Download or read book Identification and Functional Characterization of Genes Conferring Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Underlying QTL Fhb1 Based on Forward and Reverse Genetics Approach written by Nancy Soni and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Fusarium head blight (FHB) is among the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Amongst hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified for FHB resistance, QTL-Fhb1 is of significant interest even today, contributing a major effect in FHB resistance. A few genetic determinants of FHB resistance have been identified in the recent past, but their resistance mechanisms have not been deciphered. Therefore, this study aimed to identify candidate gene(s) and to decode resistance mechanisms based on a combined metabolo-genomics approach in wheat near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing at QTL-Fhb1. The resistance-related (RR) metabolites identified in NIL-R with high fold-change in abundance were mainly phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and lignan glycosides. The dissection of QTL-Fhb1 based on flanking marker sequencing led to the identification of laccase-4-like, cell wall invertase, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, NAC transcription factor 32-like and glutamate synthase 1 as the potential candidate genes. Plant laccases are implicated in the lignification of secondary cell walls as an innate defense response against pathogens. The Fg was limited to the inoculated pair of spikelets in NIL-R spikes, but it spread to other spikelets when the TaLAC4 was silenced in NIL-R, based on virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Histopathology revealed thickened cell walls, mainly due to G-lignin, in non-silenced NIL-R, relative to the silenced, and as well a higher total lignin content. Metabolic profiling of TaLAC4 silenced NIL-R identified the accumulation of several precursor metabolites higher in abundances upstream TaLAC4, confirming the role of TaLAC4 in pathogen-induced lignification of secondary cell walls in the rachis. Also, in-silico promoter analysis of phenylpropanoid pathway-related genes identified TaLAC4, TaCCR, TaCAD, and TaMYB carrying secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE) sites, which were further confirmed based on protein-DNA docking. Henceforth, the TaNAC032 was functionally characterized based on VIGS to understand the transcription regulation of TaLAC4. TaNAC032 silenced NIL-R confirmed an increase in fungal biomass and disease severity but displayed decreased expression of downstream resistance genes TaCCR, TaCAD, TaLAC4, and TaMYB.Furthermore, the silenced NIL-R was also associated with reduced total lignin content and the total lignin deposited in cell walls. This was also associated with a decrease in the abundance of RR metabolites related to monolignols and lignan glycosides, confirming the plausible role of TaNAC032 in the regulation of lignin biosynthetic genes, including TaLAC4 in wheat resistant NIL. Among the genes identified in QTL-Fhb1, this is the first study to report the role of TaNAC032 and TaLAC4 in FHB resistance through reinforcement of secondary cell walls. Both TaNAC032 and TaLAC4 significantly contributed to QTL-Fhb1 resistance. If mutated, both functionally validated candidate genes can be edited in susceptible genotypes, employing genome editing tools to enhance FHB resistance"--
Download or read book Functional Characterization of Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Resistance QTL Fhb1 Based on Non target Metabolomics and Proteomics written by Raghavendra Gunnaiah and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The resistant alleles of two Fhb1 candidate genes, identified in this study, can be suitably stacked into genome of elite cultivars to enhance FHB resistance in wheat." --
Download or read book Candidate Gene Identification from the Wheat QTL 2DL for Resistance Against Fusarium Head Blight Based on Metabolo genomics Approach written by Udaykumar Kage and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal food crop cultivated around the world. Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. Apart from causing huge yield losses, FHB is also known to contaminate grains with mycotoxins that are harmful to human and animal health. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for FHB resistance in wheat, but the mechanisms of resistance and candidate genes underlying them are still unknown. Therefore, in the present study an integrated metabolomics and genomics approach was used to identify the candidate genes and mechanisms of resistance in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of QTL-2DL. The high fold-change in abundance, resistance related (RR) metabolites, identified in rachis samples of NIL-R following pathogen inoculation were, p-coumaroylagmatine, p-coumaroylputrescine, and phosphatidic acids. The candidate gene, p-coumaroylagmatine transferase (TaACT) is associated with the biosynthesis of p-coumaroylagmatine and p-coumaroylputrescine. The diacylglycerol kinase (TaDGK) and glycerol kinase (TaGLI1) are involved in the production of phosphatidic acids. The dissection of QTL based on flanking marker sequencing led to the identification of the transcription factor TaWRKY70 within the QTL-2DL region. In-silico and manual analysis of promoter sequences of TaACT, TaDGK and TaGLI1 showed the presence of WRKY binding sites, and luciferase assay proved their physical interaction in-vivo. Further, functional validation of TaWRKY70 based on virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in NIL-R not only confirmed an increase in fungal biomass, but also a decrease in the expression of the downstream resistance genes TaACT, TaDGK and TaGLI1. This was associated with a decrease in abundance of RR metabolites biosynthesized by them, confirming the plausible FHB resistance mechanisms in rachis governed by this QTL. Similarly, in spikelet samples of NIL-R, we found high abundances of phenylpropanoids, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids. These are known to be involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis. The genes involved in their biosynthetic pathways (TaGPAT3, TaCER5 and TaPAL) were also found in the QTL-2DL region. Transcript abundance of genes in spikelets based on qRT-PCR showed higher expression in the NIL-R compared to NIL-S, confirming the potential role of QTL-2DL in spikelet resistance. However, these genes also have to be functionally validated for further use in breeding. Among the several FHB resistance QTL identified in wheat, this is the first study to identify functional genes from the QTL and their resistance functions." --
Download or read book Towards Map based Cloning of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance QTL Fhb1 and Non additive Expression of Homoeologous Genes in Allohexaploid Wheat written by Michael Odell Pumphrey and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wheat is the most widely grown and consumed grain crop in the world. In order to meet future agricultural production requirements of a growing population, it is essential that we achieve an increased understanding of the basic components and mechanisms shaping growth and productivity of the polyploid wheat plant. Fusarium head blight (FHB) (syn. "scab") poses a serious threat to the quantity and safety of the world's food supply. The resistance locus Fhb1 has provided partial resistance to FHB of wheat for nearly four decades. Map-based cloning of Fhb1 is justified by its significant and consistent effects on reducing disease levels, the importance of FHB in global wheat production and food safety, and because this gene confers partial resistance to this disease and does not appear to behave in a gene-for-gene manner. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig spanning the Fhb1 region was developed from the cultivar 'Chinese Spring', sequenced and seven candidate genes were identified in an ~250 kb region. Cosmid clones for each of the seven candidate genes were isolated from a line containing Fhb1 and used for genetic transformation by biolistic bombardment. Transgenic lines were recovered for five candidate genes and evaluated for FHB resistance. All failed to complement the Fhb1 phenotype. Fhb1 is possibly one of the two remaining candidate genes, an unknown regulatory element in this region, or is not present in Chinese Spring. Traditional views on the effects of polyploidy in allohexaploid wheat have primarily emphasized aspects of coding sequence variation and the enhanced potential to acquire new gene functions through mutation of redundant loci. At the same time, the extent and significance of regulatory variation has been relatively unexplored. Recent investigations have suggested that differential expression of homoeologous transcripts, or subfunctionalization, is common in natural bread wheat. In order to establish a timeline for such regulatory changes and estimate the frequency of non-additive expression of homoeologous transcripts in newly formed T. aestivum, gene expression was characterized in a synthetic T. aestivum line and its T. turgidum and Aegilops tauschii parents by cDNA-SSCP and microarray expression experiments. The cDNA-SSCP analysis of 30 arbitrarily selected homoeologous transcripts revealed that four (~13%) showed differential expression of homoeoalleles in seedling leaf tissue of synthetic T. aestivum. In microarray expression experiments, synthetic T. aestivum gene expression was compared to mid-parent expression level estimates calculated from parental expression levels. Approximately 16% of genes were inferred to display non-additive expression in synthetic T. aestivum. Six homoeologous transcripts classified as non-additively expressed in microarray experiments were characterized by cDNA-SSCP. Expression patterns of these six transcripts suggest that cis-acting regulatory variation is often responsible for non-additive gene expression levels. These results demonstrate that allopolyploidization, per se, results in rapid initiation of differential expression of homoeologous loci and non-additive gene expression in synthetic T. aestivum.
Download or read book Advances in Wheat Genetics From Genome to Field written by Yasunari Ogihara and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-15 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings is a collection of 46 selected papers that were presented at the 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium (IWGS). Since the launch of the wheat genome sequencing project in 2005, the arrival of draft genome sequences has marked a new era in wheat genetics and genomics, catalyzing rapid advancement in the field. This book provides a comprehensive review of the forefront of wheat research, across various important topics such as germplasm and genetic diversity, cytogenetics and allopolyploid evolution, genome sequencing, structural and functional genomics, gene function and molecular biology, biotic stress, abiotic stress, grain quality, and classical and molecular breeding. Following an introduction, 9 parts of the book are dedicated to each of these topics. A final, 11th part entitled “Toward Sustainable Wheat Production” contains 7 excellent papers that were presented in the 12th IWGS Special Session supported by the OECD. With rapid population growth and radical climate changes, the world faces a global food crisis and is in need of another Green Revolution to boost yields of wheat and other widely grown staple crops. Although this book focuses on wheat, many of the newly developed techniques and results presented here can be applied to other plant species with large and complex genomes. As such, this volume is highly recommended for all students and researchers in wheat sciences and related plant sciences and for those who are interested in stable food production and food security.
Download or read book Fusarium written by J. Chełkowski and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 1989-08-10 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specialists from a number of different disciplines have contributed to this book which presents actual basic and applied findings on Fusarium species, on their metabolites and taxonomy, in connection with pathogenicity to cereal plants and potato tubers. Over 100 metabolites produced by Fusaria are described together with results of studies on their occurrence in agricultural products, their metabolism in farm animals, and possibilities of elmination and detoxification during technological processes. Pathogenic Fusarium species are described from the point of view of their taxonomy, profiles of produced metabolites, ecology, pathogenicity and interaction with cereal tissues. Finally, some actual solutions to avoid cereal grain contamination are discussed, mainly in connection with agricultural practices and breeding programmes. The interdisciplinary and comprehensive nature of the book makes it particularly useful to all who are studying or teaching plant pathology, plant breeding, animal nutrition and any other area in which Fusaria and their metabolites play an important role.
Download or read book Genomics Assisted Crop Improvement written by R.K. Varshney and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-12 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This superb volume provides a critical assessment of genomics tools and approaches for crop breeding. Volume 1 presents the status and availability of genomic resources and platforms, and also devises strategies and approaches for effectively exploiting genomics research. Volume 2 goes into detail on a number of case studies of several important crop and plant species that summarize both the achievements and limitations of genomics research for crop improvement.
Download or read book Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley written by Kurt J. Leonard and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 2003 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive record of current knowledge on the nature of Fusarium head blight, the damage it causes, and current research on how to control it. The book begins with a historical account of Fusarium head blight epidemics that gives context to recent attempts to control epidemics in wheat and barley. A review of pathogen taxonomy and population biology helps scientists to see relationships among head blight pathogens and other Fusarium species. The information on epidemiology included in this review also provides an understanding of the weather conditions and cultural practices that promote explosive epidemics. New information on infection processes will lead the reader to a better understanding of how to breed for resistance in wheat and barley.
Download or read book Marker Assisted Plant Breeding Principles and Practices written by B.D. Singh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marker-assisted plant breeding involves the application of molecular marker techniques and statistical and bioinformatics tools to achieve plant breeding objectives in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. This book is intended for beginners in the field who have little or no prior exposure to molecular markers and their applications, but who do have a basic knowledge of genetics and plant breeding, and some exposure to molecular biology. An attempt has been made to provide sufficient basic information in an easy-to-follow format, and also to discuss current issues and developments so as to offer comprehensive coverage of the subject matter. The book will also be useful for breeders and research workers, as it offers a broad range of up-to-the-year information, including aspects like the development of different molecular markers and their various applications. In the first chapter, the field of marker-assisted plant breeding is introduced and placed in the proper perspective in relation to plant breeding. The next three chapters describe the various molecular marker systems, while mapping populations and mapping procedures including high-throughput genotyping are discussed in the subsequent five chapters. Four chapters are devoted to various applications of markers, e.g. marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, diversity analysis, finger printing and positional cloning. In closing, the last two chapters provide information on relevant bioinformatics tools and the rapidly evolving field of phenomics.
Download or read book Molecular Mechanism of Crucifer s Host Resistance written by Govind Singh Saharan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 809 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a comprehensive compilation of applied knowledge for developing resistant varieties to all the major biotrophs, hemibiotrophs and necrotrophs pathogens of crucifers through the use of latest biotechnological approaches. The book includes, multi-component resistance, incorporation of non-host resistance gene, function of particular gene in resistance, expression of age related resistance, enhanced gene resistance, sources of alternative gene which enhance disease resistance, through the use of latest biotechnical approaches like proteomics, omics, transcriptomics and metabolomics. The book also explores the molecular basis of disease resistance, its biometabolomics activities in response to infection and interaction by the various biotrophs, hemibiotrophs and necrotrophs pathogens. The identification of R genes and its incorporation into agronomically superior varieties through use of molecular mechanisms is also explained. This compilation is immensely useful to the researchers especially Brassica breeders, teachers, extension specialists, students, industrialists, farmers, and all others who are interested to grow healthy, and profitable cruciferous crops all over the world.
Download or read book Durable Resistance in Crops written by F. Lamberti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant diseases and pests are a major constraint to agricultural production despite the various measures used to control them. Chemical control, although often e~~ective, may pose environmental hazards and is relatively expensive, especially in developing countries where it may be completely uneconomic. Control through genetically mediated resistance to diseases and pests, is both cheap and environmentally sa~e and at present most diseases and pests o~ staple ~ood crops are controlled through some form of resistance. One of the basic problems in the use of resistance is its ~re quent lack of durability; very often a type of resistance is used that 'breaks down' after a certain period. The temporary nature of this resistance, due to the development of new strains of pest or pathogen able to overcome it, has seriously hindered the improvement o~ the yield potential of many crops as a continuing effort is needed to replace old cultivars who resistance has failed, with new ones. Following Vanderplank's now classical publications (1963, 1968) which differentiated horizontal and vertical resistance, studies on several host-parasite systems have shown that di~ferent types of resistance can be distinguished genetically and epidemiologically, and on the ability o~ the pests or pathogens to adapt to them. A knowledge of how resistance operates at the population level has also opened up possibilities of 'managing' relatively simple resistance types in such a way that a stable host-pathogen system can be pro duced with a minimum of crop loss.
Download or read book Wheat Landraces written by Nusret Zencirci and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-15 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Landraces possess a very large genetic base in population structure and are dynamic populations of cultivated plants with historical origin, distinct identity, and without any formal crop improvement. They are often genetically diverse, locally adapted, and associated with traditional farming systems. Resistance genes to biotic and abiotic stress factors, which are especially diversified in landraces, are of great interest to plant breeders, faced with global climate challenge. In addition, gene pools made of different landraces grown in different ecological conditions can be used for wheat breeding to enhance quality; yield and other desirable agricultural parameters. An estimated 75% of the genetic diversity of crop plants was lost in the last century due to the replacement of high yielding modern varieties. There is, thus, an urgent need to preserve existing species, not only for posterity but also as a means to secure food supply for a rising world population. In this book, we provide an overview of wheat landraces with special attention to genetic diversities, conservation, and utilization.
Download or read book Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Cereal Crops written by Chittaranjan Kole and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents deliberations on molecular and genomic mechanisms underlying the interactions of crop plants to the biotic stresses caused by different diseases and pests that are important to develop resistant crop varieties. Knowledge on the advanced genetic and genomic crop improvement strategies including molecular breeding, transgenics, genomic-assisted breeding, and the recently emerging genome editing for developing resistant varieties in cereal crops is imperative for addressing FHNEE (food, health, nutrition, energy, and environment) security. Whole genome sequencing of these crops followed by genotyping-by-sequencing has provided precise information regarding the genes conferring resistance useful for gene discovery, allele mining, and shuttle breeding which in turn opened up the scope for 'designing' crop genomes with resistance to biotic stresses. The eight chapters each dedicated to a cereal crop in this volume elucidate on different types of biotic stresses and their effects on and interaction with the crop; enumerate on the available genetic diversity with regard to biotic stress resistance among available cultivars; illuminate on the potential gene pools for utilization in interspecific gene transfer; present brief on classical genetics of stress resistance and traditional breeding for transferring them to their cultivated counterparts; depict the success stories of genetic engineering for developing biotic stress-resistant crop varieties; discuss on molecular mapping of genes and QTLs underlying stress resistance and their marker-assisted introgression into elite varieties; enunciate on different genomics-aided techniques including genomic selection, allele mining, gene discovery, and gene pyramiding for developing adaptive crop varieties with higher quantity and quality of yields, and also elaborate some case studies on genome editing focusing on specific genes for generating biotic stress-resistant crops.
Download or read book Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity written by Dhananjaya Pratap Singh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-22 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to achieve sustainable agricultural production without compromising environmental quality, agro-ecosystem function and biodiversity is a serious consideration in current agricultural practices. Farming systems’ growing dependency on chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, nutrients etc.) poses serious threats with regard to crop productivity, soil fertility, the nutritional value of farm produce, management of pests and diseases, agro-ecosystem well-being, and health issues for humans and animals. At the same time, microbial inoculants in the form of biofertilizers, plant growth promoters, biopesticides, soil health managers, etc. have gained considerable attention among researchers, agriculturists, farmers and policy makers. The first volume of the book Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity - Research Perspectives highlights the efforts of global experts with regard to various aspects of microbial inoculants. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in microbiological techniques for the isolation, characterization, identification and evaluation of functional properties using biochemical and molecular tools. The taxonomic characterization of agriculturally important microorganisms is documented, along with their applications in field conditions. The book exploresthe identification, characterization and diversity analysis of endophytic microorganisms in various crops including legumes/ non-legumes, as well as the assessment of their beneficial impacts in the context of promotingplant growth. Moreover, it provides essential updates onthe diversity and role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Further chaptersexamine in detailbiopesticides, thehigh-density cultivation of bioinoculants in submerged culture, seed biopriming strategies for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, andPGPR as abio-control agent. Given its content,the book offers a valuable resource for researchers involved in research and development concerningPGPR, biopesticides and microbial inoculants.
Download or read book The Global Fusarium Initiative for International Collaboration written by Tomohiro Ban and published by CIMMYT. This book was released on 2006 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Association Mapping in Plants written by Nnadozie C. Oraguzie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-06 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides both basic and advanced understanding of association mapping and an awareness of population genomics tools to facilitate mapping and identification of the underlying causes of quantitative trait variation in plants. It acts as a useful review of the marker technology, the statistical methodology, and the progress to date. It also offers guides to the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in association studies.
Download or read book Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies Breeding Biotechnology and Molecular Tools written by Jameel M. Al-Khayri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-02 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basic concept of this book is to examine the use of innovative methods augmenting traditional plant breeding towards the development of new crop varieties under different environmental conditions to achieve sustainable food production. This book consists of two volumes: Volume 1 subtitled Breeding, Biotechnology and Molecular Tools and Volume 2 subtitled Agronomic, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Traits. This is Volume 1 which consists of 21 chapters covering domestication and germplasm utilization, conventional breeding techniques and the role of biotechnology. In addition to various biotechnological applications in plant breeding, it includes functional genomics, mutations and methods of detection, and molecular markers. In vitro techniques and their applications in plant breeding are discussed with an emphasis on embryo rescue, somatic cell hybridization and somaclonal variation. Other chapters cover haploid breeding, transgenics, cryogenics and bioinformatics.
