Download or read book Improvement on Engineering Properties of Pekan Soft Clay Treated with Hydrated Lime as a Method of Soil Stabilizer written by Nurul Zawarni Zaim and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigation on the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Mixed with Various Percentages of Lime and 6 of Silica Fume written by Kah Seng Leong and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil stabilization can make the soils becoming more stable. This method is applying admixture on the soil. Lime stabilization enhances engineering properties of soil, including reducing the soil plasticity, increase in optimum moisture content, decrease in maximum dry density and improvement in compaction of soil. Silica fume is utilized as a pozzolanic material in the application of soil stabilization. Silica fume was once considered as non-environmental friendly. Now, it has been adopted as a binder material with cement materials for the application of the soil stabilization. In this research, the materials required are kaolin grade S300, lime and silica fume. The focus of the study is the determinations of the physical properties of the soils tested and the strength of kaolin mixed with 6 % of silica fume and various percentages (3.0 %, 5.0 %, 7.0 % and 9.0 %) of lime. Unconfined compression test is carried out on the kaolin and the mixtures of soil-lime-silica fume to investigate the effect of lime stabilization with silica fume additives on the unconfined compressive strength of the mixtures. Based on the results obtained, all soil samples are indicated as soils with medium plasticity. From 0 % to 9.0 % of lime with 6.0 % of silica fume, the decrease in the maximum dry density is by 5.92 % and the increase in the optimum moisture content is by 23.5 %. Decreases in the coefficient of permeability of the mixtures occur if compared to the coefficient of permeability of kaolin soft clay itself. The optimal percentage of lime-silica fume combination is attained at 5.0 % of lime and 6.0 % of silica fume in order to improve the shear strength of kaolin soft clay. The improvement in shear strength of this stabilized mixture is 29.83 % if compared to the shear strength of the kaolin sample. It can be concluded that lime-silica fume mixture was an effective stabilizer for improving the geotechnical properties of clayey soils.

Download or read book Lime Stabilisation written by C. D. F. Rogers and published by Thomas Telford. This book was released on 1996 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been compiled to meet the increased need for knowledge on alternative ground improvement techniques using lime. It brings together expertise and experience from industry and academia to provide and overview of lime stabilisation.

Download or read book Strength of Kaolin Stabilized with Various Percentage of Lime and 4 Silica Fume written by Mohammad Syafiq Ideris and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clay soil as known as soft soil present difficulties to geotechnical engineer due to its complex nature and also contain variable materials. This type of soil can be categorized as problematic soil due to its weak properties. As the preliminary stage, soft clay soil did not meet the requirement for construction purpose. This is because the entire load from the top of the building will be transferred to the underlying soil. As we know the strength of soil is weak, without proper design, modification and earthwork, construction problem such as cracking, settlement of building may be occur and the building may collapse within its design life. It is very risky if the construction is still continuing on this type of soil without any remediation or improvement on the soil itself. Therefore, a proper modification for the soil itself is required to alter the soil become stronger; hence meet the requirement to use in construction industry. There are various methods to improve the soil. This research proposes about soil stabilization method that is soft clay soil Kaolin S300 stabilized with various percentages of lime and 4% silica fume. Percentages of lime used are 3%,5%,7% and 9%. While the percentage of silica fume used is fixed that is 4%. The main objectives in this research is to conduct the improvement of undrained shear strength of soft clay soil mixed with various percentages of lime and 4% silica fume. The improvement will be observed based on different percentage of lime. Other physical and mechanical tests that involves in this study are Atterberg Limit, Falling Head, Standard Compaction, Hydrometer, and Specific Gravity, The properties of soil was compared between the kaolin only and different percentages of lime mixed with 4% silica fume. The main test in this research is unconfined compressive test that is to determine the undrained shear strength. From the study, the optimum amount value of lime is 5%. This is because at 5% lime content, the maximum stress achieve is 29.37 kPa which is optimum compared to others percentage. It is shown that, the strength of soft clay is improved by 14.28%. Based on laboratory test result, it can be concluded that soil stabilization by using lime and silica fume can improved the strength of soft clay. Lastly, after all the tests had been done, correlation equation and cohesion value for each test were list out in graph and tabular form as well.

Download or read book Soft Clay Engineering and Ground Improvement written by Jay Ameratunga and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-04-21 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft Clay Engineering and Ground Improvement covers the design and implementation of ground improvement techniques as applicable to soft clays. This particular subject poses major geotechnical challenges in civil engineering. Not only civil engineers, but planners, architects, consultants and contractors are now aware what soft soils are and the risks associated with development of such areas. The book is designed as a reference and useful tool for those in the industry, both to consultants and contractors. It also benefits researchers and academics working on ground improvement of soft soils, and serves as an excellent overview for postgraduates. University lecturers are beginning to incorporate more ground improvement topics into their curricula, and this text would be ideal for short courses for practicing engineers. It includes several examples to assist a newcomer to carry out preliminary designs. The three authors, each with dozens of years of experience, have witnessed and participated in the rapid evolvement of ground improvement in soft soils. In addition, top-tier professionals who deal with soft clays and ground improvement on a daily basis have contributed, providing their expertise in dealing with real-world problems and practical solutions.

Download or read book Evaluation of Soil Properties Using Various Type of Lab Tests on Clay at Pekan Area Treated with Limes as an Alternate Soil Improvement Method written by Clarence David Miieg and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soil Properties Comparison of Lime Treated Soft Clay written by Amir Saifuddin Amram and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objectives of this research are to determine the plasticity properties and the shear strength properties of lime treated soft clay. The physical properties and shear strength properties of lime treated soft clays are investigated by conducting laboratory test such as atterberg limit test and unconfined compression test. Atterberg limit test have been carried out for 7 days of curing period for the treated clay with the optimum lime content. For unconfined compressive test, the test have been carried out for 7, 14, and 28 days of curing period. For atterberg limit, there is an increment in both plastic and liquid limit of the lime treated soft clay and untreated soft clay. The liquid limits for untreated soil is 66.5% then increase into 73.30% when 20% lime is added. The plastic limit for untreated soil sample is 34.9% before it increase to 38.68% for 20% lime added respectably. This resulted an increment in plasticity index from 31.55% for untreated sample to 34.62% at 20% lime. For unconfined compressive test, the result have shown that there is an increment for the axial stress based on the curing days. The maximum axial stress for the untreated clay is initially 158.47 kN/m2. After added with 20% of lime content, the maximum axial stress is increased to 209.21 kN/m2 for 7 days of curing while for 14 and 28 days, the maximum axial stress are 231.19 kN/m2 and 352.02 kN/m2. It can be conclude that, lime stabilization method can be used as a soil treatment program for soft clay especially for road construction.

Download or read book Stabilization of Bentonite and Kaolinite Clays Using Recycled Gypsum and Liquid Sodium Silicate written by Mehmet Sagnak and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable soil stabilization of clays utilizing chemical agents relies primarily on chemical reactions between additives and soil materials to attain the desired geotechnical properties such as strength, compressibility, and durability. In this regard, the use of chemicals for ground stabilization is one of the most favorable soil improvement techniques to improve weak engineering properties of soils by combining unbound materials through fabricated cementation products. A variety of soil stabilizers are available for ground stabilization and are categorized as “traditional” (Portland cement, fly ash, hydrated lime) and “non-traditional” (liquid alkali activators, sodium silicate, polymers, enzymes). The production of traditional additives (such as Portland cement or hydrated lime) emits large amounts of greenhouse gases (CO2) into the atmosphere worldwide. As a separate problem, an excessive amount of waste materials are produced from the construction and demolition of civil engineering projects around the word, and the disposal cost of the associated waste materials is high. As a result, more recently, the use of nontraditional additives (such as sodium silicate) and recycled materials (such as gypsum) in earthwork projects has become attractive as a replacement for traditional stabilization agents due to their economic and environmental benefits for society. ☐ Blending soil and alkaline solutions fabricates new cementation materials named geopolymers, achieving a sustainable improvement in the engineering properties of soils, which produces similar mechanical performance relative to traditional stabilizers such as Portland cement. Geopolymers can be synthesized using a variety of sources including industrial waste as well as fine materials such as natural clays. ☐ This research investigates the use of two nontraditional stabilizers, recycled gypsum produced from wall plasters (sometimes referred to as “sheetrock” in the United States), and a sodium silicate solution, to enhance the strength of two types of clay soils, Bentonite and Kaolinite. Three different stabilizer combinations are assessed during this study: (1) “gypsum only”, (2) “sodium silicate only”, and (3) a 50/50 combination of “gypsum and sodium silicate”. For both of the clay minerals that were stabilized, as well as the three stabilizer combinations that are denoted above, four levels of additive stabilization were explored, at 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. After stabilization, specimens were subjected to various curing intervals, including 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of curing, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing was conducted to determine the strength development with curing time for each of the stabilized soil mixtures. The change in the pH values of the additive-soil mixtures at different curing periods was monitored. Additional microstructural characterization tests including x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and the nitrogenbased Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (N2-BET) test were all used to explore and assess changes in the soil microstructure as soil stabilization progressed with curing time. ☐ The UCS test results demonstrate that the use of powdered recycled gypsum, a sodium silicate solution, and their combination all considerably increased the strength of both stabilized clay soils. Strength increases measured for gypsum stabilized bentonite and kaolinite were 4 and 2.5 times greater than the strengths measured for the corresponding untreated clays, respectively, at all stabilizer mix ratios and curing times that were assessed. Similarly, strength increases measured for sodium silicate stabilized kaolinite and bentonite were 3.5 and 3.5times greater than the strengths measured for the corresponding untreated clays, respectively. Strength increases measured for gypsum and sodium silicate (50/50) stabilized kaolinite and bentonite were 3.5and 2.5 times greater than the strengths measured for the corresponding untreated clays, respectively. It should be noted that these strength multipliers are the lower bound of the observed strength gain, and that many of the tested specimens exhibited significantly higher strengths at various stabilizer concentrations and curing times. ☐ The required optimum additive content of stabilizers depended upon the type of soils, and was different for different curing times. In this study, the optimum stabilizer contents were determined based upon the stabilizer mix ratio that yielded the largest gain in strength in the treated specimens after 56 days of curing. The optimum additive contents for bentonite stabilized with gypsum, sodium silicate, and a 50/50 mixture of gypsum and sodium silicate were 3, 12, and 6, respectively. The optimum additive contents for kaolinite stabilized with gypsum, sodium silicate, and a 50/50 mixture of gypsum and sodium silicate were 12, 6, and 6, respectively. As shown, in general, the kaolinite clay needed a higher content of recycled gypsum relative to the bentonite clay, whereas the sodium silicate stabilized kaolinite required a lower content of sodium silicate relative to the bentonite. The combination of recycled gypsum and sodium silicate was found to have benefits regarding the improvement of engineering properties of both soils, with the same amount of admixture (6%) yielding the greatest strength gain for both soils. The observed chemical reactions for all of the soil stabilization processes were time-dependent, especially for the bentonite treated with the combination of recycled gypsum and sodium silicate. ☐ The XRD tests show the formation of new cementation products via the appearance of new diffraction peaks, along with a reduction of the intensities of the peaks corresponding to the aluminum silicate minerals for both of the tested clays. The FESEM tests showed the transformation/modification of the soil microstructure and clay particle surfaces for both of the clays that were tested, and for the three stabilizer combinations that were utilized. Moreover, new crystalline gel (geopolymer) phases of cementation were observed. Alteration of the chemical composition of both treated soils was validated using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The modifications of the functional groups of both clay minerals were confirmed utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). In general, the nitrogen-based Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (N2-BET) tests showed a decrease in the surface area of both stabilized clays in the longterm for the different stabilizers that were assessed, as cementation products were created and the pore space between the specimens was filled. At some of the intermediate curing times, increases in surface area of the treated specimen were observed; this behavior is attributed to dissolution of the base materials prior to formation of stabilizing cementitious compounds. These N2-BET surface area results are generally consistent with the UCS test results as the strength reported for intermediate curing times is sometimes lower than the initial strengths that were measured. ☐ From the results of this study, it is believed that the combination of recycled gypsum and sodium silicate improves the soil strength properties significantly, offering positive benefit for long-term soil stabilization. The potential for beneficial reuse of waste gypsum can reduce the quantity of this material that ends up in landfills, and the replacement of traditional Portland cement and lime stabilizers with the combination of gypsum and sodium silicate could serve to decrease the emission of greenhouses gases that are associated with the production of these more traditional soil stabilizers.

Download or read book Lime Stabilization Properties Mix Design Construction Practices and Performance 1961 written by National Research Council (U.S.). Highway Research Board and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Improvement of the Engineering Properties of Soft Clays with Applications in Cyprus written by Phivos A. Kyriakides and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lime Stabilization written by and published by Transportation Research Board National Research. This book was released on 1987 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, various forms of lime, including products with varying degrees of purity, have been utilized successfully as soil stablizing agents. The state of the art in lime treatment based on a comprehensive analysis of current practice and technical literature is presented in this report. References are included for more information.

Download or read book The Correlations of Engineering Characteristics of Pekan Soft Clay written by Siti Fauziah Roslaini Othman and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft clay type of soil is different from other soil type. This is because of its low strength and high compressibility characteristics which make it difficult to get an undisturbed sample to be used in order to conducted laboratory test. Due to this problem the correlation between engineering characteristics and basic properties or between engineering characteristics itself can be useful for engineer in order to do preliminary design. This study has managed to develop some correlations of engineering characteristics for soft clay in Pekan. The data used in this study are obtained from three difference sites which are in Langgar, Permatang Keledang and Tanjung Batu. An attempt was made to correlate Atterberg limit with the shear strength and also shear strength with depth. Overall, the correlations shows that the Atterberg limits value are increasing with moisture content. The shear strength values also increase relatively with the value of plasticity index. The results that have been determined from this study can give an alternative for engineers to use the basic soil properties to predict the strength of the soil. The value for shear strength at certain depth can also be determined from the equations produced. This automatically allows a quick and economic alternative in order to design for construction on soft clay soil. -Author.

Download or read book Determination of Basic Soil Properties and Shear Strength of Pekan Soft Clay written by Mohd Faruq Sa'adon and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft clay soil can be categorized as problematic soil. The low strength and high compressibility characteristics the soil had, are the major reasons why a careful design analysis could be taken for any structure built on it. Due to these problems, soil investigation on the basic properties and shear strength of the soil must be carried out. This soft clay study has contributed to local engineering studies regarding the basic soil properties and shear strength in Langgar and Pahang Tua soil, where both are located in Pekan. Attempts were made to analyze the soil samples in laboratory. Overall, from the basic soil properties results, there are strong potential for the soil in Langgar and Pahang Tua to be concluded as soft clay type of soil. From the requirement set by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASTHO), both Langgar and Pahang Tua soil samples have been dominant by clay particles with more than 35% passing the No.200 sieve, which are 52% in Langgar and 57% in Pahang Tua. The natural moisture content in Langgar and Pahang Tua soil samples are each 57% and 48% which are within the range of moisture content for soft clay soil. For atterberg limit results, Langgar has liquid limit of 51% and plastic limit of 26%. For Pahang Tua, the liquid limit and plastic limit result are 58% and 27%. Based on plasticity chart, both Langgar and Pahang Tua have been determined to be plotted as clay with high plasticity. The shear strength test results have clearly shown the weakness of Langgar and Pahang Tua soil which are within the strength of a soft clay. Both Langgar and Pahang Tua have 19.18kPa and 21.11kPa of shear strength. The results that have been determined from this study can give an extra dimension and usage for engineers to use for any preliminary design in the area of Pekan. The results data of the basic soil properties and shear strength could also allow a quick and economic alternative in order to design for construction on soft clay soil.

Download or read book Methods of Improving the Engineering Properties of Soft Clay written by Mohd Hairy Che Man and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Treatment of Marine Clay with Hydrated Lime and Quicklime written by Füsun Tüylüce and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research is to improve dredged marine sediments with lime for potential use in earthfill works. Dredging work is usually necessary for coastal construction work and this material should be removed in an economical way. Marine clay samples used in the study were dredged in Gemlik Bay near Bursa, in Turkey. Geotechnical tests were conducted to determine the properties of the natural clay samples, including classification tests, unconfined compression (UC) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. The optimum lime content by weight was determined as 5 % using the Eades and Grim pH method, Atterberg limits and unconfined compression strength tests. Standard and modified Proctor tests were conducted to determine optimum water content and maximum dry density of the soil. Maximum dry density values decreased, optimum water content values increased, and Proctor curves becomes flatter with the addition of lime. Because the natural water content of the clay is around 40 % and the optimum water content of the samples with lime is around 16 %, not only hydrated lime but also quicklime is used for the improvement and drying of the marine clay soil. The original unconfined compressive strength and CBR value of the dredging soil were close to zero because of high water content. One month after improvement by lime, the unconfined compressive strength value reached 550 kPa and soaked CBR value was 35 without swelling. Unconfined compressive tests and CBR test results demonstrate that this type of marine clay can be improved with lime and can be economically utilized as a fill material in earthfill works.

Download or read book Preconditioning and Stabilizing Soils by Lime Admixtures written by ESTADOS UNIDOS. National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Highway Research Board and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lime stabilization usind preconditioned soils; lime fixation in clayey soils; improvement of lime stabilization of montmorillonitic clay soils with chemical additives; reaction of hydrated lime with pure clay minerals in soil stabilization; recent soil-lime research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Download or read book Some fundamental engineering properties of a lime stabilized clay written by P. E. Fossberg and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: