discursive variety written by Ingrid Paulsen and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do speakers’ identity constructions influence the emergence of new varieties of a language? This question is at the heart of a debate about how the process of the emergence of postcolonial varieties of English can best be modeled. This volume contributes to the debate by linking it to models and theories proposed by anthropological linguists, sociolinguists and discourse linguists who view identity as a social and cultural phenomenon that is produced through linguistic and other social practices. Language is seen as essential for identity constructions because speakers use linguistic forms that index social ‘personae’ as well as specific social practices and values to convey an image of self to other speakers. Based on the theory of enregisterment that models the cultural and discursive process of the creation of indexical links between linguistic forms and social values, the argument is made that any model of the emergence of new varieties needs to differentiate carefully between a structural level and a discursive level. What emerges on the discursive level as a result of processes of enregisterment is a ‘discursive variety’. The volume illustrates how the emergence of a discursive variety can be systematically studied in a historical context by focusing on the enregisterment of American English as it can be observed in nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers. Using a discourse-linguistic methodological framework and two large databases containing close to 78 million newspaper articles, the study reveals a complex pattern of indexical links between the phonological forms /h/-dropping and -insertion, yod-dropping, a lengthened and backened bath vowel, non-rhoticity, a realization of prevocalic /r/ as a labiodental approximant as well as the lexical items baggage and pants on the one hand and social values centering around nationality, authenticity and non-specificity on the other hand. Qualitative analyses uncover the social personae associated with the linguistic forms (e.g. the American cowboy, the African American mammy and the ‘Anglo-maniac’ American dude), while quantitative analyses trace the development over time and show that the enregisterment processes were widespread and not restricted to a particular region.

Download or read book Causal Inference for Heterogeneous Data and Information Theory written by Kateřina Hlaváčková-Schindler and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present reprint, “Causal Inference for Heterogeneous Data and Information Theory”, is a special issue of Journal Entropy. This Special Issue belongs to the section "Information Theory, Probability, and Statistics". The reprint gathers thirteen original contributions of leading experts in the theory of causal inference, focusing namely on the utilization of instrumental variables in a causal model, estimation of average treatment effect, the role of interventions in causal models, graphical causal modeling, causal algebras, causal modeling using the theory of categories, temporal causal model, heterogeneous data, and information-theoretic approaches.

Download or read book Information theoretic Algorithms and Identifiability for Causal Graph Discovery written by Spencer P. Compton and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is a task of widespread interest to learn the underlying causal structure for systems of random variables. Entropic Causal Inference is a recent framework for learning the causal graph between two variables from observational data (i.e., without experiments) by finding the information-theoretically simplest structural explanation of the data. In this thesis, we develop theoretical techniques that enable us to show how Entropic Causal Inference permits learnability of causal graphs with particular information-theoretically simple structure. We show the first theoretical guarantee for finite-sample learnability with Entropic Causal Inference for pairs of random variables. Later, we extend this guarantee to show the first result for Entropic Causal Inference in systems with more than two variables: proving learnability of general directed acyclic graphs over many variables (under assumptions on the generative process). We implement and experimentally evaluate Entropic Causal Inference on synthetic and real-world causal systems. Moreover, we improve the best-known approximation guarantee for the Minimum Entropy Coupling problem. This information-theoretic algorithmic problem has direct relevance to Entropic Causal Inference and is also of independent interest. In totality, this thesis develops algorithmic and information-theoretic tools that shed light on how information-theoretic properties enable learning of causal graphs from both a practical and theoretical perspective.

Download or read book Information Theoretic Measures and Estimators of Specific Causal Influences written by Gabriel Schamberg and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need to measure causal influences between random variables or processes in complex networks arises throughout academic disciplines. In four parts, we here develop techniques for measuring and estimating causal influences using tools from information theory, with the explicit goal of providing context for how information theoretic perspectives on causal influence fit within the vast and interdisciplinary body of work studying causality. Throughout the dissertation, we demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods with applications to physiologic, economic, and climatological datasets. Beginning with a focus on time series, we present a modularized approach to finding the maximum a posteriori estimate of a latent time series that obeys a dynamic stochastic model and is observed through noisy measurements. We specifically consider modern signal processing problems with non-Markov signal dynamics (e.g., group sparsity) and/or non-Gaussian measurement models (e.g., point process observation models used in neuroscience). Importantly, this framework can be leveraged in the estimation of the latent parameters specifying the probability distribution of a time series, which is a fundamental step in the estimation of causal influences between time series. Second, we study the conditions under which directed information, a popular information theoretic notion of causal influence between time series, can be estimated without bias. While the assumptions made by estimators of directed information are often presented explicitly, a characterization of when we can expect these assumptions to hold is lacking. Using the concept of d-separation from Bayesian networks, we present sufficient and almost everywhere necessary conditions for which proposed estimators can be implemented without bias. We further introduce a notion of partial directed information, which can be used to bound the bias under a milder set of assumptions. Third, we present a sample path dependent measure of causal influence between time series. The proposed measure is a random sequence, a realization of which enables identification of specific patterns that give rise to high levels of causal influence. We demonstrate how sequential prediction theory may be leveraged to estimate the proposed causal measure and introduce a notion of regret for assessing the performance of such estimators which we subsequently bound. Finally, we extend our focus to general causal graphs and show that information theoretic measures of causal influence are fundamentally different from mainstream (e.g. statistical) notions in that they (1) compare distributions over the effect rather than values of the effect and (2) are defined with respect to random variables representing a cause rather than specific values of a cause. We leverage perspectives from the statistical causality literature to present a novel information theoretic framework for measuring direct, indirect, and total causal effects in natural complex networks. In addition to endowing information theoretic approaches with an enhanced "resolution," the proposed framework uniquely elucidates the relationship between the information theoretic and statistical perspectives on causality.

Download or read book Causal Inference and Language Comprehension written by Tristan S. Davenport and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most important information conveyed by language is often contained not in the utterance itself, but in the interaction between the utterance and the comprehender's knowledge of the world and the current situation. This dissertation uses psycholinguistic methods to explore the effects of a common type of inference - causal inference - on language comprehension. In 8 experiments, I investigate the effects of causal inference on the neuro-cognitive processes that occur during word processing (Experiments 1-5) and the hemispheric basis of these processing effects (Experiments 6-8). The goal of Experiments 1-3 was to compare competing theoretical frameworks of language processing with respect to the ordering of "high-level" (causal inferential) and "low-level" (lexical association) context effects on word processing. To that end, participants listened to two-sentence short stories encouraging a causal inference, each followed by a probe word related to some aspect of the context story. ERP results showed that causal information affected word processing earlier than lexical associative information, and that lexical association effects were suppressed in discourse contexts. These results supported dynamic processing theories of the kind inspired by simple recurrent networks. Experiments 4 and 5 tested the impact of causal relatedness on multiple, semi-redundant discourse cues embedded in sentences. This study investigated whether causal inferences build up over time across several words, or if a full-fledged inference can be activated in response to a single critical word. Results indicated that different participants activated inferences in qualitatively different ways. Some showed evidence of predictive inference, while others showed evidence of a drawn-out inference activation process covering several cues to discourse implausibility. These results reflect individual differences in inference activation that are unrelated to common metrics of processing ability. Experiments 6-8 tested the hypothesis of a right hemisphere (RH) advantage for activating causal inferences. Results indicated that neither hemisphere had a processing advantage for causal related information, although left hemisphere (LH) experienced facilitated processing for strong lexical associations. This finding suggests causal inference processing is balanced between the two hemispheres, and that causal inference deficits in RH lesion patients are related to a dominant LH tendency to focus on local semantic relationships.

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mathematical Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics written by Alex Barber and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-04-06 with total page 859 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of philosophy to language study, and language study to philosophy, has experienced demonstrable intellectual growth and diversification in recent decades. Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics comprehensively analyzes and evaluates many of the most interesting facets of this vibrant field. An edited collection of articles taken from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition, this volume acts as a single-stop desk reference resource for the field, comprising contributions from the foremost scholars of philosophy of linguistics in their various interdisciplinary specializations. From Plato's Cratylus to Semantic and Epistemic Holism, this fascinating work authoritatively unpacks the diverse and multi-layered concepts of meaning, expression, identity, truth, and countless other themes and subjects straddling the linguistic-philosophical meridian, in 175 articles and over 900 pages. Authoritative review of this dynamic field placed in an interdisciplinary context Approximately 175 articles by leaders in the field Compact and affordable single-volume format

Download or read book Practical Time Series Analysis written by Aileen Nielsen and published by O'Reilly Media. This book was released on 2019-09-20 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time series data analysis is increasingly important due to the massive production of such data through the internet of things, the digitalization of healthcare, and the rise of smart cities. As continuous monitoring and data collection become more common, the need for competent time series analysis with both statistical and machine learning techniques will increase. Covering innovations in time series data analysis and use cases from the real world, this practical guide will help you solve the most common data engineering and analysis challengesin time series, using both traditional statistical and modern machine learning techniques. Author Aileen Nielsen offers an accessible, well-rounded introduction to time series in both R and Python that will have data scientists, software engineers, and researchers up and running quickly. You’ll get the guidance you need to confidently: Find and wrangle time series data Undertake exploratory time series data analysis Store temporal data Simulate time series data Generate and select features for a time series Measure error Forecast and classify time series with machine or deep learning Evaluate accuracy and performance