Download or read book Implementing programme based budgeting in Ghana s health sector written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assesses the status of the implementation of this transition to programme-based budgeting (PBB) in the health sector in Ghana. It examines the impact of this change in terms of how funds are budgeted, allocated, used and accounted for across the sector. Ultimately, this analysis considers the linkages of PBB with sector goals and objectives, and how implementation can be improved for greater impact. The study finds that while PBB has helped to consolidate activities and infuse greater performance orientation into the budgeting process, many challenges remain. In particular, the continued dominance of input-based, line items, particularly below the central-level, constrain flexibility and the ability to coordinate activities across departments or disease programmes in the health sector. This degree of inflexibility goes to the lowest level of the health system, with input-based budget ceilings set for the more than 500 budget management centres in the sector, and is driven in part by the large share of the health budget that is dedicated to salaries and wages. The potential benefits of PBB in terms of joint budgeting across health programmes and inputs has not yet been taken advantage of, which contributes to inefficiencies across the sector. Furthermore, while performance indicators have been established, they are not systematically tracked or used in allocation decisions. As Ghana looks to future reforms in the health sector, continued budget reform can be an effective enabler of changes to health financing and overall service delivery in Ghana.
Download or read book Decentralization and Governance in the Ghana Health Sector written by Bernard F Couttolenc and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-06-29 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, many countries, both developed and developing, have engaged in a process of decentralization of health service delivery and/or other functions of the health system. In most cases, decentralization has been adopted to improve accountability to local population, efficiency in service provision, equity in access and resource distribution, or to increase resource mobilization. Ghana has a long history of local government, going back to pre-independence times of the nineteenth century. By 1859 Municipal Councils were established in the major coastal towns of the then Gold Coast. Native Authorities, Councils and Courts were also established to administer law and order under the indirect authority of the colonial government; the limitations of this system was repeatedly put forward in the 1930s and 1940s, and reforms were introduced in 1951 by the Local Government Ordinance (Ahwoi 2010). The government has embarked in a decentralization policy since independence, which was strengthened and amplified by the local government act of 1993 and other legislations. At the present the Government of Ghana (GOG) is committed to strengthen the implementation of decentralization and for that purpose revise and strengthen the policy and regulatory framework governing decentralization. In spite of this long history and successive waves of decentralization reforms, effective decentralization in the country still faces considerable challenges, especially in large social sectors involving large structures. The public health sector is one that has not fully embraced the decentralization model adopted by the GOG, decentralization by devolution to the districts, for a number of reasons that will be discussed in this report. Some functions and responsibilities have been decentralized, but others remain centralized or simply deconcentrated.
Download or read book Ownership Gaps in Implementing Performance Based Program Budgeting in Ghana and Cameroon written by Catherine Difoum Nkongo and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines reform ownership as a specific pointer to the reform implementation trajectory in two Sub-Sahara African (SSA) countries. Since the 2005 Paris Conference during which ownership was laid down as a principle entrusted on aid-recipient countries' governments, in order to improve the effectiveness of official development assistance (ODA), only few studies have actually explored this phenomenon. Besides, research on public sector reforms (PSR) in SSA show that the implementation phase is the most challenging. Indeed, among the hurdles to efficient and effective implementation is the issue of reform ownership-an issue that is repeatedly brought up in the field of International Development. However, this study suggests a specific Public Administration perspective, which indirectly implies many levels of policy learning processes, trials and errors, as well as routine or daily operations. Furthermore, although authors agree in recognizing the importance of ownership in successful PSR, they do not agree either on the methods of evaluation or on the most suitable way of constructing, or rather enhancing, ownership. Still, many SSA countries heavily depend on external funding and aid subsidies but are called to develop their own homegrown policies as well as their reform strategies, in order to build a "best fit" model. So how do these countries reconcile financial dependence with endogenous reform approaches? I argue in this study that reform strategy, unlike the technical package of the reform policy, is a deliberate choice of each SSA government. Consequently, through the reform approach, there is room for enhancing reform ownership. This study therefore compares the experiences of performance-based program budgeting (PB2) in Ghana and Cameroon, to demonstrate an upward and inside perspective of reform ownership, derived from the analysis of its implementation process, as opposed to the donor-driven perception. For instance, Public Financial Management (PFM) models proliferate but mostly focus on institutional arrangements and results rather than how these reforms are executed and conducted and, consequently, how reform ownership happens. As a result, analysis of the implementation process-in other words, the concrete policy execution, organizational settings, and actors' behaviors-remain largely overlooked, as African public managers, who are generally at the frontline of the management and execution of these reforms, are often absent from theoretical conversations. Therefore, the main research question stands as follow: How does reform ownership impact the nature, extent and outcome of PB2 reforms in Ghana and Cameroon? This thesis assesses the issue of reform ownership through two dimensions: (1) the steering phase of the reform policy (implementation design) and (2) the execution of the reform, throughout the budget cycle and within three line ministries (health, education, and agriculture). From this twofold perspective and primary data, this study presents a more holistic analysis grounded in critical realism and inspired by both actor-centered institutionalism and implementation theories. It also proposes another approach to PB2 termed here the ownership trajectory approach (OTA), which provides both theoretical and empirical contributions to the analysis and execution of public sector reforms in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, this dissertation suggests that the traditional notion of "implementation gaps" should be supplemented with the concept of "ownership gaps," as reforms inspired by the New Public Management ideology have taken a methodological turn in developing countries.
Download or read book Health Financing in Ghana written by George Schieber and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-08-30 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume analyzes Ghana s National Health Insurance Scheme and highlights the range of policy options needed to assure its financially sustainable transition to universal coverage.
Download or read book Implementing Health Swap in Mongolia written by Anar Ulikpan and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: Distinction, University of Leeds (Nuffield), language: English, abstract: This dissertation intends to contribute to improving sector-wide management and aid coordination in health. The dissertation objectives are: 1. To review the key issues related to sectoral management and aid coordination in the Mongolian health sector 2. To examine different frameworks and international experiences in implementing SWAp 3. To appraise likely options for implementing health SWAp in Mongolia 4. To propose a Road map to initiate the implementation of a SWAp in Mongolia
Download or read book Strategizing National Health in the 21st Century written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook was designed to provide up-to-date and practical guidance on national health planning and strategizing for health. It establishes a set of best practices to support strategic plans for health and represents the wealth of experience accumulated by WHO on national health policies, strategies, and plans (NHPSPs). WHO has been one of the leading organizations to support countries in the development of NHPSPs. The focus on improving plans has grown in recent years in recognition of the benefits of anchoring a strong national health sector in a written vision based on participation, analysis, and evidence.
Download or read book Implementing the Primary Health Care approach a primer written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2024-05-15 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Primer is about the 'how' of primary health care (PHC) and brings together best practices and knowledge that countries have generated through 'natural experiments' in strengthening PHC with the best available research evidence. Despite the progress made towards PHC globally, the concept is still often misunderstood, even within the public health community. The Primer offers a contemporary understanding of PHC and more conceptual clarity for strengthening PHC-oriented health systems. It does so by consolidating both scientific evidence and an extensive sample of practical experiences across countries for the needed evidence to address practical implementation issues. The Primer is organized in three parts. Part I explains the PHC approach, its history, core concepts and rationale, and draws out lessons for transformation. Part II addresses operational and strategic levers that make PHC work. It covers governance, financing and human resources for health, medicines, health technology, infrastructure and digital health, and their role in implementing change. Part III concludes with a cross-cutting view of the impacts of PHC on the health system, efficiency, quality of care, equity, access, financial protection and health systems resilience, including in the face of climate change.
Download or read book The Health Sector in Ghana written by Karima Saleh and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-12-27 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume analyzes Ghana s health system performance and highlights the range of policy options needed to improve health system performance and health outcomes.
Download or read book Implementation Research in Health written by David H. Peters and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in implementation research is growing, largely in recognition of the contribution it can make to maximizing the beneficial impact of health interventions. As a relatively new and, until recently, rather neglected field within the health sector, implementation research is something of an unknown quantity for many. There is therefore a need for greater clarity about what exactly implementation research is, and what it can offer. This Guide is designed to provide that clarity. Intended to support those conducting implementation research, those with responsibility for implementing programs, and those who have an interest in both, the Guide provides an introduction to basic implementation research concepts and language, briefly outlines what it involves, and describes the many opportunities that it presents. The main aim of the Guide is to boost implementation research capacity as well as demand for implementation research that is aligned with need, and that is of particular relevance to health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Research on implementation requires the engagement of diverse stakeholders and multiple disciplines in order to address the complex implementation challenges they face. For this reason, the Guide is intended for a variety of actors who contribute to and/or are impacted by implementation research. This includes the decision-makers responsible for designing policies and managing programs whose decisions shape implementation and scale-up processes, as well as the practitioners and front-line workers who ultimately implement these decisions along with researchers from different disciplines who bring expertise in systematically collecting and analyzing information to inform implementation questions. The opening chapters (1-4) make the case for why implementation research is important to decision-making. They offer a workable definition of implementation research and illustrate the relevance of research to problems that are often considered to be simply administrative and provide examples of how such problems can be framed as implementation research questions. The early chapters also deal with the conduct of implementation research, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and discussing the role of implementers in the planning and designing of studies, the collection and analysis of data, as well as in the dissemination and use of results. The second half of the Guide (5-7) detail the various methods and study designs that can be used to carry out implementation research, and, using examples, illustrates the application of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method designs to answer complex questions related to implementation and scale-up. It offers guidance on conceptualizing an implementation research study from the identification of the problem, development of research questions, identification of implementation outcomes and variables, as well as the selection of the study design and methods while also addressing important questions of rigor.
Download or read book Health financing for the COVID 19 response written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-07-28 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Going Universal written by Daniel Cotlear and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about 24 developing countries that have embarked on the journey towards universal health coverage (UHC) following a bottom-up approach, with a special focus on the poor and vulnerable, through a systematic data collection that provides practical insights to policymakers and practitioners. Each of the UHC programs analyzed in this book is seeking to overcome the legacy of inequality by tackling both a “financing gap†? and a “provision gap†?: the financing gap (or lower per capita spending on the poor) by spending additional resources in a pro-poor way; the provision gap (or underperformance of service delivery for the poor) by expanding supply and changing incentives in a variety of ways. The prevailing view seems to indicate that UHC require not just more money, but also a focus on changing the rules of the game for spending health system resources. The book does not attempt to identify best practices, but rather aims to help policy makers understand the options they face, and help develop a new operational research agenda. The main chapters are focused on providing a granular understanding of policy design, while the appendixes offer a systematic review of the literature attempting to evaluate UHC program impact on access to services, on financial protection, and on health outcomes.
Download or read book Financing Health Services in Developing Countries written by John S. Akin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1987-01-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses several different approaches that support reforming health care services in developing countries. For some time now, health care services have been supported by government funds. As demands for improving health care services continue to increase additional demands will be placed on governments to respond. This, however, will not be easy. Slow economic growth and record budget deficits in the 1980's have forced reductions in public spending. Alternative approaches to finance health care services are needed. Such possible changes could involve: decentralization of federal government involvement; the promotion of nongovernment involvement; the imposition of user fees; and, establishing health insurance. Finally, the role of the Bank in pursuing new financing strategies is discussed.
Download or read book Health Financing Policy written by Cheryl Cashin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global movement toward universal health coverage (UHC) is accompanied by requests for large increases in government health spending in some countries. This combined with the global economic situation and stagnant economic growth across many low- and middle-income countries make it more critical than ever to place health financing discussions firmly in the context of macroeconomic and fiscal realities. Unfortunately, there is often a disconnect in decision making, with key fiscal decisions made in the absence of a clear understanding on the one hand of the potential consequences for the health sector, and on the other, the consequences for the country’s macroeconomic and fiscal position of increasing or reallocating government spending. Constructive health financing policy dialogue aims to reach a common understanding between health sector leaders and central budget authorities about policy objectives for the health sector and the resources needed to achieve those objectives, how much priority will be given to health in the government budget, and how the health sector will be held accountable for using funds effectively. This common understanding should be built on a realistic picture of the country’s macroeconomic and fiscal context, the constraints and competing priorities in the budget-setting process. When ministries of health and ministries of finance have a common understanding of macroeconomic and fiscal constraints, discussions can focus productively on using funds within the potential health resource envelope in the most effective way to achieve health system objectives. This guidance note outlines the key components of the macroeconomic, fiscal, and public financial management context that need to be considered for an informed health financing discussion at the country level. The guidance note is organized around four sets of questions that are key to placing the health financing dialogue in the context of a country’s macroeconomic and fiscal context. Each section points to measures, resources, and analytical tools that are available to assist in answering these questions for a specific country. The guidance note draws on case studies from 11 countries moving toward or sustaining universal health coverage conducted as part of the Japan†“World Bank Partnership Program on UHC as well as from other country examples.
Download or read book Global report on neglected tropical diseases 2023 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-01-30 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Global report on neglected tropical diseases 2023 provides a consolidated, up-to-date assessment of progress towards control, elimination and eradication of 20 diseases and disease groups (NTDs) globally, regionally and nationally. Progress is reported in the context of global commitments, strategies and targets set in the NTD road map 2021-2030. The document covers the first two years of implementation of the road map (2021 and 2022). The information presented is based primarily on epidemiological and programmatic data for interventions conducted in 2021 and gathered in 2022, but the report also describes a wide range of activities and accomplishments that were registered in both 2021 and 2022; comparisons are often made against 2020 and 2019 data, especially with regard to COVID-19 disruptions. It has four sections: Section 1 is an introduction. Section 2 presents the status of the global NTD response. Section 3 charts progress and developments against the three road map pillars. Section 4 sets out priority actions for 2023 and beyond to sustain implementation of the road map and its companion documents. Five annexes to the report provide information for 2021–2022 on regional progress (Annex 1), Weekly Epidemiology Record articles on NTDs (Annex 2), progress and challenges by disease (Annex 3), diagnostic target product profiles (Annex 4) and the status of commitments for donated medicines and health products (Annex 5).
Download or read book Ghana written by International Monetary Fund. African Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-07-11 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework (MTNDPF) 2022-2025 seeks to operationalize Article 36, Clause 1 of Ghana’s 1992 constitution, which enjoins Government to ensure that the national economy is managed efficiently to maximize the welfare of the citizenry. It was prepared with broad-based stakeholder participation including the use of cross-sectoral planning groups (CSPGs) as enjoined by article 15 of the National Development Planning Commission Act, 1994 (Act 479). Public consultations were also undertaken across the country, including engagement with parliament and the presidency. It was finally approved by the Commission following approval from the presidency and presented to Parliament.
Download or read book Business America written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes articles on international business opportunities.
Download or read book Annual Report to the President and to the Congress for Fiscal Year written by National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
