Download or read book Improvement of Selected Properties of Wood Polymer Composites WPC Silane Modification of Wood Particles written by Timo Grüneberg and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Improvement of selected properties of Wood Polymer Composites WPC Silane modification of wood particles written by Timo Grüneberg and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2010-11-22 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood Polymer Composites are a new group of hybrid materials, which combine the advantages of synthetic polymers such as polyolefines and natural polymers such as wood; whereas the synthetic polymer is used as matrix material and the wood as reinforcement material or filler. As matrix material, principally every thermoplastic polymer with a processing temperature below 200°C can be used due to the temperature sensivity of wood. Wood Polymer Composites are processed typically with processing technologies from the plastic industry such as extrusion and injection molding. The present study was conducted to explore the possibility of wood particle modification with different types of silanes. It was the aim to contribute the silanes as compatibilizers or coupling agent and therefore improve the mechanical properties and the resistance against water. Norway spruce (Picea abies) as representative wood species was used in three different particle types. The size distribution for the wood particles ranges from 70-2500 µm. Four commercial available silanes with various functional groups (amino, di-amino, alkyl) were used as modification agents. The concentrations varied between 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 7.5%. As reference system commonly used maleated acid anhydride based coupling agents were used. The pre-treated wood particles were compounded via extrusion with polypropylene and samples were produced via injection and compression molding. The following properties were tested; tensile, bending, and impact strength, water uptake (cold and boiling water test), descent rate, weathering tests and durability test against basidiomycetes. SEM-EDX investigations proved the presence of silane either in the cell wall structure, or on the wood particle surface. Due to the structure and the functionality of the silanes it was expected that the silane treated wood particles are able to improve the mechanical properties. It was shown that the silanes had no significant effect as compatibilizer or coupling agent. The mechanical properties strongly increase with the usage of coupling agent. Both coupling agents were based on maleic acid anhydride grafted on a polymer backbone, whereas Type I reaches an optimum regarding the mechanical properties at 3%, the coupling agent Type II still improves the mechanical properties up to a ratio of 4.5% with no clear optimum. The silane pretreatment influences the improvement not significantly, compare to the improvement caused by the coupling agent. The used wood particles showed mechanical degradation during the compounding process. The biggest degradation was monitored for the wood particles of Lignocel® Type 9. Due to its fine structure it can be assumed that the Arbocel® C100 wood particles consist of only cell wall fragments of the wooden cell wall, which express a better resistance against mechanical destruction during the process. The Wood Polymer Composites showed a lower decay rate compared to solid wood. The moisture content within the Wood Polymer Composite samples ranges at the low optimum level for fungi attack and were not significantly improved by an accelerated wetting before the test. The core remains relatively dry. The main protection seems to come from the encapsulation by the polymer. The weathered Wood Polymer Composite samples showed a strong color change within a relatively short period of exposure. The color changed independently from the silane type or the silane ratio. Also an increase of cracks and gaps on the sample surface was observed compared to the unexposed sample and the pure polymer reference.

Download or read book Bioenergy from Dendromass for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas written by David Butler Manning and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-17 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the results of two bioenergy research initiatives in Germany, this reference examines the sustainable management of wood biomass in rural areas. The large number of participating organizations and research institutes ensures a balanced and unbiased view on the potentials and risks is presented, taking into account economic, ecological, and social aspects. Most of the results reported are available here for the first time in English and have been collated in central Europe, but are equally applicable to other temperate regions. They highlight best practices for enhancing dendromass potential and productivity, while discussing the implications on rural economies and ecosystems.

Download or read book Wood Polymer Composites written by K O Niska and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-05-29 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood-polymer composites (WPC) are materials in which wood is impregnated with monomers that are then polymerised in the wood to tailor the material for special applications. The resulting properties of these materials, from lightness and enhanced mechanical properties to greater sustainability, has meant a growing number of applications in such areas as building, construction and automotive engineering. This important book reviews the manufacture of wood-polymer composites, how their properties can be assessed and improved and their range of uses.After an introductory chapter, the book reviews key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials, manufacturing technologies and interactions between wood and synthetic polymers. Building on this foundation, the following group of chapters discusses mechanical and other properties such as durability, creep behaviour and processing performance. The book concludes by looking at orientated wood-polymer composites, wood-polymer composite foams, at ways of assessing performance and at the range of current and future applications.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Wood-polymer composites is a valuable reference for all those using and studying these important materials. - Provides a comprehensive survey of major new developments in wood-polymer composites - Reviews the key aspects of manufacture, including raw materials and manufacturing technologies - Discusses properties such as durability, creep behaviour and processing performance

Download or read book Influence of Wood Modification on the Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride based Wood Polymer Composites WPC written by Marcus Müller and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2012-07-11 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract The study investigated the influences of wood modification on the properties of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based Wood Polymer Composites (WPC). Various ethanolamines, L-arginine, pre-hydrolyzed and monomeric aminosilane, melamine and acetic anhydride treatment were used to improve the adhesion between wood and polymer as well as water absorption behavior and resistance to basidiomycetes. Amine based treatments were chosen to change the nature of wood from acidic to basic in order to increase the compatibility with the acidic polymer. Treated and untreated wood flour, PVC and additives were dry blended in a mixer. The dry blend was compounded to granulate by counter-rotating twin screw extrusion and compression moulded into panels using a hydraulic press. Elemental analysis (nitrogen content) via gas chromatography showed expected fixation of aminosilane and melamine treatment. The nitrogen fixation of ethanolamine and L-arginine treated material were obviously reduced, whereas the amount and reactivity of the aminogroups influenced the fixation behavior. With increasing content of amino-groups and reactivity, the fixation was improved. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses revealed interactions between monoethanolamine and cell wall components. The amine based treatments changed the nature of wood from acidic to basic. An improvement of the interphase was detected via mechanical property testing. Tensile strength, elongation at break and unnotched impact strength of the composite were obviously increased by Larginine, ethanolamine and aminosilane treatments. It has to be considered that amine based treatments (monoethanolamine in this study) led to reduced thermal stability of the composite. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a decrease of onset temperature with increasing monoethanolamine content. Water repellence of the composite was improved by melamine, pre-hydrolyzed aminosilane and acetic acid treatment. Treated and untreated composites revealed high resistance against basidiomycetes. Due to the low initial moisture content and low weight loss of untreated and treated composites, no effect of the various modifications was distinguished. In general it is possible to treat/modify PVC/wood flour composites with used processing and chemical agents. Amine based treatments indicate an improved adhesion between wood and polymer and can be used as coupling agents. Acetic anhydride, melamine and prehydrolyzed aminosilane treatments improved water absorption behavior. Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Auswirkungen verschiedener Holzmodifizierungen auf die Eigenschaften von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) basierten Holz-Kunststoff Kompositen untersucht. Der Fokus lag dabei auf Verbesserung der Interphase zwischen Holz und Polymer, sowie einer Reduktion der Wasseraufnahme und einer Erhöhung der biologischen Dauerhaftigkeit des Komposits. Als Modifizierungschemikalien wurden Ethanolamine (Mono-, Di-, Triethanolamin), L-Arginin, Aminosilane, Melamin und Essigsäureanhydrid verwendet. Die eingesetzten Aminosilane unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Molekülgröße vor der Behandlung (Monomer, vor-hydrolisiert). Amin basierte Chemikalien wurden ausgewählt, um die Ladungseigenschaften des Holzes zu verändern. Eine bessere Kompatibilität zwischen dem sauren Polymer und der basisch modifizierten Holzoberfläche sollte dementsprechend erreicht werden. Das behandelte und unbehandelte Holzmehl wurde mit dem PVC und ausgewählten Additiven im Heiz-Kühl Mischer zu einem Trockengemisch verarbeitet. Das Trockengemisch wurde in einem gegenläufigen Doppelschneckenextruder granuliert und anschließend im Heißpressverfahren zu Platten gepresst. Mittels einer gaschromatischen Elementaranalyse wurde der Stickstoffgehalt der Holzmehlproben ermittelt, um Aussagen über die Fixierung der jeweiligen Chemikalie treffen zu können. Aminosilan und Melamin behandelte Proben zeigten die erwarteten Fixierungswerte. Die Stickstofffixierung der Ethanolamin und L-Arginin behandelten Proben war im Vergleich dazu deutlich reduziert. Allerdings wurde beobachtet, dass mit steigender Aminogruppenanzahl und Reaktivität auch die Fixierung zunahm. In Fourier Transform Infrarot (FTIR) Analysen wurden Interaktionen zwischen Monoethanolamin und den chemischen Zellwandkomponenten beobachtet. Zudem führte die Behandlung mit Aminosilanen, Ethanolaminen und dem L-Arginin zu einer pH-Wert Verschiebung. Die behandelten Proben besaßen basische Eigenschaften. Eine Verbesserung der Interphase wurde nach der Durchführung mechanischer Eigenschaftsprüfungen gemessen. Die Zugfestigkeit, Bruchdehnung und Schlagzähigkeit der Komposite wurden deutlich erhöht, wenn das Holzmehl zuvor mit Aminosilanen, Ethanolaminen oder L-Arginin behandelt wurde. Allerdings wurde die thermische Stabilität des Komposits durch die Behandlung (Monoethanolamin) herabgesetzt. Thermogravimetrische Analysen (TGA) zeigten eine reduzierte Zersetzungstemperatur mit steigendem Monoethanolamingehalt. Die Behandlung mit Essigsäureanhydrid und Melamin führte zu einer Verringerung der Wasseraufnahmegeschwindigkeit, sowie zu einer Reduzierung der maximalen Materialfeuchte. Bezüglich der verwendeten Aminosilane wurde nur bei der vor-hydrolisierten Variante eine Verbesserung des Wasseraufnahmeverhaltens beobachtet. Alle Komposite wiesen eine hohe Resistenz gegenüber Basidiomyceten auf. Aufgrund der niedrigen Feuchtegehalte vor Versuchsbeginn und den geringen Masseverlusten wurden keine Effekte der jeweiligen Behandlung festgesellt. Prinzipiell ist es möglich mit den verwendeten Chemikalien und Verarbeitungsverfahren Modifizierungen an PVC basierten Holz-Kunststoff Kompositen durchzuführen. Amin basierte Behandlungen zeigten eine erhöhte Kompatibilität mit dem Polymer, womit sie grundsätzlich als Haftvermittler eingesetzt werden können. Zudem wurde das Wasseraufnahmeverhalten der Komposite durch die Behandlung mit Essigsäureanhydrid, Melamin und vorhydrolisiertem Aminosilan positiv beeinflusst.

Download or read book Wood Polymer Composites written by Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-27 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the different topics of wood polymer composite materials mainly synthesis methods for the composite materials, various characterization techniques to study the superior properties and insights on potential advanced applications. It also discusses the chemistry, fabrication process, properties, applications, recycling and life cycle assessment of wood polymer composites. This is a useful reference source for both engineers and researchers working in composite materials science as well as the students attending materials science, physics, chemistry and engineering courses.

Download or read book Structure and Properties of Wood Polymer Composites WPC written by Alexander Askadskii and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-03-05 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At present, the use of polymer composites filled with wood (WPC) is becoming increasingly popular. In particular, flooring of terraced premises, siding, decorative fences, fence systems, steps, universal profiles, among others are made from WPC. In 1977, the first enterprise for the production of WPC appeared in Sweden. The first experience was not very successful – the demand turned out to be low, and the wear of technological equipment was very high. Therefore, developments in this field were resumed only in the 1990s and continue to this day. This book describes the basic physical and mechanical properties of modern WPC, such as tensile and compression strength, and hardness. Also, the influence of climatic factors on the performance properties of products from WPC is described, while the thermal and rheological properties of WPC materials are considered, which directly affect the consumer characteristics of the products. The book contains theoretical developments related to the prediction of the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers and composites. The Van der Waals volume and the energy of the intermolecular interaction are estimated. This book will be of interest to representatives of the WPC market, designers, and architects, as well as technology engineers, students and post-graduate students of higher educational institutions in the fields of chemistry and physics of composite polymer materials.

Download or read book Advances in Manufacturing Technology written by Somashekhar S. Hiremath and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-17 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume comprises select papers presented at the International Conference on Advances in Manufacturing Technology (ICAMT 2018). It includes contributions from different researchers and practitioners working in the field of advanced manufacturing technology. This book covers diverse topics of contemporary manufacturing technology including material processes, machine tools, cutting tools, robotics and automation, manufacturing systems, optimization technologies, 3D scanning and re-engineering, and 3D printing. Computer applications in design, analysis, and simulation tools for solving manufacturing problems at various levels starting from material designs to complex manufacturing systems are also discussed. This book will be useful for students, researchers, and practitioners working in the field of manufacturing technology.

Download or read book Enhancement of Interfacial Properties Through Surface Modification in Poly lactic Acid Wood flour Composites written by Eustathios Petinakis and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to develop filled polymer composites and blends from sustainable resources, the primary objective that needs to be considered is the nature of the interface between the natural filler and the polymer matrix. A fundamental understanding of filler-filler interactions and the filler-matrix interface is critical to the design and manufacture of biopolymer composite materials and the interfacial properties of such materials. The improvements achieved can lead to increase market share of such materials in more demanding applications. The early part of this thesis focuses on the efficacy of lignocellulosic fillers like wood-flour as a low-cost filler in Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) wood-flour biocomposites. A primary emphasis is on evaluating the effect of wood-flour on the mechanical, impact and thermal performance of the resulting biocomposites. The early part of this thesis also investigates the role that surface modification can play in improving interfacial interactions between PLA and wood-flour.The hydrophilic nature of lignocellulosic fillers introduces challenges in developing biopolymer composites with superior mechanical and thermal performance. Hence, a critical part of materials design for developing biopolymer composites is to deploy surface modification strategies to overcome the hydrophilic nature of lignocellulosic fibres. The implementation of surface modification through a variety of wet and dry techniques and a combination of both, do not always lead to improvements in interfacial adhesion. This lack of effect is primarily attributed to the heterogeneous structure and variation in the chemical composition of lignocellulosic fibres, which can vary from species to species for different varieties of biomass sources. In order to address the technical challenges, this thesis focuses more closely on the role of surface modification. Initially, surface modification of the filler or polymer matrix is investigated and compared. In the middle chapters, the role of pre-treatment through chemical (alkaline) or physical processes (plasma) is conducted in conjunction with chemical treatment in order to evaluate the influence on the practical adhesion at a macro level. And finally, the influence of pre-treatment and chemical modification is assessed on a micro level for their effect on the PLA composites themselves.The interfacial properties of PLA/wood-flour composites were evaluated using two strategies: the first approach evaluated chemical modification of wood-flour using methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI), whilst the second strategy focused on the physical modification of PLA using polyethylene acrylic acid (PEAA) as an impact modifier. MDI was found to improve the interfacial adhesion between PLA and wood-flour and this was confirmed by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The analysis indicated that MDI was present at the interface between PLA and wood-flour but also distributed to some degree within the PLA matrix. In comparison, PEAA was found to lower the tensile strength of the biocomposites but increased the impact performance. The enhancement in impact performance was due to the formation of a separate phase observed within the PLA matrix, which comprised spherical domains. The presence of these domains impeded crack propagation, resulting in higher impact strength.The heterogeneous nature of lignocellulosic materials and their varying chemical composition, contribute to their reduced surface functionality. In an effort to promote increased surface functionality, a pre-treatment process was used in conjunction with chemical modification. A macro-scale method was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of silane modification performed in conjunction with alkaline pre-treatment on the surface chemical and physical characteristics of a model wood substrate. Three silanes with different chemical end groups were used to modify the surface of wood. PLA film was bonded to the model wood surface using a melt press and the level of practical adhesion was assessed by peel adhesion testing. Surface characterisation studies proved that alkaline pre-treatment and subsequent chemical modification with an amino silane produced the highest peel fracture energy following peel adhesion.The macro scale, peel adhesion method for evaluating the effectiveness of different surface modification techniques was used to assess the suitability of plasma techniques for modifying the surfaces of a model wood substrate. Surface treatment using plasma based techniques has the potential to be a more benign approach to activate the surfaces of lignocellulosic substrates. Low-pressure plasma treatment was conducted on pinewood veneers using a custom built 13.5 MHz Inductively Coupled Plasma Chamber. A dual plasma pre-treatment process that involved a combination of continuous wave and pulse mode was found to be more conducive to optimising surface active groups. The results of XPS analyses showed that plasma treatment based on a dual process was more effect than a single process plasma treatment due to the higher levels of oxygen relative to carbon (O/C) and O functional groups. The main peaks that proved the benefits of the dual plasma process was the higher atomic ratio of oxygen, which was attributed to a higher incidence of surface hydroxyl groups. Plasma treatment alone of the wood veneer produced a more homogeneous surface morphology, compared to unmodified wood veneer. The appearance of nano-like nodules were more even in height and furthermore, evenly distributed across the wood veneer surface. AFM was successfully used to define the surface morphology that was created following plasma treatment and chemical grafting using an amino silane and two polyethyleneimines with different molecular weight. AFM also showed that grafting with the amino silane did not alter the surface morphology. AFM phase imaging showed variations in PEI grafting onto plasma modified wood veneer. Peel adhesion studies showed that plasma pre-treatment combined with chemical modification (ex-situ) lead to significant enhancements in the fracture energies of wood-PLA laminates that were superior to those following low-pressure plasma treatment alone. The findings of the macro scale studies were used to prepare PLA based composites and evaluate the effect on the mechanical and thermal performance. PLA biocomposites were produced from wood-flour subjected to pre-treatment using alkaline treatment or low-pressure plasma and then chemically modified (ex-situ) using an amino silane and two polyethyleneimines. A micro extruder was used to compound PLA wood-flour formulations and mini injection moulder was used to prepare sample test bars. The results of mechanical testing showed that pre-treatment using a low-pressure plasma dual process (CW+P) combined with chemical modification (ex-situ) produced composites with enhancements in the flexural and impact properties of the resulting composites. Low-pressure plasma treatment of wood-flour alone did not enhance the mechanical and impact performance, compared to untreated wood-flour and wood-flour subjected to alkaline treatment. DMA testing also showed the benefits of using low-pressure plasma treatment combined with chemical treatment, due to enhanced interfacial properties of the resulting biocomposites. Low-pressure plasma treatment of lignocellulosic fibre/fillers is a useful approach and an alternative to more conventional chemical pre-treatment processes including alkaline treatment.

Download or read book Natural Fiber Textile Composite Engineering written by Magdi El Messiry and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Fiber Textile Composite Engineering sheds light on the area of the natural fiber textile composites with new research on their applications, the material used, the methods of preparation, the different types of polymers, the selection of raw materials, the elements of design the natural fiber textile polymer composites for a particular end use, their manufacturing techniques, and finally their life cycle assessments (LCA). The volume also addresses the important issue in the materials science of how to utilize natural fibers as an enhancement to composite materials. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been proven to provide a combination of superior mechanical property, dielectric property, and environmental advantages such as renewability and biodegradability. Natural fibers, some from agricultural waste products, can replace existing metallic and plastic parts and help to alleviate the environmental problem of increasing amounts of agriculture residual. The book is divided into four sections, covering: applications of natural fiber polymer composites design of natural fiber polymer composites composite manufacturing techniques and agriculture waste manufacturing composite material testing methods The first section of the book deals with the application of textile composites in the industry and the properties of the natural fibers, providing an understanding of the history of natural fiber composites as well as an analysis of the different properties of different natural fibers. The second section goes on to explain the textile composites, their classification, different composite manufacturing techniques, and the different pretreatment methods for the natural fibers to be used in composite formation. It also analyzes the composite material design under different types of loading and the mechanism of failure of the natural fiber composite. The effect of the fiber volume fraction of different textile structures is explained. The third section of the book, on composite manufacturing techniques and agriculture waste manufacturing, concerns the natural fiber composite manufacturing techniques, agricultural waste, and the methods of their preparation to be used successfully in the composite, either in the form of fibers particles or nanoparticles. The book then considers the testing methods of the different composite components as well as the final composite materials, giving the principle of the testing standards, either distractive or nondestructive. This book attempts to fill the gap between the role of the textile engineer and the role of the designer of composites from natural fibers. It provides important information on the application of textile composites for textile engineers, materials engineers, and researchers in the area of composite materials.

Download or read book Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives Volume 4 written by K. L. Mittal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-01 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A solid collection of interdisciplinary review articles on the latest developments in adhesion science and adhesives technology With the ever-increasing amount of research being published, it is a Herculean task to be fully conversant with the latest research developments in any field, and the arena of adhesion and adhesives is no exception. Thus, topical review articles provide an alternate and very efficient way to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art in many subjects representing the field of adhesion science and adhesives. Based on the success of the preceding volumes in this series "Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives"), the present volume comprises 9 review articles published in Volume 6 (2018) of Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives. The subject of these reviews fall into the following general areas: 1. Adhesion to wood and wood bonds 2. Adhesive joints 3. Adhesion in microelectronic packaging 4. Surface modification 5. Contact angle, wettability and surface free energy. The topics covered include: Adhesion phenomena in microelectronic packaging; adhesives for wood and lignocellulosic materials; adhesion to wood and lignocellulosic materials; adhesively bonded lap joints having bi-adhesive and modulus-graded bondlines; adhesion between compounded elastomers; applications of contact angle measurements in pharmaceuticals and foods; oxygen or ammonia plasma treatment of polyolefin surfaces; surface free energy determination of powders and particles; wood bonds; and dispersion adhesion forces between macroscopic objects.

Download or read book Epoxy Composites written by Debdatta Ratna and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2007-08 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers written by A. K. Bledzki and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines the different fibre types available and the current research. The authors have cited several hundred references to the latest work on properties, processing and applications. The different methods of fibre pretreatment are examined, together with fibre properties, chemistry and applications. This review is accompanied by summaries of papers from the Rapra Polymer Library database.

Download or read book Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is part of a two-volume book series that exhaustively reviews the key recent research into nanoclay reinforced polymer composites. This second volume focuses on nanoclay based nanocomposites and bionanocomposites fabrication, characterization and applications. This includes classification of nanoclay, chemical modification and processing techniques of nanocomposites. The book also provides comprehensive information about nanoclay modification and functionalization; modification of nanoclay systems, geological and mineralogical research on clays suitability; bio-nanocomposites based on nanoclays; modelling of mechanical behaviour of halloysite based composites; mechanical and thermal properties of halloysite nanocomposites; the effect of Nanoclays on gas barrier properties of polymers and modified nanocomposites. This book is a valuable reference guide for academics and industrial practitioners alike.

Download or read book Wood Modification written by Callum A. S. Hill and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-02-06 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is exclusively concerned with wood modification, although many of these processes are generic and can be applied to other lignocellulosic materials. There have been many rapid developments in wood modification over the past decade and, in particular, there has been considerable progress made in the commercialisation of technologies. Topics covered include: The use of timber in the 21st century Modifying the properties of wood Chemical modification of wood: Acetic Anhydride Modification and reaction with other chemicals Thermal modification of wood Surface modification Impregnation modification Commercialisation of wood modification Environmental consideration and future developments This is the first time that a book has covered all wood modification technologies in one text. Although the book covers the main research developments in wood modification, it also puts wood modification into context and additionally deals with aspects of commercialisation and environmental impact. This book is very timely, because wood modification is undergoing huge developments at the present time, driven in part by environmental concerns regarding the use of wood treated with certain preservatives. There has been considerable commercial interest shown in wood modification over the past decade, with products based upon thermal modification, and furfurylation now being actively being marketed. The next few years will see the commercialisation of acetylation and impregnation modification. This is a new industry, but one that has enormous potential. This book will prove useful to all those with an interest in wood modification including researchers, technologists and professionals working in wood science and timber engineering, wood preservation, and well as professionals in the paper and pulp industries, and those with an interest in the development of renewable materials.

Download or read book Tribology of Natural Fiber Polymer Composites written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-10-14 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental concerns are driving demand for bio-degradable materials such as plant-based natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. These composites are fast replacing conventional materials in many applications, especially in automobiles, where tribology (friction, lubrication and wear) is important. This book covers the availability and processing of natural fiber polymer composites and their structural, thermal, mechanical and, in particular, tribological properties. Chapter 1 discusses sources of natural fibers, their extraction and surface modification. It also reviews the thermal, structural, mechanical, spectroscopic and morphological properties of unmodified and chemically modified natural fibers such as sisal, jute, wood, bamboo and cotton together with their potential applications. Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the tribology of polymer composites and the role of fiber reinforcement and fillers in modifying their tribological properties. Further chapters discuss the chemical composition, physical structure, mechanical properties and tribological behaviour of polymer composites reinforced with sisal, jute, cotton and bamboo fibers. The tribological behaviour of wood polymer composites (WPCs) is also discussed. Tribology of natural fibre polymer composites is a useful reference guide for engineers, scientific and technical personnel involved in the development of natural fiber composites. In particular it will give an insight into mechanical properties and failure mechanisms in situations where wear, lubrication and friction are a problem. Examines the availability and processing of natural fiber composites and their structural, thermal, mechanical and tribological properties Explores sources of natural fibers, their extraction and surface modification as well as properties of chemically modified natural fibers Provides an overview of the tribology of polymer composites and the role of fiber reinforcement and filters in modifying tribological composites

Download or read book Starch Based Materials in Food Packaging written by Silvia Elena Barbosa and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-06-14 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Starch-Based Materials in Food Packaging: Processing, Characterization and Applications comprises an experimental approach related to the processing and characterization of biopolymers derived from different starches. The book includes fundamental knowledge and practical applications, and it also covers valuable experimental case studies. The book not only provides a comprehensive overview concerning biodegradable polymers, but also supplies the new trends in their applications in food packaging. The book is focused toward an ecological proposal to partially replace synthetics polymers arising from non-renewable sources for specific applications. This tender implies the protection of natural resources. Thus, the use of starch as feedstock to develop biodegradable materials is a good and promissory alternative. With the contributions and collaboration of experts in the development and study of starch based materials, this book demonstrates the versatility of this polysaccharide and its potential use. - Brings the latest advances in the development of biomaterials from different starches, applying several technologies at laboratory and semi-industrial scales - Examines the effect of formulations and processing conditions on structural and final properties of starch-based materials (blends and composites) - Discusses the potential applications of starch materials in different fields, especially in food packaging - Includes chapters on active and intelligent food packages