Download or read book Immunological Studies on Protein Biosynthesis written by Hiroshi Inouye and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Immunobiology of Proteins and Peptides I written by M. Zouhair Atassi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the central questions in immunology is the understanding in molecular terms of antigen-antibody interactions and of the cellu lar recognition of antigens. It is hoped that this understanding will extend eventually to the immunobiological basis of host defense to infectious agents and of tissue damage or deranged cell functions which stem from these reactions. A variety of natural and artificial substances have been used as models for these studies. Emphasis was placed upon substances of known and relatively uncomplicated chemical structures. These included polysaccharides, amino acid polymers, nu cleic acids and haptens. On the other hand. until recently there has been very little information on protein antigens. The complexity of these molecules posed an immense chemical obstacle to precise immuno chemical analysis. Indeed, it is this difficulty with proteins that spurred the synthesis and immunological studies of amino acid poly mers. The control and normal regulation of the immune system at the cellular-molecular interface and the great majority of antigens asso ciated with immune disorders are attributed to protein molecules. In the last few years great advances have been made in the analysis and synthesis of the antigenic sites of some proteins. The entire antigenic structures of myoglobin and lysozyme and the partial anti genic structures of several other proteins have been determined. Moreover, in the past seven years several biological responses resulting from the reactions of proteins and their peptides with cells of the immune system were described.

Download or read book Nucleic Acids in Immunology written by O. J. Plescia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two fields have played a leading role in biomedical research in recent years, the biochemistry of nucleic acids and immunology. Yet, with the exception of those aspects which have been concerned with antibody synthesis as an example of protein synthesis, there was until recently a lack of direct association between the two fields. Until quite recently the antigenicity of nucleic acids was still in doubt and indeed represented a controversial subject. Also, the exact role of the various nucleic acids in various stages of antibody synthesis was uncertain. These skepticisms and uncertainties disappeared rapidly in the last few years. New experi mental approaches brought the realization that nucleic acids, under appropriate conditions, are indeed immunogenic, and that the resulting antibodies can furnish new tools for the exploration of the mplecular structure of the all-important family of nucleic acid molecules. ' At the same time, the recognition of the antigenicity of nucleic acids brought a new level of understanding to certain auto-immune diseases and pro vided new material for the exploration of the role of a carrier in immune responses. Side by side with this development was the almost explosive development of new experimental approaches and new ideas pertaining to the problem of antibody formation. Nucleic acids in their various forms were recognized as playing an expected major role in the activation of antibody-forming cells. Perhaps less to be expected was the role they can playas non-specific stimulators of antibody formation.

Download or read book Immunobiology of Proteins and Peptides I written by M Zouhair Atassi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cell of Immunoglobulin Synthesis written by Benvenuto Pernis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cells of Immunoglobulin Synthesis documents the proceedings of a symposium on ""Cells of Immunoglobulin Synthesis"" held at Arden House, on the Harriman Campus of Columbia University from June 9-11, 1978. The meeting was the third of the P & S Biomedical Sciences Symposia. Starting with the opening address on B lymphocyte differentiation and the tolerance problem, the remainder of the book presents the contributions made by researchers at the symposium. These contributions are organized into seven parts. Part I contains studies on immunoglobulin genes, messages, and molecules. Part II presents studies on cellular immunoglobulin production. Part III examines membrane immunoglobulins while Part IV focuses on immunoglobulins as regulatory molecules. Part V deals with lymphocyte hybrids. Part VI examines immunoglobulin idiotypes while Part VII contains papers on the ontogeny of immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells.

Download or read book Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology written by M. Cooper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Binding of various ligands (hormones, neurotransmitters, immunological stimuli) to membrane receptors induces the following changes: 1. Receptor redistribution (clustering, "capping") 2. Conformational changes that can be detected by fluorescent probes 3. Alteration in membrane fluidity (spin label and fluorescence polarization probes) 4. Changes in fluxes of ions and metabolites 5. Increased phospholipid turnover (especially of phosphatidyl inositol) 6. Activation of membrane-bound enzymes (adenyl cyclase, ATPase, transmethylases). Some of the early changes resulting from or associated with the binding (adsorption) of virions to the host cell membrane are of the same type. Adsorption of animal viruses to cells is the ftrst step in a chain of events resulting in the production of progeny virus on the one hand and in damage to cells and tissues on the other. In the classical studies of viral infection, cells are adsorbed with virus, usually for 60 min, and the changes induced by the virus in the host cell are recorded thereafter. In the past decade, more and more studies have been aimed at the events occurring in these ftrst 60 min of the so-called adsorption period. These studies deal with the nature of adsorption, e. g. , the ligand-receptor type of interaction between the virus and the cell membrane. Many receptors for viruses were identifted and so were the viral proteins which take part in adsorption.

Download or read book Contemporary Topics in Immunochemistry written by F. Inman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1897, Ehrlich suggested that natural preformed receptors from the surface of cells provided immunity to various chemical substances. Many years later, in 1940, Pauling proffered the concept that antibodies comprised a single poly peptide chain and that each end of the protein could form an antigen-binding site. Burnet tried to explain the diversity of antibody specificity by hypothesizing that it was cell-derived. These hypotheses probably have led to as much or more experimentation and discussion than any other of the many conjectures set forth to explain immunity on a molecular and cellular basis. Extensive investigations, initially stimulated by these propositions, proved Pauling's notion incorrect. In its demise, however, the multichain structure of the immunoglobulins was realized. In retrospect it be comes obvious that Ehrlich's idea, though not correct, was borne of amazing logic and cognition. Expansion of Burnet's theory seems to be occurring presently; much excitement is engendered by the finding of cell-bound immunoglobulin receptors. Ouring the preceding dozen years, immunochemists have accumulated enormous quantities of data. Though there is so much yet to be done, as a result of this research one may now discuss antigen-binding sites in relation to the protein's primary structure. There is even considerable understanding of the cellular assembly of some immunoglobulins. Entire books can be written about the chemistry of antigens and of complement.

Download or read book Biochemistry of Antibodies written by R. Nezlin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the history of immunology in the twentieth century is written, the decade of the 1960's will, in all probability, stand out as the period of greatest advance in the development of molecular immunology. It is appropriate and useful, therefore, that a schol arly and integrated presentation of this progress should be made available in English. The translation of Dr. Nezlin's "Biochem istry of Antibodies" from Russian admirably fulfills this need in the form of a scientific monograph directed to medical and biolog ical scientists. The appearance of this monograph also serves to emphasize the conceptual unification of diverse immunological phenomena which has emerged from progress in molecular immunology. This unity is a consequence of the key role played by the antibody mol ecule (either in solution or cell-bound) in every biological process properly described as immunological. Indeed, immunology as an independent natural science can be described as the study of the structure, interactions, and biosynthes is of the antibody molecule.

Download or read book Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology written by W. Arber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Studies on the Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Vaccinia Virus written by Michael Schrom and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.

Download or read book Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-05-13 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every aspect of immune function and host defense is dependent upon a proper supply and balance of nutrients. Severe malnutrition can cause significant alteration in immune response, but even subclinical deficits may be associated with an impaired immune response, and an increased risk of infection. Infectious diseases have accounted for more off-duty days during major wars than combat wounds or nonbattle injuries. Combined stressors may reduce the normal ability of soldiers to resist pathogens, increase their susceptibility to biological warfare agents, and reduce the effectiveness of vaccines intended to protect them. There is also a concern with the inappropriate use of dietary supplements. This book, one of a series, examines the impact of various types of stressors and the role of specific dietary nutrients in maintaining immune function of military personnel in the field. It reviews the impact of compromised nutrition status on immune function; the interaction of health, exercise, and stress (both physical and psychological) in immune function; and the role of nutritional supplements and newer biotechnology methods reported to enhance immune function. The first part of the book contains the committee's workshop summary and evaluation of ongoing research by Army scientists on immune status in special forces troops, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The rest of the book contains papers contributed by workshop speakers, grouped under such broad topics as an introduction to what is known about immune function, the assessment of immune function, the effect of nutrition, and the relation between the many and varied stresses encountered by military personnel and their effect on health.

Download or read book Studies of Immunological Reactions Using Chemical and Histochemical Techniques written by Hsieh-Fu Cheng and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Translating Inflammation written by Kevin Christopher Barry and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translating inflammation: characterization of host protein synthesis during bacterial infections by Kevin Christopher Barry Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Russell E. Vance, Chair The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. Innate immune receptors, termed pattern recognition receptors, are germline-encoded receptors that recognize conserved microbial products and activate an immune response. Examples of these microbial products, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are components of the bacterial outer membrane, such as lipopolysaccharide or bacterial lipoproteins, and microbe-derived nucleic acids. Importantly these molecular patterns are not just found on pathogens, but are also encoded by harmless commensal microbes as well. It has become clear in recent years that the innate immune system distinguishes pathogens from harmless commensals and preferentially responds to pathogens. It has been established that one mechanism by which the innate immune system makes this distinction is through the recognition of activities that are associated with the pathogenic lifestyle, termed patterns of pathogenesis, such as access to the host cytosol and microbial growth. Recently, translation inhibition induced by pathogenic microbes has been shown to be important for the induction of immune responses, and thus has been termed a novel pathogen-associated activity. Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' Disease. After inhalation of aerosolized bacteria, L. pneumophila can infect and replicate within lung alveolar macrophages. Intracellular replication of L. pneumophila in macrophages in vitro, and virulence of L. pneumophila in animal models, requires a Type IV secretion system (T4SS) called the Dot/Icm system, which secretes bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol. These effectors, greater than 270 of which have been identified, are believed to be critical for establishment of the Legionella-containing vacuole, the specialized membrane-bound intracellular compartment in which L. pneumophila replicates. In addition to its essential role in facilitating intracellular bacterial replication, the L. pneumophila T4SS is also associated with a strong block in host protein synthesis and the induction of several potent innate immune responses. The over-arching goal of this thesis is to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system distinguishes pathogenic microbes from non-pathogenic microbes. In the first chapter of this thesis I will review the current state of the field. In the second chapter of this thesis I will describe studies using L. pneumophila infection in vivo where I found an important role for the often-overlooked cytokine, interleukin-1[alpha] (IL-1[alpha]), in initiating the immune response to virulent L. pneumophila. I was able to demonstrate, consistent with previous studies, that signaling through the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) is important for the recruitment of protective neutrophils to the lungs of mice, but unlike previous studies, we could show that the early recruitment of these cells required IL-1[alpha]. I was further able to characterize the molecular mechanism by which the innate immune system is able to produce IL-1[alpha] specifically in response to virulent infection. I found that host protein synthesis is inhibited by T4SS+, but not T4SS-, L. pneumophila. I was further able to show that translation inhibition in concert with signaling via the innate immune receptors the toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced sustained and massive induction of Il1a transcript. I proposed that this massive induction of Il1a transcript overcame the L. pneumophila induced block in host protein synthesis and permitted the enhanced production and release of IL-1[alpha]. Thus, these studies demonstrated that IL-1[alpha], a cytokine I showed to be important for protecting the host from L pneumophila infection in vivo, was preferentially made in response to T4SS+ L. pneumophila. Moreover, I linked the production of IL-1[alpha] to the sensing of the pathogen-induced block in host protein synthesis. These studies also identified five known and two novel bacterial effectors that block host protein synthesis, but deletion of all seven of these effectors did not affect the L. pneumophila induced block in host protein synthesis. I hypothesized that other mechanisms, possibly host stress induced by intracellular bacterial infection, could induce this block in translation. Thus, taken together, the experiments described in the second chapter of this thesis identify a novel inflammatory response to L. pneumophila in vivo and further support a model in which pathogen-induced translation inhibition can allow the immune system to detect a pathogen and respond appropriately. In the third chapter of this thesis I set out to further characterize the molecular mechanism of IL-1[alpha] production and translation inhibition induced by T4SS+ L. pneumophila. As deletion of the seven L. pneumophila effectors that block host protein synthesis did not relieve the block in host protein synthesis induced by L. pneumophila, I set out to determine if the residual block in host protein synthesis by the [Delta]7 L. pneumophila mutant was at the level of translation initiation or elongation. Using a deep sequencing technique called ribosome profiling in concert with RNAseq of total mRNA, I was able to look at translation in L. pneumophila infected macrophages globally and with nucleotide resolution. I found through these analyses that T4SS+ L. pneumophila blocks translation elongation, but the residual translation inhibition induced by [Delta]7 L. pneumophila was at the level of translation initiation. The vast majority of translational control by the host is at the level of translation initiation. Thus, the [Delta]7 L. pneumophila induced block in translation initiation suggests that a host stress response could be blocking translation in response to the stresses of being infected by an intracellular pathogen. In the third chapter of this thesis I assay a number of host stress response pathways after L. pneumophila infection and see no role for these pathways in [Delta]7 L. pneumophila induced translation inhibition. I proposed that these data suggest that an unknown stress response pathway may be activated or, alternatively, a novel bacterial effector could be blocking translation initiation. The studies described in the third chapter of this thesis also undertook analyses of ribosome profiling and RNAseq data to further test the model that inflammatory cytokines are made in response to pathogens by the massive induction of transcripts in response to the pathogen-associated activity of blocking host protein synthesis along with TLR signaling. The data presented in the third chapter support a model that the induction of cytokine transcripts via sensing of the pathogen-associated activity of translation inhibition and TLR activation overcomes the block in host protein synthesis and allows the infected cell to preferentially respond to pathogens with the production of inflammatory cytokines. I further describe experiments that suggest diverse intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes also induce a block in host protein synthesis and that this activity may be a broadly applicable pathogen-associated activity. Lastly, the studies presented in the third chapter of this thesis provide evidence that, at least in response to virulent L. pneumophila, the majority of control of gene expression in response to pathogenic infection is controlled at the level of mRNA induction. The studies presented in this thesis lend credence to the proposal that translation inhibition is a pathogen-associated activity encoded by diverse intracellular bacterial pathogens. They also support a model by which translation inhibition is sensed by host innate immune cells to induce massive mRNA induction of inflammatory cytokines allowing for a specific inflammatory response to pathogens. Lastly, these studies link translation inhibition to an important role in protecting the host from pathogenic infection in vivo.

Download or read book Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology written by W. Arber and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-05-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article is concerned with the use of viral models for the study of the mechanism of protein biosynthesis and its regulation. The scope is restricted mainly to general aspects of animal viral systems and how these systems may be used to approach the question of cellular regulation. Most information on the regulation of metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells comes from the study of bacteria and from the successful application of this knowledge to higher systems. However, differences in regulation of the translation of genetic information from the messenger RNA into protein may be expected between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Due to the short half-life of prokaryotic mRNAs, transcription has been considered as the main mechanism controlling gene expression. Nevertheless, during recent years firm evidence has been accumulated for additional regu latory factors operating during translation. This topic was recently reviewed by HASELKORN and ROTHMAN-DENES (1973) and by KOZAK and NATHANS (1972).

Download or read book History of the Basel Institute for Immunology written by Ivan Lefkovits and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lectures, Parties, and Nobel Prizes: living and researching at the Basel Institute for Immunology By the early seventies of the 20th century, the Basel Institute for Immunology had become one of the largest - and certainly the most prominent - immunology institutes in the world. Its lean structure was highly successful, and the quality of the research and its reputation remained outstandingly high throughout the three decades it existed. This book describes the institute's history from its conception and the laying of the foundation stone in 1969 by the pharmaceutical company Roche to the triumph of three Nobel Prizes (1984 and 1987) for Niels K. Jerne, Georges K�hler and Susumu Tonegawa. Can all this be portrayed to make the layman understand it and the scientist relish it? Indeed, the book succeeds in tuning in to what fascinates students, advanced researchers and scientists, historians, policy makers and philanthropists alike. The narrative reveals many aspects of the institute's life and also describes all its research and achievements. Immunologists at every level, from beginners to old hands, will find something of interest to them in this history, and some readers will even make use of the huge database (documents, pictures and films) linked to the book by hundreds of QR codes.