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Book Indian Military Thought KURUKSHETRA to KARGIL and Future Perspectives

Download or read book Indian Military Thought KURUKSHETRA to KARGIL and Future Perspectives written by Brig K Kuldip Singh and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The title aspires to present a panorama of India’s yet to be fully discovered martial heritage, denoted by its unconquerable ancient epoch, a critique of the generally misread medieval age vicissitudes, followed by a survey of the contemporary & post-independence travails and triumphs. Not a historical narrative, it attempts to define what constitutes India’s natural-born military mind, how it evolved and breasted the world-conquering armies, followed by critical glimpses of the past ordeals, besides its uncelebrated defiance & conquests. The venture culminates in defining the nation’s prospective defence and development policy imperatives, for its emerging global role. It is rare in providing in one volume India’s scintillating perspective of the past, present and the future. The ardent quest, spanning over twelve years, is a reflective blend of a review of the Vedas, the Epics, relevant Shastras & other select material of help, with the author’s long years of rich military operational, planning and instructional experience. Poring over its pages answers many elemental questions, coming naturally to a lay reader, student, research scholar, man-at-arm, defence analyst and the policy maker. The thesis fills a gap by covering a wide range of archeological, historical, politico-military, socio-cultural and strategic and warfare issues, besides dispelling certain myths, which tend to demean India’s way of life and war fighting. The scrutiny of the post-independence wars comes to several untold finds. An exclusive study on ‘what motivates men in combat’ gives the subject an added depth. A lucid account of the nuances of the vital subject, bolstered by an unflagging perceptive probe, makes it an absorbing study.

Book Indian Defence Review Jan Mar 2017

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Jan Mar 2017 written by Lt Gen SC Sardeshpande and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2017-03-04 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Indian Defence Review Vol 29 2

    Book Details:
  • Author : Lt Gen JS Bajwa
  • Publisher : Lancer Publishers LLC
  • Release : 2014-04-29
  • ISBN : 1940988101
  • Pages : 268 pages

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Vol 29 2 written by Lt Gen JS Bajwa and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-04-29 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new issue of Indian Defence Review discusses the pros and cons of private aerospace manufacturing industry and why it should be encourage to flourish. Group Captain Joseph Noronha very strongly contends that the private aerospace industry must flourish in India to develop the sector. Artillery modernization in doldrums and IDR proposes a major overhaul in the procurement process to hasten reequipping of Regimens of Artillery immediately with 155mm guns. Group Captain Sachdev looks critically into whether the Indian Air Force equipped for a two-front war in case China-Pakistan join hands to attack India at the same time. The IAF has already informed the government that they are not prepared to handle the two-front war and hence, finalization of MMRCA deal is extremely vital. There is an interesting debate of shaping, equipping and employing Special Forces by Saikat Dutta and Force Projection by Brig Deepak Sinha. Also our senior military experts propose tired board defence against China. With the classified Handerson Brooke report leaked out, Gen Bajwa, former Chief of Staff Eastern Command draws interesting lessons from it. On the other hand, Bharat Verma takes apart and attempt to create a ‘fake military coup’ as also details the incompetence of the defence minister, which has lowered the military preparedness in the last 10 years against increasing and multiplying security threats on India’s border.

Book Indian Defence Review Jul Sep 2014  Vol 29 3

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Jul Sep 2014 Vol 29 3 written by Lt Gen JS Bajwa and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-08-22 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the latest issue of Indian Defense Review, Lt General Bajwa positions the fundamental necessities of India’s armed forces to the new government to ensure territorial integrity and national peace. Major General Mrinal Suman highlights the shortcomings in current FDI and discusses the bold steps needed to attract foreign investments in defence. Furthermore, Mr Claude Arpi interviews Air Chief Marshal Denis Mercier, French Air Force Chief of Staff, on the joint exercises “Garuda V” and on why “Rafale is the best fighter plane in the world.” Whereas rest of the sections focus on the latest requirements to modernize the DEFENCE equipment in Navy, Army, and Air Force. Brigadier Deepak Sinha argues for further employment of Special Forces in conflict areas dues to nuclearization of the sub-continent. Air Chief Marshal PV Naik, proposes employment of armed forces against Naxals as one solution to quickly diffuse the situation. There is an interesting debate shaping on geopolitical and military shortcomings to deal with China. Claude Arpi argues for a geopolitical resolution, while Dr Anil Singh proposes investments in Navy infrastructure. Capt AK Sachdev analyzes the faults in indigenous Chinese helicopters and implication on Sino-Indian conflict in case the US relents over the arms embargo.

Book Indian Defence Review Vol 30 1 Jan Mar 2015

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Vol 30 1 Jan Mar 2015 written by Air Marshal Dhiraj Kukreja and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2015-02-17 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biennial Aero India Show is here again in Bengaluru. The current issue is focused on Air Power. With Prime Minister raising the upper limit of FDI in the Defence Industry sector and bringing forth a policy of “Make in India” the international weapon systems and equipment manufacturers are realigning their format to meet the requirement in these changed circumstances. The major players in the aviation industry are already on the starting blocks and fine tuning their nuanced approach. Dr Nikolai Novichkov has presented a view of the Russian aviation industry; Steven Gillard has outlined Rolls Royce’s committed support in positioning India as a global manufacturing hub. Boeing has elaborated on the maintenance support and services being set up for the two major aircraft deployed by the IAF – C17 and P8I as also making India as a hub for support and services in the region. Rafael Industries and IAI Israel too have outlined the format for possible TOT in an impressive array of technologies in the future. A fair number of our articles are devoted to analysing India’s Air Power. Air Marshal Dhiraj Kukreja has comprehensively dwelt on India’s present and future combat fleet. Drones as game changers are presented lucidly by S Gopal. Space is considered an adjunct to air power; Gp Capt AK Sachdev has analysed this aspect in relation to India’s space endeavours. IAF phased out its fleet of Canberra medium bombers in 1990. Was that a well considered decision taking into account India’s future growth as a regional and global power? The role of bombers in the air force is pithily argued by Sqn Ldr Vijainder Thakur. As aircraft exploit the air medium, air defence weapons aim to deny this freedom to aircraft and missiles. Air Marshal Anil Chopra brings forth the success of the ‘Iron Dome’ deployed by the Israelis and its role in protecting surface targets. This issue also covers India’s ‘sub-conventional deficit’ by our special correspondent and the present state of insurgency in India’s North East region by Brig R Borthakur. Gen Vijay Oberoi has highlighted the need for a structural change in India’s higher defence management. Brig Deepak Sinha has raised the issue of India’s security strategy and doctrine being on divergent paths. Maj Gen AK Chadha has emphatically put forth the need for the military in the digitalised battle field to carve out its own ‘slice of space’ for operating successfully in such a future war scenario. Air Marshal Anil Chopra and Dr SN Misra have presented the efficacy of TOT and off sets and challenges before the defence industry. Mr Kanwal Sibal has critically assessed the evolving dynamics of Indo-US relations. Gen JS Lidder with his UN experience has looked at the need for enhancing the role of women in conflict zones. Claude Arpi has been a keen China watcher. He presents the current situation in the PLA consequent to the crackdown by the Chinese President Xi Jinping on the wide spread corruption in the Chinese PLA. The IDR has endeavoured through the range of articles to hold the interest of the serious reader of military affairs.

Book Indian Defence Review Vol 29 4  Oct Dec 2014

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Vol 29 4 Oct Dec 2014 written by Air Chief Marshal PV Naik and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There was a change of Government in India in May 2014 which galvanised a rather insipid Foreign Policy. The Prime Minister’s (PM) visit to the neighbouring countries and the Foreign Minister covering those where he was not able to go created a new dynamic in the neighbourly relations. However, Pakistan due to its Army shadowing the Civilian Government presents a unique dilemma in progressing bilateral relations. China surprisingly put across contradictory signals due to the actions of the Peoples Liberation Army on the Line of Actual Control during the visit of the President to India. These present a dilemma to the Indian Government and are covered in the Comment by Lt Gen Jiti Bajwa. Gp Capt Joseph Noronha looks at the future of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles followed by Gp Capt B Menon presenting the need for developing weapon systems for the Air Force in the near future. Air Marshal PV Naik views National security in a holistic perspective. The visit of the PM to Japan has been succulently analysed in the strategic dimension by Dr S Roy Chaudhary. The Chinese President’s visit in the first year of his term coinciding with that of the Indian PM was looked at with much anticipation, the nuances of the visit has been persuasively covered by Claude Arpi. Lt Gen Gautam Banerjee interprets the Pakistan nuclear rhetoric in a realistic geopolitical setting. Consequent to Boeing of USA successfully test flying a retired F 16 fighter aircraft in an unmanned mode Sqn Ldr Vijendra Thakur studied the possibility of Chinese Air Force utilising similar modification to their hordes of retired Migs. The outcome is a surreal scenario. Maj Gen AK Chadha has ventured in to Cyberspace and looks at the military possibilities in this ‘No Man’s Land’ most comprehensively. Our Special Correspondent has looked at two connected issues Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and India’s Defence Industrial complex. Rear Adm AP Revi analyses the consequences of a depleting submarine fleet of the Indian Navy. Priya Tyagi covers the latest defence news and Col Danvir Singh reports of his visit to France presenting the FREMM multi-mission Frigate by DCNS.

Book Indian Defence Review Vol 31 1  Jan Mar 2016

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Vol 31 1 Jan Mar 2016 written by Air Marshal Anil Chopra and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2016-03-21 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IN THIS VOLUME: Military Modernisation in the Absence of a National Security Doctrine - Lt Gen JS Bajwa Rafale Deal - Untying the Knots - Air Marshal Anil Chopra Modernisation of Army Air Defence - Maj Gen AK Mehra Visualised Indian Artillery Considering Threats from China and Pakistan - Maj Gen PK Chakravorty Aviation: The Future is Unmanned - Air Marshal Anil Chopra Revamping the IAF’s Trainer Fleet - Gp Capt B Menon The Eagle, The Dragon, The Elephant and The Bear - Col Anil Athale Restructuring the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) - Col NP Singh Bull in the China Shop: The Indian Army vs The PLA - Brig Deepak Sinha China’s Reclamation of Islands in the South China Sea: Implications for India - Maj Gen PK Chakravorty Militarization of South China Sea: Offence-Defense Paradigm - S Rajasimman India’s Nuclear Submarine Programme - Rear Adm AP Revi India’s Air Defence: Is it Capable? - Maj Gen AK Mehra Make in India in Defence Production: Challenges & Opportunities - DC Srivastava KAMOV: The Make in India Defence Deal - Dr SN Misra What S-400 will bring to the Indian Ground-Based: Air Defence Capability? - Lt Gen VK Saxena Make in India: Problems and Prospects for the Aerospace Industry - Gp Capt AK Sachdev Aerospace and Defence News - Priya Tyagi Nurturing Military Institutions: For the Good of the Nation - Lt Gen Gautam Banerjee Ending the World’s Worst Atrocities: Darfur - Anant Mishra Myanmar Elections and Impact on the Region - Danvir Singh Spectre of ISIS’ Cyber Jihad Pandemic - Maj Gen AK Chadha

Book Indian Defence Review Vol 31 3  Jul Sep 2016

Download or read book Indian Defence Review Vol 31 3 Jul Sep 2016 written by Air Marshal Anil Chopra and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume: Coup in Turkey Now in A Coop | Lt Gen JS Bajwa Fifth Generation Aircraft: Battlefield Air Support Mission | Air Marshal Anil Chopra Unmanned Full Scale Fighter Targets for Training and Ucav Technology Development | Sqn Ldr Vijainder K Thakur Women Join the Fighter Stream of the Iaf: Will it Work? | Gp Capt Joseph Noronha First Param Vir Chakra | Sumit Walia Military Aviation and the Indian Air Force | Dr Narender Yadav The Contours of Iddm: A User’s Perspective | Lt Gen VK Saxena Challenges to the Indo-Us Defence Relationship | Abhinav Dutta Aerospace and Defence News | Priya Tyagi About Wars of the Future | Artsrun Hovhannisyan Decision-Making in War: Recalling India’s Military History | Brigadier Amar Cheema China’s Maritime Strategy: Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) | Bharat Lather Is Indianess Reasserting in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir? | RSN Singh Indian and Chinese Covert Efforts | Nicolas Groffman Home Minister in Pakistan: Take Action Against Terrorists and Countries that Support Them | Danvir Singh Decommissioning of Ins Viraat | Danvir Singh Potent Indigenous War Unfolding in Jammu & Kashmir | Brig Narender Kumar China – The New Aerospace Power | Gp Capt AK Sachdev Sino-Pak Collaboration – Military Aviation | Air Marshal Anil Chopra Success Breeds Stunning Success: The Story of India’s Space Endeavour | Gp Capt Joseph Noronha Book Reviews

Book Kargil  Turning the Tide

    Book Details:
  • Author : Lt Gen Mohinder Puri, PVSM, UYSM
  • Publisher : Lancer Publishers LLC
  • Release : 2015-12-24
  • ISBN : 1940988233
  • Pages : 280 pages

Download or read book Kargil Turning the Tide written by Lt Gen Mohinder Puri, PVSM, UYSM and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2015-12-24 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kargil: Turning the Tide, is a gripping account of the operations of 8 Mountain Division, which was tasked to evict the enemy from the Drass-Mushkoh Sector during Op Vijay. Coming from the pen of Lt Gen (then Maj Gen) Mohinder Puri, who led the division during the operations, the book is as authentic an account of the operations as one can hope to have. Written in a racy style, the book vividly captures the emotions and sentiments of a soldier; the apprehensions and fears of the leaders, and finally the joy and ecstasy of a hard won victory. The book, covering a wide spectrum from attacks at platoon level to issues impinging on national security, will be of immense value to all military professionals. Civilian readers will find the accounts of various close quarters, hand to hand battles fought in the extremely challenging and hostile environment of rugged high altitude terrain, inclement weather and an entrenched enemy, very engrossing and moving. A very high casualty count of 268 killed and 818 wounded, coupled with a rich haul of gallantry awards – three Param Vir Chakras, eight Mahavir Chakras, and 42 Vir Chakras – operations of 8 Mountain Division are a saga of fortitude, exceptional bravery, and exemplary junior leadership, which will undoubtedly swell any Indian’s heart with pride.

Book India Under Fire

    Book Details:
  • Author : Bharat Verma
  • Publisher : Lancer Publishers LLC
  • Release :
  • ISBN : 193550150X
  • Pages : 197 pages

Download or read book India Under Fire written by Bharat Verma and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From aggressive, devious neighbours to well-armed internal insurgents, the list of those taking aim at our nation is long. Our morally bankrupt political system and blinkered bureaucracy only compounds the mess. As the editor of Indian Defence Review, Bharat Verma lives by a simple philosophy: ‘Don’t give me a list of problems, give me solutions.’ Solutions are what he offers in this sequel to Fault Lines, a compilation of his writings since then. From ways to counter China’s imperial ambitions, to why a splintered Pakistan is in India’s interest. Why we need to develop not just cutting edge defence industries but also have an offensive orientation against those gunning for our democracy. Because at the end of the day, national interest is supreme. In this riveting series of columns, Verma takes a 360 degree look at the strategic and military challenges facing India today, and suggests ways and means to overcome them.

Book Charge of a Mountain Brigade

Download or read book Charge of a Mountain Brigade written by Lt Gen PN Kathpalia and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-12-26 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exploits of the 71 Mountain Brigade – “The Brigade of the Year” begins with its having the lush green hills of Nagaland to fight the war of Liberation of Bangladesh shoulder to shoulder with the Mukti Bahini. From the time it left its location in Limakong (MANIPUR) till it finally settled down in Barrackpore, it went through eight formations in a short period of seven months moving from place to place. The Brigade was the first to enter Bangladesh from the North and the first to take the surrender and return to India. This formation did the longest advance in the shortest possible time and according to the Pakistanis “the entire action went with the precision of a clock work and according to the Book”. It was the integral brigade of 9 Mountain Division, which was placed under command of 8 Mountain Division for insurgency operations. From there it moved to defend the 1,200 mile-long Siliguri Corridor and then with a stroke of luck got converted into the Independent Brigade Group for the duration of the war. It reverted to its original self and was looking after Calcutta in aid of civil authorities in 1972 after the war. Thereafter, it finally managed to be an integral part of 6 Mountain Division. This book is primarily addressed to the younger lot of officers, since at the brigade level small unit actions assume significance and bring out tactical lessons useful to the young officers. The author has made an endeavour to place the actions of the Brigade in its proper perspective by covering what was generally happening all around. This has been done in order to bring out that no actions are fought in isolation in a conventional warfare. In fact this may even be true for a nuclear war. This book, which is the only one of its kind as far as unit and sub-unit actions in Bangladesh were concerned, will be of interest to students of military history and to every unit of the Indian Armed Forces .

Book Asia 2030

    Book Details:
  • Author : Wg Cdr Ajey Lele
  • Publisher : Lancer Publishers LLC
  • Release : 2014-01-13
  • ISBN : 1940988047
  • Pages : 268 pages

Download or read book Asia 2030 written by Wg Cdr Ajey Lele and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-01-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia

Download or read book Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia written by Kaushik Roy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-10-15 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges the view, common among Western scholars, that precolonial India lacked a tradition of military philosophy. It traces the evolution of theories of warfare in India from the dawn of civilization, focusing on the debate between Dharmayuddha (Just War) and Kutayuddha (Unjust War) within Hindu philosophy. This debate centers around four questions: What is war? What justifies it? How should it be waged? And what are its potential repercussions? This body of literature provides evidence of the historical evolution of strategic thought in the Indian subcontinent that has heretofore been neglected by modern historians. Further, it provides a counterpoint to scholarship in political science that engages solely with Western theories in its analysis of independent India's philosophy of warfare. Ultimately, a better understanding of the legacy of ancient India's strategic theorizing will enable more accurate analysis of modern India's military and nuclear policies.

Book Cyberspace Security  A Primer

Download or read book Cyberspace Security A Primer written by Air Vice Marshal AK Tiwary and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyberspace has become a playground for everyone. Financial institutions, online shopping, e-commerce, e-governance, communication networks and almost all agencies – civil, military and private make continuous use of cyberspace. At the same time spying by certain agencies on daily life of all seems to resurface the fears of George Orwellian’s 1984 classic. While the internet is an essential means for most to conduct their daily lives, the Deep Web, nearly 395 times the size of internet permits untraceable activities to normal and evil doers with similar ease. The ease and efficiency provided by the cyberspace, alas comes with the risk of cyber criminals threatening its very benefits. It has already provided undreamt reach to terrorists to launch their attacks worldwide. Even Nation States have not shied away from extensive use of cyberspace for unethical purposes. Attribution – an essential precondition to initiate retaliatory measures is extremely difficult in cyberspace. It is like the Wild West with no Sherriff to enforce law and order. How does then One ensure safety in cyber space operations? This Primer is the basic step towards cyberspace security. It offers suggestions at all the levels of cyberspace in simple language minus the jargon.

Book Kashmir s Death Trap

    Book Details:
  • Author : Col Danvir Singh
  • Publisher : Lancer Publishers LLC
  • Release : 2014-08-18
  • ISBN : 1940988136
  • Pages : 257 pages

Download or read book Kashmir s Death Trap written by Col Danvir Singh and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-08-18 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an effort to recall the life in Kashmir, a state under perpetual conflict. It is a saga of courage, betrayal, passion and hatred seen from the eyes of a young soldier. In this nature’s paradise, is a human hell where the lives are lost daily in pursuit of Ideology. Armed by own set of Justifications India, Pakistan and the Kashmiris battle each other to no end in sight. Zealous young men continue to die for a cause diseased by treachery and celebrated by heroism. The territorial desire of Pakistan has cost dearly to the generations stifled in this conflict. This fight has devastated many a homes with ever widening chasm and deepening scars. Punctuated by blood curdling violence, Kashmiris are prisoners of a historic mistake. In the ongoing series of Pakistan’s grand design to wrest control of this state, a proxy war was unleashed by them in 1989. This war still continues as I write.

Book Artillery  The Battle Winning Arm

    Book Details:
  • Author : Maj Gen Jagjit Singh
  • Publisher : Lancer Publishers LLC
  • Release : 2014-01-08
  • ISBN : 1940988039
  • Pages : 214 pages

Download or read book Artillery The Battle Winning Arm written by Maj Gen Jagjit Singh and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2014-01-08 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artillery: the Battle-Winning Arm is a book about the battle winning role played by the artillery. The artillery made its first impart on the Indian soil in 1526, in the first Battle of Panipat, when Babar inflicted a crushing defeat on his opponent, Ibrahim Lodhi. The artillery shot into prominence once again during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Then followed a period of relative stagnation, with the value of the gun confined barely to a supporting role of infantry and armour. It is only during the last two decades that there has been a considerable growth in the expansion of the artillery. The artillery has now emerged as a formidable force of about 250 units, including two artillery divisions, on its order of battle. (Orbat) Further, the artillery of today is equipped with long-range multi-barrel rocket launchers (MBRL’s) and guns capable of firing a variety of lethal ammunition. With the above resurgence of the Indian artillery, it is no longer a supporting arm but a fighting arm much like the infantry and armour. In fact, the artillery has emerged as a battle-winning arm, where the artillery battles will decide the course of future ground operations.

Book Kashmir Saga A Bundle of Blunders

Download or read book Kashmir Saga A Bundle of Blunders written by Lt Gen DD Saklani and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J&K is a complicated problem, compounded by various internal and external factors. Unfortunately the issue has not remained confined to India and Pakistan only but has become a pawn in global and regional power politics. Based on his unique personal experiences, first as a soldier and then as the Security Adviser to the Governor, the author has sketched out the intrigues and blunders which plunged the state into its present state of militancy of disturbing magnitude, causing untold trouble and suffering to the people. The book tells the story of J&K forged by its ironic destiny and by the uncertainties and instabilities of Indian policies. Many pertinent questions arise. Who were the persons responsible for bringing about such a situation in the state and for how long do its people have to suffer the miseries? Is there to be an end to this bloodletting or will the conflict continue as hithertofore? One may wonder what led to the great tragedy in the state. There have been genuine grievances of the people which have not been adequately addressed. Political and administrative lapses created resentments, which have been and continue to be exploited by outside powers.